The great mentor of the proletariat all over the world, the founder of scientific capitalism. Great statesman, philosopher, economist and revolutionary theorist. His major works include Das Kapital and Manifesto of Producers' Party. He is the spiritual leader of the proletariat and the leader of the modern capitalist movement. Those who support his theory are considered Marxists. Marx's most famous philosophical theory is his analysis of class struggle in the course of human history. He believes that for thousands of years, the biggest contradiction and problem in the history of human development lies in the plunder and struggle of interests of different classes. According to historical materialism, Marx boldly assumed that capitalism would eventually be replaced by capitalism. ?

Marx was born in a lawyer's family in Trier, Prussia's Rhine province (now part of the Federal Republic of rheinland-pfalz). His grandfather Rabin Levi (Rabin? Mark. Levy) was a Jewish jurist, whose father was Hielscher Karl Marx, and later changed his name to Heinrich Marx? Marx) (1865438+converted to the Lutheran Sect in February 2007), born in 1782, is of the same ancestry as the Dutch Jewish woman Henriette Price? Presborck) married and had children, but from a document confirming the heir, only Karl Marx and his three daughters Sophia, Emile and Louisa survived.

1830 10 In June, Marx entered Trier Middle School. After graduating from high school, he entered Bonn University, and after 18, he transferred to Berlin University to study law, but most of his studies focused on philosophy. 1840, Frederick William IV, the new king of Prussia, acceded to the throne, persecuting dissidents and demanding that all publications be strictly examined. The university lost its academic freedom, and the new king appointed Professor F.W. Feng of Berlin University? The bombardment will examine Marx's doctoral thesis, but the position that philosophy is higher than theology in Marx's doctoral thesis is unacceptable to anti-Hegelian professors, so Marx sent his doctoral thesis to Jena University in Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach to examine his doctoral qualification. 184 1 year, Marx applied to the university of jena for a doctorate in philosophy with his thesis "the difference between democritus's natural philosophy and Epicurus' natural philosophy". After graduation, as the editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung, he met the famous "forest theft problem" in the history of Marx's thought development. The thing is, there are large areas of forests and grasslands in western Germany, and residents who used to live there can cut wood and graze. Later, however, some aristocratic landlords occupied this large area of forest and grassland, and residents were not allowed to get close to it. Many residents want to collect firewood in the mountains, but they are considered as "theft". Most residents are dissatisfied, and the German Parliament has to seriously consider these issues. But they only consider the aristocratic landlords, and the result of the consultation is: the behavior of the residents is indeed theft! If it continues, it will be solved by legal means!

In this way, the people of the whole country are strongly dissatisfied with the parliament, and people angrily condemn the unfair handling of the parliament. Marx was also very angry, so he wrote a series of articles in Rheinische Zeitung to express his views. In the article, he severely criticized the Prussian government's practice, firmly stood on the side of the people and safeguarded the interests of farmers.

The Prussian government was very angry with the opinions published by Rheinische Zeitung. They immediately sent someone to seal up Rheinische Zeitung and forced it to stop printing. In a rage, Marx resigned as editor-in-chief of the newspaper. Marx had no regrets about what he had done. On the contrary, he realized the ugly nature of the reactionary government. He is looking for opportunities to continue his resolute struggle with the reactionary government.

1843 The publishing license of Rheinische Zeitung was revoked by the King of Prussia, because Marx published an article criticizing the Russian czar in the newspaper, which aroused the dissatisfaction of Russian czar Nicholas I. After receiving the czar's protest, the King of Prussia ordered the banning of Rheinische Zeitung, and Marx lost his job. During this period, Marx got to know friedrich engels. Engels, a rich boy, appreciated Marx's thoughts very much and often sponsored Marx's activities and living expenses. Marx's academic thought is serious and rigorous, but his life is very casual, and he often delays submitting manuscripts to newspapers. Engels often assisted Marx in his work and wrote some articles.

1843, 19 In June, Marx married Yan Ni von westfalen, who had been waiting for him for 7 years and was born in 18 14. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/843, young Marx and his wife embarked on a journey of exile and came to Paris. During this period, he began to study political economy, French social movements and French history, and eventually made him a socialist. 1In September, 844, Engels visited Paris, and they began to study socialism side by side and forged a profound friendship. The Manuscript of Philosophical Economics completed by Marx was not discovered and published until 1933, and it was called 1844 Manuscript of Philosophical Economics.

From 65438 to 0845, Marx participated in the compilation of Forward Weekly (vorw &; aumlrts！ ), which sharply criticized German absolutism. The Prussian government was very dissatisfied with this and asked the French government to expel Marx. In the autumn of the same year, Marx was beaten by hooligans sent by the French government, deported and forced to come to Brussels, Belgium. 1845 65438+In February, Marx declared his secession from Prussian nationality. Later, together with Engels, he completed German Ideology. The book criticizes Hegel's dialectics and analyzes Feuerbach's incompleteness of materialism, thus systematically expounding their historical materialism for the first time, clearly putting forward the historical task of the proletariat to seize power, and laying a preliminary theoretical foundation for socialism to think about science from nothingness. At the beginning of 1846, Marx and Engels established the Brussels * * * Productive Communication Committee. 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the alliance of the just. 1June, 847, the League was renamed as the Producers' League, and Marx drafted the platform of the League, the Producers' Party Manifesto. Since then, the 1848 revolution has swept across Europe and Belgium. 1848 In March, Marx was deported by the Belgian authorities. At the invitation of the new French interim government, Marx and his wife returned to Paris, France, and Engels also arrived in Paris.

1in April, 848, with the support of German proletarians, Marx and Engels returned to Cologne, Prussia, and founded the New Rheinische Zeitung. Subsequently, almost all editors were either arrested by the judicial authorities or deported. 1849 On May 6, Marx received an expulsion order from the Prussian authorities. 19 in may, the last issue of No.301printed in red ink was published. In early June, Marx came to Paris again. He was forced to choose between being imprisoned in Brittany, France, or being deported again. In August, Marx was expelled by the French government and went to London, England. Judging from the report of Prussian spies in Britain that Marx never seems to shave, Marx is still under the supervision of the Prussian government in Britain. In London, Marx spent the most difficult days of his life. In the past five years, three of Marx's four children died because of economic and debt problems, mental anxiety, illness and depression. But during this period, Marx wrote his most important book "Das Kapital" (Volume I).

1On September 28th, 864, Marx attended the inaugural meeting of the First International and was elected as a member of the leading committee. He drafted the Declaration on the Founding of the People's Republic of China, the Interim Constitution and other important documents for the international community. September 1867, The First Volume of Das Kapital was published. The last two volumes were compiled by Engels after the death of Marx and published in 1885 and 1894 respectively. 1870 10 Marx and Engels who moved to London met again. Exiled by many countries, he once called himself a "citizen of the world."

188 1 year 65438+February 2, Yanni Marx died. 14 March 14, Marx died in his apartment in London. Later, he and Yan Ni were buried together at Highgate Cemetery in the northern suburb of London.

Aristotle (384-322 BC), a native of Guidorat in ancient Greece, was one of the greatest philosophers, scientists and educators in the ancient history of the world. Aristotle was Plato's student and Alexander's teacher. In 335 BC, he established a school in Athens called Lv Keang, called Minstrel. Marx once called Aristotle the most learned figure among ancient Greek philosophers, and Engels called him ancient Hegel.

Aristotle, like Plato, advocates that education is the function of the state and schools should be managed by the state. He first put forward the viewpoint of children's physical and mental development stage; He is in favor of the education of Athens bodybuilding and harmonious development, and advocates that natural quality, habit formation and rational development should be the three sources of moral education, but he opposes women's education and advocates "elegant" education, so that education can serve leisure.

Aristotle devoted his life to academic research, which involved logic, rhetoric, physics, biology, education, psychology, politics, economics, aesthetics and so on. , and wrote a lot of works. His works are ancient encyclopedias, and it is said that there are 400 to 1000 books, mainly including instrumentalism, metaphysics, physics, ethics and politics. His thoughts have had a far-reaching impact on mankind. He founded formal logic, enriched and developed various branches of philosophy and made great contributions to science.

Aristotle's life

Aristotle was born in Starkila, Thrace, and his father was a doctor of the king of Macedonia. In 366 BC, Aristotle was sent to study in Plato's Academy in Athens, where he lived for the next 20 years until his teacher Plato died. After Plato's death, Aristotle left Athens because the new leader of the college was more sympathetic to the mathematical tendency in Plato's philosophy, which made Aristotle unbearable.

After leaving college, Aristotle accepted the invitation of his former classmate Hermias for the first time to visit Asia Minor. Hermia was then the ruler of Misia along the coast of Asia Minor. Aristotle also married Hermias' niece there. But in 344 BC, Hermias was murdered in a riot, and Aristotle had to leave Asia Minor and go to Terrini with his family.

Three years later, Aristotle was recalled to his hometown by King Philip II of Macedonia and became the teacher of Alexander the Great, who was only 13 years old at that time. Plutarch, a famous biographer in ancient Greece, believes that Aristotle instilled moral, political and philosophical education into the future world leader. We also have reason to believe that Aristotle also used his influence to play an important role in the formation of Alexander the Great's thought. It was under the influence of Aristotle that Alexander the Great always cared about science and respected knowledge. However, Aristotle and Alexander the Great may not have exactly the same political views. The former's political view is based on the declining Greek city-state, while the centralized empire established by Alexander the Great is tantamount to the invention of barbarians for the Greeks.

Although his students were already kings, Aristotle was not always with the king. He decided to return to Athens and set up his own college to teach philosophy. Aristotle attached great importance to teaching methods. He opposes rigid teaching methods, so he often takes students for a walk on Garden Avenue to discuss philosophy. So later generations called the Aristotelian School "Minstrel".

After Philip's death in 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school there. The name of the college (Lv Keang) is named after the Wolf Killer (Lv Keang) near the temple of Apollo. During this period, Aristotle wrote many philosophical works while giving lectures. Aristotle has the habit of walking in corridors and gardens when giving lectures. Because of this, the philosophy of academy is called "carefree philosophy" or "wandering philosophy". Aristotle also wrote many works in this period, mainly about natural science and philosophy in Nature and Physics, and the language used was much more obscure than Plato's dialogues. Many of his works are based on class notes, and some are even the class notes of his students. So some people regard Aristotle as the author of the first textbook in the West. After Alexander's death, the Athenians began to rebel against Macedonian rule. Because of his relationship with Alexander, Aristotle was accused of ungodly and had to take refuge in Calais. His college was handed over to Theophrastos. A year later, in 322 BC, Aristotle died of a disease accumulated for many years. The rumor that he poisoned himself or committed suicide by jumping into the sea because he couldn't explain the tidal phenomenon was completely unfounded.

In 384 BC, Aristotle was born in Starkiel, a Greek colony in Laakia adjacent to Macedonia. His father was a court doctor of King Philip II of Macedonia. Judging from his family situation, he belongs to the middle class among slave owners. In 367 BC, he moved to Athens to study medicine, and studied at Plato College in Athens for many years, becoming an active participant in Plato College.

It is a very important stage for Aristotle to study philosophy with Plato in Athens from 18 to 38-20 years old, and his study and life in this period had a decisive impact on his life. Socrates was Plato's teacher and Aristotle was taught by Plato. These three generations of mentoring are all famous figures in the history of philosophy. In Plato's academy in Athens, Aristotle performed very well, and Plato called him "the spirit of the academy". But Aristotle is not a person who only worships authority. He only studies Nuo Nuo and has no ideas of his own. He is different from the teacher who talks about Hyunri. He worked hard to collect all kinds of books and materials, studied diligently and even set up a library for himself. According to records, Plato once satirized him as a bookworm. During his college years, Aristotle and his teacher had ideological differences. He once metaphorically said that wisdom will not die with Plato. When Plato reached his later years, the differences between his master and his disciples became even greater, and quarrels often occurred.

Plato died in 347 BC and Aristotle stayed in Athens for two years. After that, he began to travel around. In 343 BC, he was hired by King Philip II of Macedonia as the teacher of Prince Alexander. Alexander was thirteen and Aristotle was forty-two. In 338 BC, King Philip II of Macedonia defeated the anti-Macedonian Coalition forces composed of Athens, Thebes and other countries, and has since dominated Greece. The following year, Philip convened an all-Greece conference, agreeing that the Greek states would stop the war and establish a permanent alliance, with Macedonia as the leader. At the meeting, Philip announced that he would command the allied forces of the Greek States and make an expedition to Persia. At this point, Macedonia has actually mastered the military and political power of all Greece, and the Greek States have existed in name only and become vassals of Macedonia.

Philip was stabbed to death in 336 BC. His son Alexander, who was only twenty years old, became king. In 334 BC, Alexander led the Macedonian army and the Greek allied forces to Persia. In less than ten years, he defeated the Persian army, which claimed to be a million, and then destroyed the ancient Persian empire. An unprecedented Alexander Empire was established-its territory starts from Greece in the west, reaches the Indus River in the east, borders Egypt in the south and reaches Central Asia in the north. In 323 BC, Alexander died. This great empire, conquered by force, was divided into several independent kingdoms after melee.

In this turbulent era, Aristotle returned to Athens and lived there for twenty years, that is, from the year before Alexander's expedition to the year of Alexander's death. During this period, although Macedonia controlled Athens militarily and politically, there was still great anti-Macedonian potential there. Aristotle came to Athens, probably shouldering the political mission of persuading the Athenians to obey Macedonia. Aristotle received many preferential treatments in Athens. In addition to his prominent political position, he also received a lot of money, materials and land support from bureaucrats at all levels in Alexandria and Macedonia. Lv Keang College, founded by him, occupies a huge playground and garden area near the temple of Apollo Lv Keang. In the academy, there were first-class libraries and animal and botanical gardens at that time. He started his own school here. The teachers and students of this school are used to discussing problems while walking in the garden, hence the name "Bard". It is said that Alexander provided his teacher with research expenses for 800 golden claws (60 pounds of gold for each claw). Alexander also provided a lot of manpower for his teacher. He ordered his men to collect animal and plant specimens and other materials for Aristotle.

In fact, Aristotle's masterpiece can't be completed by one person. For example, he has outlined and analyzed 158 political systems, and it is impossible to complete a lot of collection and sorting work without the assistance of a group of assistants. When the news of Alexander's death reached Athens, there was an anti-Macedonian frenzy. The Athenians attacked Aristotle and sentenced him to blasphemy. Socrates was sentenced to death for blasphemy. But Aristotle finally fled Athens. The following year, he died of a serious illness at the age of 63.

Main viewpoints and main viewpoints

Aristotle divided science into: (1) theoretical science (mathematics, natural science and the first philosophy later called metaphysics); (2) Practical science (ethics, politics, economics, strategy and decoration); (3) The science of creation, namely poetics.

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