Published by: Planner 2004-2 Author: Yu.

Abstract: the design of landscape is the design of land, and its basic principles are: understanding human nature and respecting people; Understand the natural process, respect nature and respect the "God" of the land.

Keywords: landscape design; Land design; urban design

First of all, about the landscape

Landscape should be understood from five levels.

(1) The first meaning: beautiful scenery, ideal.

Man expresses the most beautiful scene he sees through artistic means, which is the earliest meaning of landscape. In the west, the meaning of landscape painting originated from Dutch landscape painting and later spread to Britain. It depicts the scenery, the feeling of a person standing at a distance watching the scenery, and then painting this feeling, so painting is never a real scene, and painting is expressed after adding people's aesthetic attitude. The earliest source of the concept of landscape is painting, which is a kind of landscape painting. It has a framework, which is defined by people and refined by people through aesthetic taste. Landscape is the meaning of visual aesthetics from the beginning. However, people's aesthetic taste is constantly changing with the development of society and the change of economic status, so people's understanding of scenery is also constantly changing.

Before painting, landscape first appeared as a word in the Hebrew Old Testament. Used to describe the scene of the imperial city of Jerusalem. A shepherd stood on a desolate mountain and saw an oasis. There are Hongyu Mansions, temples and palaces on this oasis. These landscapes which he described as beautiful scenery are a city. So in the agricultural era, people imagined a beautiful city, and this concept continued into the industrial era. Only by taking landscape as the extreme of urban development and city as the ideal can a metropolis like new york emerge. At present, the landscape we China people understand basically stays in the urban ideal in the agricultural era, so you will see the high-rise buildings in Shenzhen, Pudong and Beijing, all of which are the same ideal. This is the scene where farmers describe the future. However, this interest did not last long, so after the end of the industrial age, a large number of rural people flocked to cities in new york, and the reinforced concrete jungle in new york was no longer suitable for people to live in, resulting in a series of urban diseases. They found that the urban landscape they were pursuing was not suitable.

People's survival and life, high-rise buildings are too dangerous (the tragedy of the World Trade Center is a good example), and the ideal of the landscape has changed. They no longer want to use the city appearance in the eyes of farmers or herders to create landscapes.

This denial of urban landscape can be realized in two ways: one is to escape from the city to establish national parks and natural parks, and the other is to introduce nature into the city.

Why do national parks appear in Britain? National parks even have tens of thousands of square kilometers, and there are many natural places. This is because new york people's ideal landscape began to turn to natural places, so they will protect nature as their leisure and holiday place, so Yellowstone National Park and Sequoia Park appeared. This is a way to deny the city-escape from the city and escape into the wilderness-at this time, people's concept of landscape has undergone profound changes, treating nature as beauty, not the city as beauty.

But people soon discovered that running away was not the way. Because, after World War II, cars were rapidly popularized in the United States, so cars dragged people to the suburbs. The more people want to leave the city, the more the city follows people and cars, which leads to the urbanization of suburbs. Cities like this have appeared all over the United States: a large amount of land has built houses, turned nature into buildings and made the environment worse. Especially after the sixties and seventies, people found that the previously imagined garden city did not actually come true, because people at that time wanted to connect the central city with the suburban garden city by railway, but in the United States, after the thirties, railways were replaced by expressways, trains were replaced by cars, and car companies tried to.

In addition to leaving the city for nature, there is a second way to get rid of crowded cities, and that is to introduce nature into cities. The earliest practice was to build parks in cities. This is the central park in new york, with more than 300 hectares, which is a very big place in the city center. Since then, the United States has appeared.

City park movement.

This is the change of the city due to the change of the ideal landscape concept in human imagination. This is an understanding of the significance of landscape as visual beauty.

(2) The second meaning: Landscape is a habitat, a place to live and live.

It is the experience of people's inner life and the place where you have relationships, even if it is a meadow, a river or a big tree next to a village. The folk houses in southern Anhui are full of poetry and painting, which are very bright, because people living in that land have formed a harmonious relationship between people and between people and nature. People want to get resources from nature and society, get shelter, inspiration and everything they need in life, so the landscape is people, not people. The imprint of the relationship between man and nature on the earth. There are Christianity, Judaism and Islam in Jerusalem in the Middle East. From the urban landscape, you can see that the city is always in dispute, reflecting the disharmony between people. When Lijiang passes by your door, you can wash in the stone port in front of it, so that people have a relationship with nature. The stone harbor you see is actually telling you that people need water and need to be close to it. This is a very friendly and harmonious relationship between man and nature.

If it is a disharmonious relationship, such as the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Qiantang River. The height of Qiantang River Dam is 10 meter, and in some places it is as high as 20 meters. This is a reflection of the hostile relationship between man and nature, and does not regard nature as your family and exclude it. This is the disharmony between man and nature. What about the relationship between people? When the Berlin Wall was not torn down, it reflected the disharmony between people. Now the barbed wire erected on the Israeli border also reflects the disharmony between people. Before the return of Hong Kong, there was an inverted L-shaped barbed wire on the border between Hong Kong and the mainland, which also reflected the disharmony between people. This kind of boundary is called political landscape.

So when you see the landscape, when you see any element in any landscape, it is actually telling whether the relationship between people and between people and nature is harmonious.

(3) The third meaning: Landscape is a system with structure and function.

At this level, it has nothing to do with human emotions, but something other than human emotions. But as a system, people study the landscape from an unrelated angle, so the landscape has become the object of scientific research. A piece of land, when you have nothing to do with it, then your research is the research of scientists. but

If you live in this land and then study it, it is not a scientist's research attitude, because this land is already related to your vital interests, so it is not science. A piece of land has animal habitats, animal migration channels, and so on, all of which need to be studied by scientific methods: observing and simulating with ecological and biological methods to understand this landscape system. A discipline called "landscape science" is actually a branch of geography, which studies landscape systems by scientific methods.

(4) The fourth meaning: Landscape is a kind of "symbol".

Everything we see has meaning behind it. Landscape is a book about nature and human history. The roads, pavilions, rivers and paifang groups behind houses in southern Anhui are all telling the stories of today and yesterday. For example, the pavilion, called Shuikou Pavilion locally, is located at the Shuikou of the village, which reflects people's attitude towards nature. This place is very critical, which determines the birth, illness, death and wealth of the local people. This pavilion will tell you that this land is sacred. For example, this archway is called chastity archway, and that archway is called loyalty and filial piety archway. Chastity archway tells the story of a young woman who never remarried after her husband died. This chastity monument reflects the values of that era. Zhongxiaofang celebrates filial piety. It tells the story that a son never leaves home when his parents are alive. This is a kind of value.

On the North China Plain, even a shallow ditch and a mound are telling the history. The beacon tower of the city wall used to be an iron horse, and the fire started a prairie fire. These seemingly inconspicuous traces left on the land are telling a very vivid and magnificent story. There is a saying in the northern region that an ancient road that has been used for 300 years has become a river. A road that has been used for more than two thousand years has become a river, so this river is not just a river. It was an ancient road used by King Wuling of Zhao when he attacked the State of Qin. Thousands of troops passed by. A shallow ancient road or shallow ditch is full of meaning. Therefore, landscape is a meaningful symbol that we need to read.

To a great extent, our earliest words also came from landscape. The pictogram of mountain comes directly from mountain, and the pictogram of water comes directly from water. The writing of water in Naxi characters in Lijiang, Yunnan Province is different from that in Han nationality. Water in Chinese characters has two points on both sides of a curve, while water in Naxi characters has a circle at the end of this curve. My understanding is that because Naxi people live on the Yunnan Plateau, the water there is different from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River: the melted snow from Yulong Snow Mountain flows down, and there is no water in the river. The water seeps from below the floodplain and then comes out after more than ten miles from the floodplain. This water is called pool, including Black Dragon Pool or White Dragon Pool. You can see where the water comes from. It has a source. However, the water seen by the early residents of the Yangtze River or the Yellow River has no source. Although the source was in Kunlun Mountain, no one had been to Kunlun Mountain at that time. This is the difference between scenery and description, so our language comes from scenery. In fact, the so-called "painting from the river" and "writing from Luoshui" means that we read the Yellow River and Luoshui in ancient Chinese characters and read the texture of turtle back from the water to interpret and predict the changes of things. These are symbols, telling stories, stories of prosperity and stories of death.

So when you see the landscape and the elements in it, even a tree, you should read it carefully and understand it. For example, this tree is bent. Why is it bent? Because the wind is uneven or the light is uneven; If this tree is covered with scars, why are there scars? It's about being burned or something So if you go to the Summer Palace, you can see that the cypress trees there are all scarred. On the edge of the house, many coopers are skinless. Why? They are all burned for Eight-Nation Alliance, so there is no skin. These trees tell the history and are full of meaning.

The greatest landscape creation of mankind is the city. A community of tens of thousands or even tens of millions of people live together for the same and different purposes, sometimes helping each other and caring for each other, and sometimes envious and jealous. Sometimes in order to communicate, they repair pool roads and dig canals; Sometimes in order to isolate, build walls and set traps. We looked at the ancient city with walls and traps. The same love and hate are also manifested in human attitudes towards nature and other life. The teeth of hate, human vision beast and flood are the same enemy, so it is called a flood beast, so it is rejected by building high walls and fences; With love, people do not hesitate to dig lakes and build mountains to attract plants, tigers and wolves into the city, such as building zoos and botanical gardens in the city, which also shows human love for nature. All these complex human nature and needs are engraved on the earth, in a place called the city, which is the urban landscape. Therefore, landscapes need people to read, taste and experience, just like reading a poem, tasting a painting and experiencing past lives.

(5) The fifth meaning: Landscape is the "God" of the land.

We all know the god of religion, and the concept of god is essentially spiritual sustenance. Then people's trust in the landscape makes the landscape divine. When a believer climbs to Lhasa step by step from the edge of Tibet, he can knock on the head for a year, which makes the land-the land of Lhasa-become a god. When he comes to a crossroads, there will be a pile of stones. This pile of stones is a Mani pile, with people's hopes and beliefs, and this pile of stones is also a god. Even ordinary mountains and ordinary terrain are sacred. In ancient China, there was a pattern used to deify the earth, which was called Feng Shui pattern: left Qinglong, right White Tiger, former Suzaku and later Xuanwu. Look at the mountains and rivers in Beijing. Du Jun in the north is Xuanwu Mountain. Because of the Ming Tombs, it is called Wanshou Mountain. This is a sacred mountain. Because of the Ming Tombs, the mountain in the west is called Qinglong Mountain, and the mountain in the east is called Baihu Mountain. In ancient China, all cities or buildings were located on the basis of this model, so the whole land was deified by this model, and there were no mountains that did not belong to a certain god or a certain state capital. So when you break ground, you must first study which god this mountain belongs to.

In the story of Tang Priest's pilgrimage to the West, the Monkey King has superb skills, but everywhere he goes, he always calls God of the Earth. What is the land god? The god of the earth is the god of the earth. Ask him if there are monsters here. Is it a good monster or a bad monster? Then he knows how to treat this place and how to use his magic. This is the local god, in the final analysis, the local natural and humanistic spirit. What is a local tyrant? That's an external force that you must obey. Whether you are a scientist or a religious person, whether you are engaged in law or economy, you must obey, or you will suffer and be destroyed by this sacred power. Where does this divine power come from? It comes from natural forces that people can never overcome.

Two white tigers are kept in a big casino in Las Vegas for people to visit. The white tiger was kept in a magnificent palace, with gold-plated glass outside and marble on the ground. There is a gilded white marble throne, fountains and very luxurious decorations. But every time I go to see it, the tiger is sick and lies there like a sick cat. Students all know that tigers are cats, so when tigers have no tiger power, they become cats. This is not pride, this is morbid. If it can't agree with this environment, it will lose its personality, nature and prestige as a tiger. A tiger is only a tiger if it runs in the jungle and growls on the cliff. So do people. You can see how many new villas in Beijing are like palaces. Look at the residential sales advertisements in Beijing. How many advertisements are promoting that this is Versailles and that is Feng Dan White Deer? This is a morbid, morbid psychology that guides the lifestyle of the public, leading to morbid values and morbid lifestyles. If people really live there, they will lose humanity and nature. So we need a living space that accords with human nature. I'm not saying that you should live in Taihang Mountain area, but that besides living in the superior material environment of the city, you should also have a sense of belonging and identity with the land.

Many people may have been to Jiuzhaigou. There is a cliff on the way from Chengdu to Jiuzhaigou. This road is difficult to walk, and there are often car accidents. It is said that a long time ago, the local people said that this mountain was like a dragon, and it was a dragon bone mountain. It could not be bombed or moved, but the highway department refused to listen and had to build this road. As a result, after the mountain was cut, many people were killed in a car accident in this place, and then a temple was built locally and dedicated all day. When passing by, I found several cars falling under the cliff. Why? It is because people don't really understand that roads can't be built on such a steep mountain. If you follow the terrain, this problem will not appear, but if you have to cut the mountain and take a shortcut to expose the natural "bones", the road will be steep. Although the car will drive fast when it is near, there will be more accidents. This is a scientific explanation. What the hell is this? Respecting the god of the land means respecting nature and its primitive form.

Therefore, the landscape needs people to care, just like caring for themselves and their loved ones; Of course, the landscape also needs people to design, transform and manage, in order to achieve harmony between man and nature. To understand the landscape, to understand the landscape, to care for it, to care for it, to manage it, this is landscape design. Therefore, landscape design is the science and art of land analysis, planning, design, transformation, protection and management. It is science, because landscape is a system, which needs to be understood and analyzed by scientific methods; It is also art, because it has something to do with people and needs to be created. In addition to scientific analysis and research, you need people's emotions and passion to create your living space, which is an art.

Second, landscape design is the design of land.

Landscape design is both science and art, so what does it include?

First of all, the regional landscape design is designed on the regional scale, with the scale of hundreds, thousands and tens of thousands of square kilometers, combing its water system, mountains, green space system, transportation and cities; Secondly, urban design. The city needs people to design, and its public space, open space, green space and water system define the shape of the city; Third, the planning and design of scenic spots, natural and historical and cultural heritage sites; Fourth, nature, such as wetlands and forests, people also need to design; Fifth, the planning and design of real estate comprehensive development projects; Sixth, the design of campus, science park and park; Of course, there are also the planning and design of gardens, parks and green space systems. Your future destination, grave, also needs to be designed: choose where to bury your bones. People need a beautiful and healthy environment when they are alive, and they also need a place to belong and have a relationship with the land after death. These are all areas of landscape design. Landscape design is the science and art of landscape analysis, planning and layout, design, transformation, management, protection and restoration. Landscape is essentially land, so landscape design is land design.

Landscape design is an applied discipline based on a wide range of natural sciences and humanities. Postgraduates in Peking University have this major direction, because it is also a legal issue, and it needs law to coordinate the relationship between people and nature, so there are urban planning laws and land laws; It should be recognized that beauty has economic value. Why are all the luxury houses in Hong Kong at the top of the mountain? It is precisely because of the good landscape that the economic value is high; It is also related to information engineering. At present, GIS is used in land analysis, and information technology is widely used to simulate terrain, analyze surface runoff and land suitability, and then plan on the basis of scientific analysis, how to sort out water system and how to arrange buildings and transportation; Of course, it has more to do with literature and art, so landscape design has something to do with many majors. Kevin lynch once said that if you want to be a truly qualified landscape and urban designer, you must complete 270 courses, so this subject combines a lot of nature and humanities.

Third, the basic principles of landscape designers and landscape design

Heaven and earth, man and god are the basic principles of landscape design.

(1) heaven and earth: locate in heaven and earth and identify with natural processes and patterns.

The lifelong goal of landscape architects is to achieve harmony between people, buildings, cities and all human activities and the living earth. This is the job of landscape designers, and it makes people living in this land meaningful, so how can life be interesting? There are two things related to land:

First of all, it is the so-called positioning. How do you position yourself in this land? Why is the Big Dipper so important? Why did you invent the compass? It is to let people find their own direction and direction on the land. China people invented the compass, not for sailing at first, but for seeing Feng Shui, just for positioning, in order to find their own acupoints on land, acupoints where real people live and graves where they live after death. Of course, the compass was later taken away by westerners and became a tool for navigation, and navigation was also for positioning. In the sea, in the Gobi, in the forest, when you can't find your place, it is simply "lost", not necessarily because of hunger or thirst, but often because of fear. Therefore, to make life meaningful, the first thing is positioning. When a person loses his position, he loses his meaning and becomes empty.

The second aspect of the relationship between man and land is identity. In English, it is the same thing as identity, but in Chinese, it is completely opposite to identity, just like if you agree with something, you lose your personality. In fact, it is because of identification that you have personality: identifying with your parents gives you the same personality as your parents; Only by identifying with a family can we discover its personality; Similarly, if you agree with Taihang Mountain, you will have the heroic personality of Taihang Mountain; Identify with the mountains and rivers in Jiangnan, and you will have the delicious mountains and rivers in Jiangnan. Why are the grandeur and roughness of people in Taihang Mountain and the delicacy of people in Jiangnan so different? That's because I agree with nature. On the grassland in Xinjiang, the songs are very melodious and high-pitched. It is because the land there is very open, and songs can only spread far away, so there is such a style, and people's styles, music and lifestyles are all recognized with nature. Only Jiangnan minor can appear in Jiangnan. If Shaanxi folk songs are introduced to the south of the Yangtze River, it will be neither fish nor fowl, because in hills and small towns, you can hear voices without shouting, so you can only be very kind and beat around the bush in a small voice. This is that identity has created different personalities, different arts and different lifestyles.

Therefore, the process of human life is the process of identifying with the environment and nature. When a shanzhai girl of Hani nationality walks out of her village and into the street of the city, you can see at a glance that she is Hani nationality. Why? She took feng shui from Hani village and terraced fields from Hani village. Everyone reflects all the information of his living space. Therefore, people have a close relationship with land and landscape through this understanding and positioning. This relationship needs respect and design.

Therefore, the first principle of landscape design is to respect nature, heaven and earth, natural mountains, natural landforms and natural water.

(2) People: Understand human nature and respect people.

In addition, landscape design should respect people. Since we want to establish the relationship between people and land, design should respect people.

We can do many experiments to prove what a healthy living environment is. When the woodchuck chooses to live, it has many similarities with human beings, even smarter than human beings. Some people say that the city built by prairie dogs is more perfect than that built by human beings: it is not threatened by floods, and the winter is full of sunshine and warmth (Simonds, 1984). Why? It always makes a hole in the sunny slope. The hole is repaired first, and then it is put down obliquely, so that the water can't flood it. There is a stream in front of the hole, and the water is full of millet and grain. At the same time, it must avoid jungles and rock piles. Sunshine, water and millet are easy to understand, just like people imagine ducks on the grass and fish in the river. People subconsciously imagine that people need so much water and food to ensure supply, so the beauty of animals and flowers comes from this. Why do prairie dogs avoid jungle and gravel? It turns out that the jungle is the haunt of its natural enemy owl, while the snake lives in the rock pile and is another natural enemy of the mouse. Whether there are owls or snakes, mice should avoid this landscape and forget the middle process. Finally, you find that it is afraid of rocks and jungles, and whether it has natural enemies has little to do with it.

Like a groundhog, Robinson is stranded on a desert island, looking for a place to live for himself. At last he found a place; This place is backed by a forest, a cave under a cliff, facing the sea, and a meadow in front. He made a railing in front of the grass, and the grass became the most ideal "home". Although it was later found that there were no carnivores in the forest, considering these dangers, he chose this place to live and returned to the original "home" of mankind. This original "home" was the "home" in the flood era, and it was the "home" tens of thousands and millions of years ago. Millions of years ago, mankind mobilized all the instinct of demand and found such an ideal place.

Beijingers used to live in the keel cave on the keel mountain in the suburbs of Beijing. Beijingers lived here several times, 65438+ 10,000 years ago and 500,000 years ago. There is a river under the keel cave, called Ba 'er River, and there is a large grassland by the river, which has been verified by some people. This is where primitive people lived. Just like the one Robinson chose, this kind of dwelling is the safest and you can look across the river. At that time, there were about 50 people in a group, including about 20 men, 20 women and children 10. This proportional relationship constitutes a living group. Men need a hunting space when they go out to hunt, but it is difficult to hunt on the vast grassland, so they must rely on natural barriers to hunt, so when you find this space in the basin,

Sometimes, there is a sense of security and beauty, and Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden is such a space. In addition, there is a small basin in Henan called Xiaonanhai, where a group of people lived more than 10,000 years ago. Interestingly, people later built a Taoist temple on the cave where primitive people lived. When the Taoist temple was built, they didn't know that primitive people lived here. So why did the Taoist choose the same place as the primitive? That's because human genes are the same, always thinking about this place, this place is ideal, just like someone told you in the dark: this place is the best. Everyone knows that Wuling wonderland written by ancient Tao Yuanming is a basin. So, we can imagine why Beijing is the capital. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, mankind was destined to choose such a good place: backed by Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain. This mountain range is always connected with Kunlun Mountain: overlooking the North China Plain, this is a marginal zone, which meets the need of "observation-shielding", that is, people can see others without being seen (appleton, 1975), which is a reflection of human nature.

In addition, people also have territorial consciousness. A country, a nation and a family are actually people's own territory, and everyone has territory. Children often have conflicts over tables. It is human nature to draw a line in the middle of the desk, and no one can cross this line. Crossing this line will lead to disputes, which is the same as the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in the Middle East.

Then, why did the urban landscape eventually move towards suburbanization and single-family housing in the United States? Why should the territory be clearly defined and the land be privately owned? Otherwise, there will be a "tragedy of the commons" (Harding, 1959), because people need their own territory in essence. In addition, people have the nature of hunting and gathering, and people are descendants of hunters. Children love to climb trees and girls love to pick them, which is why girls love to wear colorful clothes, and girls usually make a lot of trouble together. It is said that noise is made to scare animals during collection (Esther, 1978). Men are generally more cooperative, usually with a group of people. You can see that people who often go out to drink and make trouble are all a group of people, all around food. You can imagine going to barbecue after hunting a sheep and sharing their prey. Then you have to choose a place to sit down. Anthropologists have studied that as long as five or a dozen people go out, there must be a leader, and then there must be at least one supporter of the leader, and others will listen to him. This is also human nature, because men must be cooperative and organized if they want to hunt and cooperate. Women's spirit of cooperation is similar. She adopts her own ideas, as long as everyone makes a sound. This is to demonstrate all human behaviors in the landscape from the perspective of human nature.

When a space, such as a forest or grassland, has no structure, people will feel confused. This is the same as the feeling of a countryman entering the city. Therefore, the human city and living environment should have a structure. The same is true of campus, which should have a very clear structure to remind you; I should have a very good spatial relationship in the canteen, dormitory and classroom. If this spatial relationship conforms to human nature, it will produce aesthetic feeling; If it does not conform to human nature, the landscape can not produce beauty, but only fear. This is the demand of human nature for space, and it is understood by returning to the "human" of biology.

However, people are not only biological people, but also cultural people. People in different places have different living habits, which are formed by long-term adaptation to different natural conditions. For example, Sichuan is a land of abundance and the most leisure. If you plant food, you will definitely get something, and you will get it through drought and flood. Li Bing and his son built Dujiangyan. Since then, the Sichuan Basin has not known what drought and flood are like, which makes Chengdu feel very relaxed and can sit there for a day. Playing mahjong and plucking your ears are the characteristics of Chengdu. If you go to Shenzhen and Guangdong again, it will be different. On the streets of Beijing, people are in a hurry, no one picks their ears, and no one sits there for leisure. Guangdong and Guangxi people are women who go to the fields, and men smoke and play mahjong at home; People in the north and south of the river are men in the fields and women at home. This is different because of the local climate and lifestyle. People in different places have different cultures and customs and need to be respected. Design should respect these lifestyles of people. Of course, people's animality is the same, but their cultures and lifestyles are different. This is another aspect of respecting people.

Then, if our design does not respect nature and people, it is not good. What is disrespect for people? Versailles Square! Versailles Square was built for Louis XIV. The Forbidden City was also built for one person, for the emperor at that time, and definitely not for the people. And our present city square is sometimes built for an artificial person, for the mayor, for a leader, and has no consideration for ordinary people. Some squares are not shaded by a tree, which is against human nature. And it's just that many cities in our country are learning to build such a big square. This kind of big square treats people as ants, which is inhuman and unsightly.

Human beings have gone through several stages in designing cities. The earliest humans were designed for gods, such as the Inca Empire and the Temple of Heaven, which were exhibited some time ago. When people visit, they think the Temple of Heaven and the Moon Altar are so beautiful and magnificent. They are not designed for you, but for God, to worship heaven and God. It is cruel to kill people on the pyramids of the Inca Empire and put them on them to worship the sky and the sun god. Now we have to worship such scenery as a beautiful thing. Forget history. Stories are stories, but modern people will never be born.