Keywords: mining industry; Exploitation of mineral resources; Support and guarantee ability
Mineral resources are the material basis for human survival and social development, and their development and utilization have greatly promoted the development of human material civilization. According to statistics, more than 80% of industrial raw materials come from mineral resources, and more than 90% of energy comes from mineral resources. Mineral resources meet people's material needs and production and life needs through the transformation of form or energy. Today's society faces three hot issues: population, resources and environment. Among natural resources, mineral resources occupy an important position. Because of their scarcity, exhaustion and non-renewability, the degree of protection is outstanding. With the sustained and rapid economic development of our province, China will quadruple its economy by 2020 according to the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way proposed by the 16th National Congress. In order to achieve this grand strategic goal, our province has put forward the development path of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, and started to build the Central Plains urban agglomeration to promote the rise of Central China. Under such a development background, can our mineral resources meet the needs of economic development? How big is the demand for mineral resources? Can mineral resources ensure the sustained and rapid growth of national economic construction? In order to improve the security level of mineral resources in our province, better develop and utilize mineral resources, and ensure the sustainable development of national economy, it is urgent to strengthen the management of mineral resources development and enhance the support and guarantee ability of mining industry to Henan's economic and social development.
1. Analysis on the present situation of development and utilization of mineral resources in Henan Province and its guarantee capacity
Our province is a big province of minerals and mining, and mining is one of the pillar industries in our province. Mineral mining and mineral raw material processing products industry occupy a very important position in the province's industry. Henan is in the stage of "heavy industrialization", its dependence on mineral resources is gradually increasing, and the influence of mineral resources on Henan economy is gradually increasing. The per capita possession of mineral resources in our province is low, and the resources guarantee and reserves are seriously insufficient, so the development of mining industry has begun to appear crisis. Due to years of strong development and other reasons, the sustained support strength of some dominant minerals in our province for national economic and social development began to show a downward trend, which directly threatened the sustainable development of pillar industries such as energy, electricity, steel and petrochemical, and restricted the development of two major resource industries, namely, "non-ferrous metal industry based on building an important national aluminum industrial base" and "coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry based on improving resource development and utilization efficiency", which were cultivated and promoted by the Henan provincial government during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period. With the rapid development of economy and society, the resource bottleneck is prominent. Therefore, it is of great significance to further strengthen the development and management of mineral resources in our province and improve the utilization level of mineral resources for building a conservation-oriented society, maintaining the sustainable economic and social development of our province and realizing the rise of the Central Plains.
There are many kinds of mineral resources in Henan Province, which are widely distributed. 127 minerals (including 157 subspecies) have been discovered. By the end of 2005, 73 kinds of minerals (including 8 1 sub-minerals) and deposits 102 1 have been identified. The reserves of mineral resources in China rank first in molybdenite (rutile), second in refractory clay, third in tungsten, and fourth in 10 bauxite, gold, crystalline graphite, decorative marble, limestone for cement, quartzite for glass, quartz for glass veins, primary ilmenite, light rare earth and pyrite.
Coal, bauxite, gold, molybdenum, refractory clay, trona and other proven resources have large reserves, which play an important role in mineral development and utilization and are the dominant minerals in our province. It is found that kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, perlite and crocidolite have large reserves, and their varieties and quality are relatively rare in China, which are characteristic minerals in our province.
The mineral resources in Henan Province have obvious geographical distribution and mineral assemblage characteristics. The combination of coal, alumina (clay) minerals and metallurgical, building materials and chemical nonmetallic minerals is concentrated in the central and northern regions, which can be comprehensively and complementarily developed to form a supporting industrial chain; There are three high-alumina stones (kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite) and graphite in the southwest, which can form a supporting high-grade refractory resource base; The western mountainous area is a concentrated area of precious metal and nonferrous metal minerals, which can form precious metal and nonferrous metal resources and processing bases.
Second, the role of mineral resources development and utilization in the national economic development of Henan Province
The existing industrial structure in Henan Province is dominated by primary processing industry, and raw materials and processing industry are the basis of its economic development. Extractive industries and raw material industries account for about 60%, and industries with agricultural products as raw materials in light industry account for more than 70%. In industrial growth, the pulling effect of resources and raw materials industry is very prominent. In 2005, nonmetallic mineral products industry increased by 176.77%, power and thermal production and supply industry by 16.52%, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry by 4 1.85%, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry by 73.20%, and coal mining and washing industry by 93.28%. The new profits of the six major industries accounted for 73.6% of the province's new profits. This shows that Henan's economic growth is mainly supported by resource-based industries and raw material industries.
Among the top industrial enterprises in Henan 100 (in 2004), there are 3 resource-based enterprises, but the sales revenue accounts for 62.46% of the total income of the top industrial enterprises in Henan 100, and the total profit accounts for 76. 100. It can be seen that Henan's mining economy has an advantageous position in Henan's national economy, and Henan's mineral resources play an important supporting role in Henan's social and economic development.
Three. Present situation and existing problems of mineral resources development and utilization in Henan Province
(A) the status quo of mineral resources development and utilization
Henan Province has developed and utilized 86 kinds of minerals (75 kinds of solid minerals). At present, the main minerals developed and utilized are non-metallic minerals such as coal, petroleum, gold, bauxite, limestone, refractory clay, iron, molybdenum, lead, zinc, copper, antimony, etc., thus establishing a powerful coal, petroleum, electric power, nonferrous metals, metallurgy, building materials and chemical industry, and forming Pingdingshan and Jiaozuo.
By the end of 2005, there were 4,549 mining enterprises in Henan Province. Among them, there are 259 state-owned and state-controlled mines, 4,290 mines (sites) of other economic types, 3,234 production mines (sites), 302 planned mines, 38 closed mines and 975 discontinued mines. 57.5 10000 people engaged in mining production. In 2005, Henan Province produced 1.88 million tons of coal, 3,435,040 tons of gold, 4 1.27 1.00 million tons of bauxite, 62,723,600 tons of limestone and1.. 20066
In 2005, the coal and bauxite resources in Henan Province were integrated, and the number of small coal mines in the province decreased from 1569 to 592, and the number of bauxite mines decreased from 1444 to 52. After the integration, the degree of mining intensification has been improved, and the mining development in Henan Province has gradually embarked on a safe, standardized and orderly track: after the integration, the death rate of one million tons in the province is 1. 17, down 45% year-on-year; The province's coal and alumina output increased by 50%.
(b) Problems in the development of mineral resources
(1) The degree of resource guarantee has declined. Due to years of vigorous development, the reserves of some mineral resources have decreased significantly, the ratio of reserve to production has decreased, and the degree of resource protection has decreased. Due to the long-term sustained and strong development of gold resources, the problem of insufficient resources has become obvious; The rapid increase of alumina production capacity far exceeds the carrying capacity of bauxite resources in our province; Coal resources have been vigorously developed. The degree of mineral resources security has become an important issue for the sustainable development of our province's mining economy and even the whole national economy.
(2) The level of exploitation and utilization of mineral resources and the level of industrial agglomeration are still low. Mainly manifested in the large number of mining enterprises, small scale, unreasonable mine layout and lack of reasonable development and utilization methods. Most of the small mines with small scale and low output adopt the most primitive mining method, with backward technology, low production efficiency and generally low recovery rate. This small-scale disorderly development not only destroys the order of mining production and management, wastes resources, but also brings great difficulties to mineral development management. Many small enterprises adopt indigenous smelting, which has low comprehensive recovery rate, high energy consumption and serious environmental pollution.
(3) The deep processing and utilization of mineral resources are low, and the industrial chain extension is low. Aluminum industry is one of the pillar industries in our province, which has formed a considerable scale of alumina and electrolytic aluminum production, but there is no large-scale high value-added aluminum deep processing industry at present; Molybdenum is a very advantageous mineral resource in our province. At present, the owners of molybdenum mines in our province are mainly mining and dressing, lacking downstream products. At present, Xinyang zeolite, perlite and bentonite mainly sell raw ore and lack deep-processed products; The development and utilization of kyanite, andalusite and sillimanite in Nanyang are extremely low.
(4) The mine environment was severely damaged. Henan province is a big mining province. Mining development plays an important role in the national economic and social development of Henan province, but it also causes influence and destruction on natural resources and ecological environment such as vegetation, rock and soil, water and atmosphere. Many mines only pay attention to production, ignoring environmental protection and treatment, and the rate of "three wastes" discharge reaching the standard, land reclamation rate and ecological restoration rate are low, which intensifies environmental pollution.
Fourthly, the demand of economic and social development of Henan Province for mineral resources.
According to the 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development in Henan Province, the Plan for Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way in Henan Province, the Overall Plan for Mineral Resources in Henan Province and the Special Plan for the Development of Energy, Transportation, Steel and Other Related Industries, the national economy of our province will still maintain rapid growth during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, and the average annual economic growth rate is expected to reach 12% or more. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the demand for mineral products in Henan's national economic development generally showed an upward trend.
The demand for mineral products in Henan's national economic development is mainly reflected in the demand for mineral products in related industries. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the output of major mineral products (except petroleum) and products in deep processing industry in our province maintained a steady growth trend (Figure 1 ~ Figure 8). According to the forecast of the economic growth rate of our province during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, these industries still maintain a strong momentum.
Figure1Change of Raw Coal Output in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005
Figure 2 Changes of natural gas production in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005
According to the analysis of the development trend of main mineral products and deep processing industry in Henan Province during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period and the forecast of the development, utilization and protection of mineral resources in Henan Province, the consumption and industrial demand of main mineral products in Henan Province in 20 10 are: 2100000 tons of coal, 32 tons of gold, 0/80000 tons of bauxite, 0/500000 tons of limestone/kloc-0.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Analysis on the degree of guarantee of main mineral resources in Henan Province
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, despite the ups and downs of the international economic situation, the national economy of Henan Province maintained a strong growth, and the gross domestic product (GDP) grew rapidly, which was higher than the national average. According to the data analysis of Henan Provincial Bureau of Statistics (2006), the main contribution of GDP growth in Henan Province is the rapid growth of the secondary industry (Figure 9). As can be seen from Figure 9, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the secondary industry in Henan Province occupied a considerable proportion, and its growth rate was also significantly higher than that of the primary industry and the tertiary industry. The high growth of the secondary industry is mainly related to the rapid growth of mining industry and mineral processing industry as the main mineral resources during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. Relevant data predict that the GDP of Henan Province will still maintain a high growth rate during the 11th Five-Year Plan period. The correlation analysis between GDP growth and industry in Henan province during the tenth five-year plan period shows that there is a close positive correlation between them. At present, the industrial growth in Henan Province is mainly resource-consuming. In other words, the growth of mining economy is the foundation to support the economic growth of Henan Province. Therefore, the degree of protection of mineral resources is very important to the industrial economy of Henan Province, which accounts for a large proportion of the mining economy. To ensure the sustained and stable economic and social growth of Henan Province, we must ensure the effective supply of its important mineral resources.
Fig. 3 Changes of power generation in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005
Changes of iron ore output in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005.
Changes of pig iron production in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005.
Changes of steel output in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005.
Changes of output of 10 kinds of non-ferrous metals in Henan province from 2000 to 2005.
Changes of aluminum production in Henan Province from 2000 to 2005.
Comparison of the growth and changes of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, industry and construction industry in Henan Province during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period.
According to the reserves of major mineral resources in Henan Province (up to 2005) and the demand of economic development, the guarantee degree of major minerals such as coal and bauxite is analyzed as follows:
Coal: It is predicted that the coal consumption and industrial demand will be 2 10/00000 tons in 20 10, and the coal production capacity will be about 200 million tons in 20 10, and the supply and demand will be basically balanced. By the end of 2005, the coal reserves in Henan Province were 25.999 billion tons, exceeding 100. Coal resources in Henan province have good metallogenic conditions and great potential. Under the conditions of strengthening geological exploration, rational development and utilization, and maintaining stable and moderate growth of raw coal output, coal resources can ensure long-term effective supply.
Bauxite: At the end of 2005, the resource reserve was 459 million tons. It is estimated that during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the output of alumina in Henan Province will reach 8.55 million tons/year. If the production of 1 ton alumina consumes 4 tons of bauxite resources, it will consume 34.2 million tons of bauxite resources every year. Considering the consumption of non-aluminum industry, the consumption of bauxite resources in the whole province will reach about 36 million tons, so the reserves of bauxite resources in Henan Province in 2005 can guarantee the supply of about 13 years. According to the total resources forecast, the prospective bauxite resources in our province are about 990 million tons. By further strengthening geological exploration, making full use of low-grade bauxite and controlling alumina production capacity, the guarantee period of bauxite in our province may be extended.
Gold: At the end of 2005, the reserves of rock gold resources in the province were 257.78 tons. According to the output and resource utilization rate of 50% in 2005, the annual consumption of resource reserves is about 45 tons, and the recoverable life of rock gold resources in the province is 5 years. In the past two years, the exploration of gold enterprises in the province can add nearly 30 tons of resource reserves every year, and the annual consumption of resource reserves in the province has been found to be about 15 tons. According to this calculation, the gold resources in Henan Province can be guaranteed for about 8 years on the premise that gold enterprises in the province continue to strengthen geological prospecting and basically ensure the existing production scale.
Molybdenum: At the end of 2005, the molybdenum resources in the province were 3,745,750 tons, and the molybdenum production capacity (ore quantity) in Henan Province in 2005 was 6.5 million tons/year. According to the output of molybdenum fine powder in 2005 and the resource utilization rate of 85%, the annual resource consumption is 25882 tons, so the recoverable life of molybdenum resources in the province is 144 years. According to the prospecting progress of molybdenum deposits in our province in recent years and the analysis of metallogenic geological conditions in Qinling orogenic belt, molybdenum deposits in our province still have great resource potential.
Iron ore: In 2005, the annual output of pig iron in the whole province was 9.73 million tons (according to Henan Statistical Yearbook). According to the iron ore 1 .6 tons required for producing1ton pig iron, the annual iron ore consumption is about 1.6 million tons. In 2005, the province * * * produced 36710.3 million tons of iron ore, and the iron ore output of Henan Province only met the demand of its steel industry. Therefore, iron ore resources in our province are relatively scarce. By the end of 2005, although our province had iron ore resources10.69 million tons, it was mainly poor ore, accounting for 95%. In fact, at present, the main development and utilization in Henan Province is rich ore, while the development scale of poor ore is greatly limited due to the restriction of economic benefits. Improving the beneficiation and smelting capacity of lean ore is an important way to ensure the supply capacity of iron ore in Henan Province.
6. Countermeasures and suggestions to improve the supporting ability of mining industry to Henan's economic and social development
(A) to further strengthen the development and management of mineral resources
The Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of Henan Province has clearly listed the non-ferrous metal industry based on the construction of an important national aluminum industrial base and the coal chemical industry and petrochemical industry based on improving the efficiency of resource development and utilization as two of the five pillar industries to be cultivated and strengthened in our province in the future. It can be said that the sustainable supply of mineral resources will directly affect the economic security and social stability of our province. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable sustainable supply strategy of mineral resources, further strengthen the development and management of mineral resources in our province, start with strengthening planning, do a good job in compiling the revision of mineral resources planning, special planning for geological exploration and special planning for mineral resources development and protection, and enhance the government's macro-control ability of mineral resources. We will implement the establishment system of exploration and mining rights setting scheme, strictly implement the mining rights setting scheme of coal national mining areas and the exploration rights setting scheme of the whole province, ensure the rational utilization and effective supply of mineral resources in our province, ensure the demand and supply of mineral resources for the national economic and social development of our province, and ensure the sustained and healthy economic and social development of our province.
(2) Strengthen geological work and increase investment in exploration.
In order to alleviate the shortage of resources in the process of economic development in Henan Province, we should increase the investment in geological exploration in Henan Province, solve the problem of insufficient reserve bases of important mineral resources in Henan Province, and improve the guarantee degree of mineral resources in Henan Province. According to the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" of national economic and social development in Henan Province, the pillar industries in Henan Province, including energy, non-ferrous metals and chemicals, will continue to maintain rapid growth. In order to ensure the healthy development of these industries, there must be sufficient material basis of mineral resources. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the preliminary risk exploration and evaluation and long-term strategic reserve of coal mines, bauxite-rich mines, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc mines and some important non-metallic minerals urgently needed for economic construction, so as to ensure the sustainable economic and social development of Henan Province.
(3) Further deepen the integration of resources.
On the basis of the integration of coal and bauxite resources in our province in recent years, we will further deepen the integration of coal and bauxite resources. By summing up the achievements and experience of coal and bauxite resource integration, we will expand the range of minerals for resource integration, especially molybdenum, gold, iron ore, limestone, ordinary fluorite, salt, perlite, trona, lead-zinc ore and other minerals with high development level in our province, and improve the industrial concentration of mineral development enterprises and the possession of resources by mineral resource processing enterprises.
(4) Strengthen government supervision and establish a new mechanism to meet the requirements of the socialist market economy.
Governments at all levels should strengthen the management of mineral resources, while giving full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, formulate corresponding policies, guide the joint reorganization of existing mining enterprises, realize the gathering of mineral resources to advantageous enterprises, improve the level of rational development and effective utilization of mineral resources, improve the mining safety and technical level, enhance industrial concentration and market competitiveness, and enhance the guarantee ability of major mineral resources for social and economic development.
Fully implement the system of paid acquisition of mining rights and stop all acts of transferring mining rights free of charge. If the reserve resources of key mining enterprises and planned mining areas have been approved by the relevant state ministries, the price of mining rights shall be paid according to law before going through the formalities.
(five) to further improve the long-term mechanism of mineral resources development order
Establish and improve the supervision system of mineral resources development, strengthen centralized and unified planning, management, protection and rational utilization of mineral resources, safeguard the state ownership of mineral resources, protect the legitimate rights and interests of mineral owners, and realize the fundamental transformation of mineral resources management methods. Strengthen the daily supervision of mineral resources exploration and mining activities, check the implementation of the obligations of mining rights holders, exploration design scheme, development and utilization scheme and dynamic monitoring of reserves, further improve the annual inspection system, gradually form a supervision responsibility system of regular annual inspection, dynamic inspection on the surface, timely verification of key field investigation reports, and give full play to the role of mineral inspectors and exploration inspectors, clarify the key projects and mines under supervision, and implement the tasks to mines and responsibilities to people.
Further strengthen law enforcement, intensify the special rectification of small mines crossing the border and mine safety, resolutely crack down on illegal activities such as unlicensed mining and indiscriminate mining, and close unplanned mines that cross the border, deplete resources, cause serious ecological damage and highlight potential safety hazards according to law to ensure that the order of mineral resources development is fundamentally improved.
(six) relying on scientific and technological progress and technological innovation to improve the level of resource utilization and management.
Market-oriented, mining enterprises as the main body, strengthen the research, development and application of new theories, new technologies, new methods and new processes for the development, utilization and protection of mineral resources, especially strengthen the research on improving the recovery rate of resources and the comprehensive utilization level of deep processing, and support key enterprises to carry out demonstration projects for mine ecological environment restoration and land reclamation.
(VII) Gradually establish a green GDP accounting system for the development and utilization of mineral resources in our province, and establish a mining circular economy model in our province.
Traditional national economic accounting ignores the scarcity of natural resources, the decline of environmental quality caused by resource development, and the impact on human health and wealth, and even accounts the cost of maintaining environmental quality as the increase of national income and social wealth, but in fact these costs should only be regarded as the maintenance cost of society. These defects make the traditional national economic accounting system not only unable to measure the economic losses caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction, but also encourage the pursuit of high GDP growth to destroy the environment and exhaust natural resources, and the result will inevitably endanger the sustainable development of social economy. At present, a considerable part of GDP figures are obtained at the expense of future generations. Green GDP accounting not only considers economic growth, but also pays attention to the scarcity of natural resources and the environmental impact caused by their development. Gradually establish a green GDP accounting system for mining development in our province, build industrial chains of "coal mining-processing-comprehensive utilization", "bauxite mining-alumina-electrolytic aluminum-aluminum processing" and "nonmetallic mineral development-processing-comprehensive utilization" around the development and utilization of superior mineral resources in our province, and vigorously develop the integration of coal, electricity and aluminum, coal chemical industry and salt.