I want to introduce this book to you. My journalism major says it's very good:
A must for all-round reporters/(America) Kelly Wright, Julian Harris and Stanley Johnson.
Let me give you some other people's statements, which I hope will be useful:
Basic skills of news interview
First of all, curiosity and doubt
Curiosity is the source of news clues.
Curiosity is the driving force to collect more news facts and go deep into the essence of facts.
Doubt is the need to get news clues and in-depth reports.
Doubt is the need to ensure the accuracy and objectivity of news.
Second, how to choose the source (interviewee)
Determine the source according to the theme
Fact interview
Primary sources: parties and witnesses.
Secondary sources: investigators, investigation reports, authorities, government organizations and officials.
Critical interview
Main source: officials
Secondary sources of information: experts and scholars
Tertiary source: ordinary people
Analyze information sources
Source: Experts, scholars and media people.
Source and interview trap:
An unreliable source of information.
The source only sees the trees but not the forest, or ignores important details.
Be interviewed for a certain reason or interest.
For personal promotion.
Unilateral statement
3. Persuade and get an interview
Interviewing is like learning to drive. It was a little scary and difficult at first. But after contact, it becomes natural to start smoothly, signal lights, shift gears, control the steering wheel and check the instrument.
If you are afraid to approach strangers, they will probably refuse to answer. What you throw will get a response.
What kind of people are easy to accept your interview? -Idle people
How to convince:
1, organizational arrangement, maximum! !
Find a middleman to introduce you.
3, telephone, letter or other means to suggest that he "you don't accept my interview is your loss" (pay attention to attitude) Do your homework, look at the original interview record, and see if there are any topics he hasn't said; What are his interests?
Fourth, how to ask questions
Problem classification:
1. Open question
-refers to asking some general, broad and wide-ranging questions, and there is no strict limit on the content of the answers, giving the other party full freedom. This kind of question is easy, unobtrusive and often appropriate. Features: It is often used at the beginning of an interview, which can shorten the psychological and emotional distance between the two sides, but it is difficult to dig deep because of looseness and freedom.
2. Closed questions
-refers to a more specific, clear and narrow question, requiring the other party to answer only the specific content of the question. Features: Closed questions are easy to break through, often used for in-depth questioning or verification, verification, and changing topics, which are often sensitive. Pay attention to the angle and tone of questions.
Don't just ask questions that can only be answered with "yes" or "no". Reporters should try to get fresh direct quotations and details from the interviewees when asking questions; Get the interviewee's description or explanation of the event "What happened" and "How did it happen?"
The best problem should be a good combination of "closed" and "open":
(1) The touchstone of the reporter's interview level.
(2) Only by asking questions can we get newsworthy materials.
(3) Asking questions can improve interview efficiency.
The way of asking questions
I am asking. That is, direct questioning, straight to the point, clean and neat, generally applicable to people familiar with reporters; Second, cadres and scholars with high cultural level and rich social experience; The third is a friend with something to do.
Ask sideways. Also known as circuitous method. The reporter asked questions from the side, twists and turns, and then returned to the topic. It is more suitable for those who are not talkative. For example, start with the weather and interests. Set sail by icebreaker P 130.
A rhetorical question. Also known as provocation. For some reason, the interviewee is unwilling to answer, but the reporter asks questions from the opposite side, prompting the other side to think. It is impossible not to answer. This form is common among those who are too modest to talk about it, too afraid to talk about it because of concerns, or too disdainful to talk about it because of their high status.
Ask questions. The reporter followed the clues of the other party's conversation and continued to ask, "get to the bottom of it" and "ask what to do next."
Don't make the source nervous by asking questions, persuade the other party to chat with you;
Ask relevant questions, ask targeted and meaningful questions; Raise issues of concern to readers and the public.
Ask smart questions (most interviewees prefer to talk to smart and well-informed reporters rather than self-righteous people or fools);
Ask some questions that make the interviewee think you are fair.
Ask questions as much as possible to arouse the sense of honor and pride of the interviewee; Let the source feel that he is an expert in this field, has social influence and prestige, and feels that he is interviewed as an expert; Let the source feel that it is serving the public;
Let the interviewee feel that his failure to answer your questions will damage his public image; Let the respondents feel that justice has been done; Let the interviewee feel that his opinions are important to the public;
Discover new problems in the interview: discover newer, more important or controversial issues; Find out the mistakes or problems that the interviewee is trying to hide.
Journalists should be fully prepared, and only good questions will attract amazing information. The interviewee doesn't want to discuss profound problems with unfamiliar or stupid people, and he doesn't want to say some one-liners that can be used as direct quotations.
Order of questions:
Write down the list of questions first and arrange them logically in case you forget the questions during the interview;
Arrange according to the importance of the questions, in case the interview time is up and the most important questions have not been asked;
The interviewer's personal embarrassment is placed at the end of the interview, because at this stage, the reporter and the interviewee have established a certain relationship of mutual trust. Even at this time, the interviewee decided to stop the interview, and the reporter had obtained the basic and important information he needed.
Design of interview questions:
What kind of questions will your readers ask? Rather than what questions the respondents are willing to answer;
The latest fact, the most important fact, the fact that the public is most interested in? Questions should be short, straightforward and specific;
Don't ask vague, abstract and conceptual questions. The more specific the problem, the more specific figures and facts can be obtained;
Don't ask meaningless questions that waste time; Don't ask questions that everyone knows the answer to;
Don't ask questions that embarrass the interviewee or show his stupidity.
Do not ask preconceived or biased questions.
In order to win the trust and respect of the interviewer, dress appropriately. For example, a male reporter should wear a suit and tie in a formal interview (don't dress casually like a TV cameraman or photojournalist). Your clothes show that you value and respect the interviewer. You respect him, and he will respect you. Otherwise, he won't give you a lot of interview time;
The interview must be on time;
At the beginning of an important interview, you might as well talk to the interviewer easily to let the interviewer relax his vigilance;
Journalists should control the whole interview process. If the interviewee answers questions in general, the reporter must ask specific questions to get him back to the topic;
A reporter should not quarrel with the interviewee during an interview. If the interviewee finds that the reporter disagrees with his point of view, he will not relax and trust to talk with the interviewee.
Five, how to take notes and records
Without strong purpose and intention and selective memory, memory materials will be lost. The solution is: learn to record. Several main recording methods:
1. Memory: During the live interview, the reporter memorized the real people and stories he saw and heard. Psychologically it is called "conscious memory".
It is best to keep in mind the following situations: interviewing ordinary people, that is, chatting; The facts encountered are fleeting; Limited by objective conditions, it is inconvenient to record with paper and pen; (Hidden interview) The interviewee is unwilling to be interviewed or is not allowed to make written records.
What are the benefits of remembering? First, it is not easy to affect the mood of the interviewee; Second, it is not easy to distract reporters' observation and thinking; Third, sometimes, memory is the only choice.
Defects of mental memory: easy to forget, not easy to master.
2. Precautions:
When the reporter interviewed, he recorded what he saw, heard and felt in the interview book through his pen.
The form of taking notes:
Detailed record: "What you hear must be recorded";
Remarks: Write down some key, meaningful and main facts and contents or some unforgettable materials in the interview book, such as numbers, names, places, things, wonderful languages, etc.
Abbreviation: You can use some simple symbols created by yourself to replace complex words. Such as socialism-society ~; Adhere to the four cardinal principles-firmness and equality.
The content of the notes
Remember what your eyes see differently.
People: physical characteristics, clothes and manners.
Things: shape, color, characteristics
Scene: The characteristics of the environment, layout and furnishings of the interview site.
Tian: The influence of climate characteristics on news.
Location: The influence of geography, environment and conditions on news events.
Recording the language of the interviewee's statement (listening)
Important materials: namely, important points, key points and connection points in the development process of events.
Remember people's thoughts and opinions: remembering without remembering the brain is equivalent to losing the treasure.
Remember the vivid and personalized language of the characters.
Write down all important speeches (leaders' speeches, press conference speeches)
Write down memorable points: numbers, names, places and things.
Write down the background material
Write down your thoughts and questions (thinking)
Review the recorded materials (review with the interviewee, relevant leaders and insiders at the end of the interview)
Don't fill all the interview books. You must reserve some space to supplement some materials, so as to record the reporter's own thoughts, questions and remarks during the interview.
3. Painting:
Including news photos, news videos and pictures made on the spot.
Usually refers to painting. Requirements: one fast, two accurate and three images. Like a sketch in painting, a rough outline of a thing is outlined with thick lines. Sketch plays a significant role in enriching the form of news reports.
4. recording:
Is to record an interview with a tape recorder or a tape recorder. Some important events and people, especially interviews with people, are generally recorded.
Benefits: The records are true and accurate, and can be used as information and evidence; It is also convenient for reporters to make room for listening, observing and thinking, and it is also convenient for hidden interviews.
Disadvantages: Respondents may not adapt; Late finishing is time-consuming; The recording effect is not necessarily good; The equipment itself needs to be prepared.
Although we have many forms of records, the most basic forms are notes and memories. In the choice of mental notes and notes, we can choose according to the reporter's personal habits and interview reality, each with its own emphasis and complement each other. Painting and recording are important forms and beneficial supplements of recording. Generally speaking, recording can be used less, and it is best to use technical means to solve technical problems.
I'll give you another paper on psychological adjustment. I hope it works.
On the Art of Psychological Control in News Interview
Abstract: The whole news interview runs through the psychological activities of journalists and interviewees, and the success or failure of the interview is largely related to psychological factors. In order to achieve the best results, we must first grasp the psychological characteristics of the interviewees and make adjustments accordingly; Secondly, as the main body of the interview, journalists must have good psychological quality and high psychological control ability. Therefore, it is necessary for us to find out the general rules by studying the interview psychology and do a good job in psychological analysis and regulation in news interview in order to achieve the success of the interview.
Key words: news interview, psychological analysis, psychological control, interviewee.
Journalist interview is a frequent and in-depth social communication activity. In the interview, reporters will encounter different psychology of different interviewees. Journalists should first understand the psychological characteristics of the interviewees in order to guide their own interview activities. Interview is an interpersonal activity between journalists and interviewees, and it is an exchange of knowledge, ideas, cognition and wishes between the two sides. This kind of communication is interactive, and their psychological states often affect each other, which requires reporters to adjust their own mentality while interviewing, and at the same time pay attention to and guide each other's psychology. That is to say, we should not only analyze and adjust the interviewee's psychology, but also pay attention to self-psychological quality training and psychological adjustment methods.
First, the psychological control of the interviewees.
1. Respect each other and treat each other sincerely.
Respecting the interviewee is the basic moral quality of journalists. Respecting others means acknowledging their social value and affirming their personality. Respect can touch others' heartstrings, build mutual trust and lay a good foundation for the interview.
Comrade Zhao Zhongxiang, a famous host of CCTV, went to a mental hospital in Beijing to interview a female patient. The original question was: "When did you get mental illness?" Zhao Zhongxiang thought it was too irritating and disrespectful, so he asked politely, "How long have you been in hospital? How did you feel before hospitalization? " The patient, a primary school teacher, is about to leave the hospital after recovery. She felt that Zhao Zhongxiang was kind and trustworthy, so she answered his series of questions readily. After the program was broadcast, the effect was very good, and many viewers called to ask about the recent situation of patients, which played a very good communication role.
2. Take advantage of the trend and calm your mood
Emotion indicates a person's mental state here and now. Generally speaking, people are reluctant to talk when they are depressed, melancholy, uneasy and nervous. During the interview, if the reporter finds that the interviewee is in a bad mood and does not actively respond to the interview, the reporter should do some work according to the situation. First, he should calm and stabilize his anxiety, slowly cut into his psychology, and relieve the psychological alert of the interviewee. There are many ways to relax the mood of interviewees: try to choose a familiar conversation environment, such as office, home or workplace; Ask a few questions you want to ask intentionally or unintentionally in small talk; Interview or work together while walking; Obey the interviewee's excessive demands, such as smoking, opening windows and so on. At the same time, it should be noted that the reporter's own emotions must be relaxed, not arrogant and impetuous, and his speech should be gentle and modest, avoiding the arrogant tone of "overbearing".
3. Looking for "similarity" to arouse * * *
We were all unhappy until the end of the day, when we met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? . Bai Juyi, a great poet, chatted with a singer he had never met before, just because there was a kind of similarity between them-we were all unhappy-and we didn't need to get to know each other. In interviews, journalists often deal with strangers. If they want to get the information they need, they have to work hard on the word "same".
According to psychology, people always have identity psychology and are willing to associate with people whose personal characteristics, personality and personal experience are close to their own, so as to find a common language. Journalists and interviewees can find many similarities, such as age, hobbies, personality, occupation and so on. It can be regarded as the "intimacy point" between the two sides in the interview, which can produce equal exchanges of feelings and ideas, create a good interview atmosphere, and even achieve the best effect of "love at first sight".
In addition, Zhu Jun, the host of CCTV brand column "Art Life", also makes good use of this way to communicate with the guests in a friendly and equal way, which can often arouse the admiration of the audience, gain more understanding and support from them, and the atmosphere at the scene becomes very harmonious.
4. Layers of infiltration, imperceptibly.
Socialization is a process from shallow to deep, from the outside to the inside. When interviewing reporters, especially people, don't just want to dig up valuable and interesting materials at once, and don't be eager for quick success. It is the most effective way to deal with those difficult interviewees through layers of infiltration and clever interview methods.
A few years ago, Liu Dan, a modern journalist, went to Dazhai for an interview. She was turned away, but she didn't give up. She knows the grievances of the Dazhai people over the years and understands their psychological trauma. She should approach them with full enthusiasm and pay attention to them. When Jia Chengrang, the old hero of that year, heard that she was a reporter for an interview, she immediately turned her head and limped home. Before Liu Dan came for an interview, she learned that his backache was a chronic disease. When the old hero walked down the stone stairs, she took the initiative to help the old hero in case he fell. This move made Jia Chengrang feel different, felt her understanding and sympathy for the people of Dazhai, and told the reporter all her heartfelt words that she had been oppressed for many years. Similarly, with an understanding heart, she cleverly "captured" Guo Fenglian, secretary of the Dazhai Party branch, and was recognized by the people of Dazhai, who wrote forceful words.
News interview is a complicated process of psychological interaction. Journalists should adopt different methods to adjust the psychology of the interviewee, fully mobilize the psychological state and thinking activities of the interviewee, and make the interview go smoothly.
Second, the cultivation of the interviewer's own psychological adjustment ability
In view of the "high risk" and "experience" of journalists, the psychological quality of journalists is increasingly recognized by people.
1, interview mood
Modern psychology believes that emotion is a special form of people's reflection on objective reality, and it is people's attitude experience on whether objective things meet people's needs.
Generally speaking, the most typical emotional states are emotion, passion and stress. Interview emotion can be divided into three parts: interview emotion, interview passion and on-site pressure.
(1) interview mood
Emotion is a persistent emotional state that all other experiences and activities of people are influenced by emotional contagion, which is characterized by dispersion, that is, emotions spread to behaviors, so journalists' emotions are good, bad, stable and rebellious, which will directly affect the interview performance.
When a reporter is dominated by positive emotions, his mood will be high and happy, he will be full of enthusiasm and his work efficiency will naturally be high; When a reporter is dominated by negative emotions, his mood is sad and depressed, or he is restless. He treats people with a surly and absurd attitude, and the interview efficiency is obviously low. For example, a reporter from a metropolis daily in Zhejiang is good at writing "investigation reports", but at a certain stage, he suddenly found that the quality of his reports dropped significantly, the materials were thin, the structure was broken, he did not express his feelings when asking questions, and he was in a trance when responding. Compared with his normal state, he is completely different. After in-depth conversation with her, this newspaper found that her news works were maliciously degraded as "vulgar" on the Internet, and even some jealous people organized a siege on her online, which seriously frustrated her self-esteem and self-confidence, so that she had a psychological barrier when she intervened in the interview: "Does what I wrote taste?"
This mentality must go through a long adjustment period before it can return to normal.
(2) Field pressure. How to judge a reporter's quality and evaluate his psychological quality, "stress ability" is almost the most important indicator.
Stress usually refers to the emotional state of journalists under unexpected tension and crisis, and it is a response to unexpected environmental stimuli. So, what is the reason for the stress state? Modern psychology holds that, firstly, the reporter's "existing knowledge and experience are inconsistent with the new requirements put forward by the on-site events, and there is no ready-made method to refer to, so he needs to enter a state of stress; Second, the reporter's existing experience is not enough to cope with the current situation, which makes people feel helpless and nervous. " In a word, the professional experience of journalists plays a key role under pressure. The so-called "electro-optical Shi Huo, without thinking" depends entirely on experience accumulation and improvisation. "Jade is burned for three days and identified for seven years." It can be seen that the achievement of an excellent journalist is by no means "crash".
(3) Interview passion. The reporter's passion is also called "news enthusiasm". With news enthusiasm, there are all the legendary stories in the history of news. But news enthusiasm should be a hidden "fire" under rational control, and its tension is enough for us to overcome all difficulties and obtain news facts; But we must be "controllable" and restrained, and we must not let "enthusiasm" affect the interview effect.
2. Interview expression
(1) When interviewing senior leading cadres or celebrities, neither humble nor supercilious. Journalists should always remember that I and the interviewee are equal in personality. At this moment, I am not a natural person, but on behalf of newspapers, media and public information platforms. So I will try my best to make my language as straightforward as possible, ask questions as succinctly as possible, and relax my body language as much as possible. Do not try to smile.
(2) Interviewing the general public should be approachable and amiable. In front of ordinary people, you must not put on airs or make too many body movements. For example, walking around with your hands behind your back, talking loudly in the square, and interrupting each other's topic for no reason will affect each other's psychology and hinder the smooth progress of the interview. Encounter each other's untidy clothes and rough appearance; Or physical defects, or dirty scenes and so on. Never show indifference and disgust and hurt each other's self-esteem.
(3) When interviewing people with special emotional state, special treatment should be given to facial expressions and actions. Generally speaking, journalists who cover social news face more "special emotional objects", so it is particularly important to master their own expressions and body language properly. For example, when interviewing an old model worker who is terminally ill, a mother who has just lost her son, or an athlete who has just had a heavy fall on the field, the reporter should walk lightly, slowly, have a low tone, speak steadily, dress simply and express sympathy and comfort appropriately when entering the room. Don't make a noise and come into the house noisily, and don't be angry with your clothes, especially avoid chattering, otherwise there will be no result.
(4) Don't be impatient in the face of strength. Because "information disclosure" has not been institutionalized, the most difficult and difficult occasion for journalists to interview now is "confrontation interview" The so-called "antagonistic interview" is the phenomenon that you are wary, hostile or afraid of your interview because of various interests, so you prevaricate, make things difficult, attack, refuse or even treat each other violently. The opposing sides, one wants to "expose" and the other wants to "cover up", and sometimes the struggle is quite fierce. Proper use of harsh words can actually make the powerful party "move the boat to the shore" and lower its posture, especially when it is necessary to safeguard their personal dignity. This method is more effective for journalists.
Third, psychological self-defense and frustration coping.
Generally speaking, in order to get rid of psychological troubles and reduce inner conflicts and anxiety, journalists must show their frustration, which psychologists call "self-defense".
Positive psychological defense should be advocated. When you find it difficult to achieve the goal of writing (such as the manuscript being withdrawn, asking for supplementary interviews or major changes, etc.). ), asking you to make extra efforts to achieve your goal. Find that the goal cannot be achieved (the manuscript is killed or the scheduled interview is changed), or lower the goal or re-select. Shake the "missed opportunity, reap the mulberry", the interview goal is blocked, give up temporarily, on the other hand, make up for the loss with success. Obviously, "compensation" is an ideal way to relieve frustration, which is conducive to adjusting one's mentality and even giving journalists a better opportunity than before frustration.
To solve and guide the psychological crisis of journalists, besides emphasizing the role of the object, the self-regulation of the subject may be more important. As an individual, under the premise of establishing lofty professional ideals and correct outlook on life, we should strive to improve our tolerance for setbacks, establish a positive psychological defense mechanism, learn to evaluate ourselves correctly, and have a generous and optimistic attitude.