1. 1 wall materials The simplest and feasible way to save energy in rural residential walls is to increase the wall thickness, which is also a simple once and for all method. The thermal insulation performance of the wall is directly proportional to the thickness of the wall. Relevant data show that the heat dissipation of the external wall can be reduced by 30% by changing the brick wall with a thickness of 240mm to a brick wall with a thickness of 370mm [3]. Shandong province is rich in coal resources. The whole province covers an area of 15.33km2, with a coal-bearing area of 4.84km2 Rich coal resources make it possible to use cinder bricks more in the vast areas of western Shandong. The thermal insulation performance of cinder hollow brick is far better than that of traditional sintered brick, and it is cleaner and more environmentally friendly by using the residue after burning coal. As one of the main producing areas of coal mines, the local area is rich in cinder resources, which is more cost-saving.
1.2 The roof is the most concentrated area of building heat exchange. Because the roof area is large and continuous, if it is not treated, a lot of indoor heat will be lost to the outside through the roof in winter, and outdoor heat will be introduced into the room through the roof in summer, resulting in Leng Xia heat in the room near the roof in winter, which is not energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and the indoor thermal comfort is poor. If only adding insulation layer is adopted, it will increase the construction cost and increase the burden on farmers. In order to make effective use of the roof and meet the requirements of building thermal insulation, the top floor is designed as a vacant attic roof, which can be used as a storage room, and can provide a place for third-and fourth-floor residents to put sundries and tools away from the ground to supplement the shortage of residential space (see Figure 3). Through the integrated design of architecture and solar energy, the roof is used as a favorable base for laying solar collectors, such as solar hot water system. The water tank can be designed together with the sloping roof and embedded inside the roof ridge (see Figure 4).
1.3 The ground floor treatment, as the ground floor of a multi-storey building, has the advantages of being close to the ground and convenient to enter and exit, but the ground floor is slightly insufficient in sunshine and natural ventilation. At present, there are generally two ways to do ground floor space: ① as storage room space or garage; ② Used as an apartment for the elderly. The advantage of the ground floor as a storage room is that some heavy agricultural machinery and vehicles can be placed directly on the 1 floor, reducing the inconvenience caused by vertical traffic; At the same time, the living conditions with poor sunshine and natural ventilation can be avoided, and the main living space is concentrated on the 2 ~ 5 floors, which creates favorable conditions for building energy conservation. Because there is no sunshine requirement in storage space, this method can shorten the sunshine interval of buildings and has more advantages in saving land. Due to the characteristics of the elderly, the rooms used by the elderly are as close to the ground as possible for convenience.
Taking the ground floor as an apartment for the elderly can also maximize the distance between the elderly and their children. The old man is downstairs and the children live upstairs, which provides convenience for the children to support the old man. At the same time, the apartments for the elderly are concentrated on the same floor, which can manage the diet and daily life in a unified way, facilitate the communication between the elderly and not interfere with the upstairs owners. The disadvantage of this method is that the living space for the elderly requires high sunshine, lighting and ventilation, which affects the living space to some extent; In addition, due to the unity of structural forms, 2 ~ 5-storey residential units must also meet some spacing requirements of indoor space for the elderly.
1.4 Enhance natural ventilation through apartment design. When designing an apartment, fully consider all factors that can enhance natural ventilation. Shandong has a monsoon climate, and the dominant wind direction is southerly in summer. Rooms with unified air ducts in the north-south direction have better ventilation conditions. When designing the apartment, the doors and windows of the north and south rooms should be matched as much as possible to form a unified air duct, so as to enhance the adjustment effect of natural ventilation on the room temperature in summer (see Figure 5).
2 solar hot water system
In the new rural community housing, solar water heaters are installed in most new residential areas, which benefits from the popularization of tap water system, on the other hand, it also reflects the investment and support of governments at all levels for building energy conservation. Solar water heaters are divided into centralized and independent types. The centralized solar water heater is a solar heat collection device installed in 1 building. 1 unit generally adopts 1 water tank, and the stored hot water can be used as domestic hot water (see Figure 6).
3 water treatment
In urban housing, most of the feces flow into the municipal pipe network in the form of sewage through pipelines. In rural communities far away from cities, the construction of pipe network will undoubtedly greatly increase the construction cost and increase the burden on farmers. Moreover, manure is a kind of high-quality natural fertilizer, which can be used for crops and as raw materials for biogas production. In the new rural community, septic tanks are embedded in the building, and the feces are uniformly treated and collected, and then pumped by the operation vehicle for biogas digesters or stored in composting yards, which can provide fertilizer for the community landscape. Domestic wastewater such as rainwater enters the reclaimed water treatment station through pipelines, and after disinfection and filtration, it can be used for landscape and irrigation, and can also be used as toilet water, so as to recycle water as much as possible and save water resources (see Figure 7).
4 ecological landscape
4. 1 Landscape Architecture The rural community landscape design fully draws on the theme of "agriculture". Vegetation is not only ornamental plants, but also some crops. The rural community in Wang Lou, Wenshang County, has specially opened up an ecological vegetable garden for residents in the planning and design, which not only retains the original lifestyle of farmers, but also continues to be grounded when living in buildings, leaving many possibilities for the greening landscape of the whole community. Irrigation water for planting comes from treated rainwater and domestic sewage. Vegetables and fruits can be eaten directly, and the waste can be returned to the field. Fertilizer comes from organic waste produced by community manure. At the same time, the cultivation of ordinary green vegetation is reduced, and the construction cost is saved. Because the rural residential land is relatively abundant, there can be more green landscape space, and the irrigation water system can adjust the microclimate of the whole community and give people a better thermal comfort feeling (see Figure 8). As many multi-storey farmhouses are newly built, how to inherit the culture and context, reflect the tradition and continue the human feelings on the basis of retaining the original village culture has become a major problem. Rural community landscape is not only a visual beautification facility, but also a carrier of historical context.
To sum up, in the process of construction, some facilities and equipment in the original natural villages will be taken as landscape elements of the new community, so that farmers can still feel the aftertaste of traditional agricultural life in the new environment (see Figure 9). 4.2 Wall Greening Wall Greening is a measure for people to vertically afforest building walls, fences, bridge columns, balconies and window sills to improve the urban ecological environment. Deciduous plants (such as Parthenocissus tricuspidata) are selected as the wall greening of rural communities. In summer, broad green leaves can block solar radiation and absorb heat. The cooling effect caused by transpiration of plant leaves on the wall can significantly reduce the heat transfer through the external walls and windows, reduce the indoor surface temperature, improve the indoor thermal comfort or reduce the energy consumption of building air conditioning. In winter, the leaves almost fall, which will not block the radiant heat of the sun to the building, and can ensure the heat storage of the building during the day (see figure 10).
5 conclusion
Rural housing in new rural communities is not uniform, but has its diversity. In the future housing construction, there may be low-rise houses, multi-storey houses and even high-rise houses. Every living form should have its most suitable energy-saving way, effectively use various architectural forms, explore its most suitable energy-saving technical measures, strive to reduce costs, and provide farmers with a more hot and comfortable ecological environment. This paper discusses the method of energy-saving ecological design of rural multi-storey residential buildings, which is simple and applicable, and provides a new idea for the ecological energy-saving exploration of new rural community residential buildings.
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