1. The functions of analysis and demonstration methods are as follows:

(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤. Citation: Its function should be specifically analyzed. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)

2. Analysis of types and functions of argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: truth argumentation and fact argumentation. So the standard answer format is as follows: This is an argument, which plays the role of proof ... (Argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

3. The ways in which the article puts forward the central argument are as follows: ① The title of the article points out the central argument; ② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article; ③ The article ends with a central argument; (4) Put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence in the middle of the article. The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …

4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

The structure of a general argumentative essay: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (thesis)-solving problems (conclusion). In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

The function of the beginning is: (1), to put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

The function of the ending: (1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …; (2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...; (3) Appeal ... or exhort people ...; (4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous. )

5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:

There are only two angles to analyze the linguistic features of argumentative essays: (1) linguistic features; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1), rhetoric: for example, metaphor can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.

(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.

7. The function of paragraph structure: (1), leading out (all) below; (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

(1), at the beginning, illustrate ... by writing examples, and put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...). (2) At the beginning, put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...) by quoting famous sayings. (3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end".

Third, specific issues:

1. What is the central point of this article?

(1) frequently appears in the following positions: title, beginning and end.

(2) The second paragraph of the article: If the first paragraph lists various phenomena in life, arguments may appear in the second paragraph.

(3) There is a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following in the middle of the article, which is an argument.

(4) There are arguments in the article. There is no central argument. We should integrate the sub-arguments and sum up the central argument ourselves. However, this situation rarely occurs in the senior high school entrance examination.

2. What are the following words with dots in the text?

We can use four-step "problem-solving skills" to solve a problem: first, find the word in the original text, and then contact the context to find what it refers to. This kind of problem basically appears in front of the word, not far away. The answer can generally be extracted directly from the original text, and sometimes it is necessary to summarize and delete the stem of the question.

Example: "Hawking is a myth. Disabled people and scientific giants are integrated in him. His popular science masterpiece A Brief History of Time is regarded as a milestone in the history of human science. His study of "black holes" has given mankind a profound understanding of the universe. Such a feat is associated with a highly disabled person. It can really give people a great shock. " What do you mean by "such an achievement" in this passage?

A: "Such a feat" means that his popular science masterpiece A Brief History of Time is regarded as a landmark masterpiece in the history of human science. His study of "black holes" has given mankind a profound understanding of the universe.

3. Point out what argumentation method is used in the following paragraphs? What's the role?

(1) argument: By quoting X, Y's point of view is fully and forcefully proved, and the persuasiveness of the article is enhanced.

(2) Demonstration with examples: By citing the example of X, the viewpoint Y is proved concretely and forcefully, thus making the demonstration more concrete and convincing (or enhancing the interest of the article and attracting readers).

(3) Metaphorical argument: compare X to Y to prove Z's point of view, thus making the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.

(4) Comparative argument: Through the comparison of X and Y, Z's point of view is clearly and forcefully proved, which makes the argument more convincing and enhances the interest of the article.

essay

1. Prose clues

The common clues of prose conception are: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Taking space as a clue; Take behavior as a clue; Take Yan Wen as a clue. Some articles have not only bright lines, but also dark lines. The characteristics of clues are: they run through the whole text in structure, appear and disappear, and have obvious signs (either the title itself or repeated appearances in the text).

2. Expression of prose

The common expression techniques are: symbol, object-to-object expression, contrast, desire to promote first, suppression, lyricism with scenery, comparison with things, association imagination, suspense setting, lyricism with scenery, rendering, rhetoric and so on.

3. The role of expression

1)

The description in prose mainly includes scenery description and character description. The description of the scenery in the novel is to render the atmosphere or explain the seasons and set off the characters; The description of scenery in prose directly expresses the author's thoughts, feelings or themes; The description of characters is mainly about appearance, manners, movements and psychology, and the relevant details deserve attention. Character description mainly highlights the character's ideological character.

(2) the role of discussion

The discussion in prose is often aimed at revealing the theme of the article or combining with lyricism to express the author's thoughts and feelings. Generally, this test center does not have a separate topic.

(3) the role of lyricism

Pay attention to the author's ideological and emotional tendencies. Generally, the questions are not given separately, but often combined with the test sites of word expression.

5. Expression skills

Generally speaking, the method of writing must be the method of writing a paragraph or an article. Common expression skills are:

(1) write scenery-borrow scenery to express feelings, express feelings with scenery, express feelings with scenery, and empathize with scenery.

(2) chanting things-supporting things and expressing one's heart.

(3) Nostalgia for the past-borrowing scenery to express emotion, that is, instant lyric.

(4) History-chanting-satirizing the present through the past and using the topic.

⑤ Farewell category-lyrical events, lyrical scenes.

6 frontier fortress-express one's mind directly, borrow scenery to express one's feelings and so on.

There are also techniques of expression: contrast, outline description, symbol, allegory, the combination of static and dynamic (moving against static, moving against static, combining static and dynamic), and the combination of virtual and real (realistic with virtual, containing real with virtual, combining virtual and real).

novel

What role does 1.XX play in the novel?

2. What role do XX things and XX characters play in the novel?

Thinking of solving the problem: It is clear that the plot conception is the purpose of expressing the characters, combined with the general functions of the plot (first, it creates suspense and is fascinating; The second is the care before and after; The third is to set off the side and lay the groundwork; The fourth is to summarize the above and point out the significance of the problem; Five clues). Then answer according to the requirements of the topic and the article.

Organize language expression as required:

The functions of XXX plot (object) are ... in the text, highlighting ... and displaying. ...

Step 3 generalize

① Summarize the story in one sentence or concise statement;

(2) What are some things written in the article, please summarize them in turn;

③ Summarize a part of the novel in the form of filling in the blanks (including pointing out one of the four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending).

To analyze the story of a novel, we can start with sorting out the structure of the novel, looking for clues and grasping the scene. And pay special attention to how the plot design can effectively express the characters, whether the development of the plot is driven by the inner strength of the characters, and whether the actions and ways of action of the characters are determined by their unique personalities.

(4) Frequently asked questions about environmental description:

① Find out the sentences that accurately describe the environment in the text;

(2) Describe the function of the specified environment;

(3) According to the content of the article, use your imagination and continue to write an environmental description.

Faced with this kind of problem, we can think from five aspects: ① Explain the background of the characters' activities and specify the time and place of the event; (2) Hinting the social environment, revealing the essential characteristics of society or showing the world and human feelings; (3) Revealing the characters' emotions and expressing their personalities; (4) Rendering the atmosphere and setting off the emotions and thoughts of the characters; ⑤ Set the emotional tone; ⑥ Promote the development of the story, pave the way for portraying characters, lay the foundation, etc.

(5) Frequently asked questions about the theme:

(1) Find out the sentences that reflect the theme of the novel (or summarize the theme of the work in your own words);

After reading the whole article, what does the article make you understand (what does this article inspire you? Talk about your experience);

(3) Combined with the theme of the full text, talk about your understanding or views on a sentence (a question).

How to grasp the theme of the novel?

① Thinking about the theme of the novel from the theme of the novel; (Titles usually have the following functions: 1. Set suspense. 2. The title is the clue of the novel. 3. Serve for shaping and highlighting characters. 4. Promote the development of the plot or the turning point of the story, and resolve the conflicts between characters. 5. Highlight the theme, make a pun, and make the finishing point. )

② Starting with the plot and characters of the novel;

(3) Contact the background of the times and the description of the typical environment of the works, understand the brand of the times on the characters' ideological character, grasp the characteristics of the times reflected by the characters, and achieve the purpose of revealing the theme of the novel;

④ Grasp the theme of the novel from the ingenious conception of the novel.

When grasping the theme, we should proceed from the objective reality of the work, without cognitive prejudice and emotional extremes; If you don't read the original text carefully, you can't copy it mechanically, and the evaluation works lack pertinence.

(6) Frequently asked questions about expression skills:

(1) What expressive techniques (detail description, symbol, contrast, foil, bedding, care, suspense, coincidence, etc.) are used in this paper? ) and its role in image-building;

(2) How the unique expressions in the text (narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism) serve the author's expression;

(3) What are the characteristics of language use (such as concise language, neat and rhythmic sentence patterns, accurate and vivid words, and rich and diverse words), and what artistic aesthetic interests are provided to readers.

The evaluation and appreciation of expression skills is to analyze what expression skills are used, what content is expressed and what artistic effect is achieved.

The analysis and appreciation of expression skills can be analyzed from the following aspects:

(1) expression.

Generally speaking, it involves the angle of description and the choice of the narrator (first person: the narrative is kind and natural, can freely express thoughts and feelings, and gives readers a real and vivid feeling. The second person said: enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate emotional communication. Third person: can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and reflect reality more flexibly and freely), arrangement of narrative order (application and function of skills). Sequential narration: It can be described clearly in a certain order (time or space). Flashback: Arouse suspense and infatuation. Interpolation: Make necessary preparations and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial. Supplementary narrative: explain the above contents and make some explanations for the following. Plain description: commonly known as "two flowers bloom, each showing a flower", (referring to describing two or more things that happen at the same time) to make the clues clear and handle them properly); Characteristics of description (line drawing, detail description, scenery description, etc. ). Sketch: Sketch with pure lines without rendering. See the big picture from the small, and draw a picture with a few strokes, showing the character and theme. Character dialogue description, psychological description and detail description: portray characters, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of stories. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects. Description of scenery: Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters. Portrait, action description and psychological description: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters. ); How the unique expression in this paper serves the author's expression and reasoning;

(2) the angle of expression. See if symbols, contrast, foil, suppression before promotion, expression of objects, lyricism through scenery, etc. are used, and their effects on image building;

③ From the structural arrangement. See if the beginning and the end have their own characteristics; Whether the structure is rigorous, complete and symmetrical; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense and create waves; From beginning to end, twists and turns and so on.

narrate

Expression skills (writing skills) and their functions

1. Techniques: (Contrast, contrast, desire to promote first and suppress, skillfully set suspense, see the big picture from the small, explain the meaning at the beginning, show the will after death, express the meaning (that is, symbol), combine things with reason, blend scenes and discuss ...) 2. Answer routine: This paper adopts the technique of "XX", and the author adopts "XX"

(1) personification: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personify things, and thus achieve vivid images.

(2) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

(3) exaggeration: highlighting the characteristics of people or things, revealing the essence, and giving readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) Symbolism: giving specific meaning to the things described and expressing emotions.

(5) Contrast technique: Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.

(6) Setting off (side setting off) technique: setting off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, highlighting the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.

(7) Irony: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.

(8) If you want to promote, you should suppress first: first belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected and touching results.

(9) Before and after care (echo from beginning to end) makes the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.

2. The commentator said:

(1) First person: Narrating in the tone or angle of "I". The first person "I" is sometimes the author himself, and sometimes it is a role in the work, that is, the artistically processed "I" is not the author himself after fiction; Record the real me of life, this is the author himself. Function: It is convenient to express your feelings directly, and it is very intimate and realistic to read.

(2) Third person: Describe the characters, events and scenes in the article in the third person. Function: Not limited by time and space, it can be described freely from many aspects.

(3) Note: Some articles use second-person pronouns, which usually appear in the narrative of the first or third person, but they are actually written from the perspective of the first or third person. Function: it can enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate the exchange of feelings.

3. The expressive function of several common figures of speech

(1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, explain the truth, enhance the vividness and vividness of the language, turn the abstract into concrete, and make people easy to understand.

(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, making things personalized and more vivid, thus achieving vivid results.

(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyricism, making the language more expressive and verve.

(5) Duality: make the sentence pattern neat, the structure consistent, the form beautiful, the phonology harmonious, set off each other and complement each other.

(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning can highlight the theme of the article and have a clear view. Strong lyricism and appeal.

(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.

(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism.

(9) Citation: Make the content more authentic, accurate, profound and precise.

(10) Irony: Add irony to make the expression more profound and powerful.

(1 1) contrast: form a strong contrast, strengthen the reader's impression, and highlight the center of the article. )

4. Language features

1) Simple and unpretentious (2) The writing is crystal clear, clear and picturesque.

(3) Concise, halal, elegant, simple and natural; (4) Concise and magnificent language; (5) Concise writing and profound artistic conception.

(6) The language is concise, lively, catchy and pleasing to the ear. (7) Words are fluent, quiet and elegant. (8) The language is concise and clean, the brush strokes are elegant and smooth, and the colors are plain and meaningful ... References:

Baidu Library Responder: William Shangguan | Level 1 | 201-5-13 22: 50

Problem-solving mode and skills of Chinese reading in senior high school entrance examination. document

Classification of .................................................................................................................................................................................. Similarity: Make the level of explanation clearer. Example: Make the characteristics of things or things more specific and comprehensive to solve problems, and make convincing analogy: Illustrate a certain characteristic (reason) vividly, and enumerate figures in an easy-to-understand way: Explain a certain characteristic and reason concretely and accurately, and compare them: Make a certain characteristic and reason more prominent and vivid. Impressive (expressive function must be analyzed in combination with specific sentences) 3. The problem-solving mode of "explaining the accuracy of written language": A. Can you remove B and B, explain the meaning of the word, and analyze why the word is used in combination with sentences (emphasizing or limiting the specific expression effect of explanation or modification+sentence) C. No, what changes have taken place in the context (can't reflect the accuracy and rigor of explanatory language or is not in line with the facts or is too absolute) D. Page 47 Three Questions: A: Can't be removed. The word "only" is used here to emphasize the thickness of the cerebral cortex, and the senior high school entrance examination reflects the accuracy and rigor of the explanatory language. 4. The problem-solving mode of "appreciating the rigorous structure of the article": A, can you change B, and simply summarize them respectively.

......

Necessary skills and test-taking strategies for solving problems in modern Chinese reading in the 2008 senior high school entrance examination

..... 08 The Necessary Skills and Exam-oriented Strategies of Modern Chinese Reading in Senior High School Entrance Examination —— Notes on the Skills and Exam-oriented Strategies of Modern Chinese Reading in Senior High School Entrance Examination

narrate

One of the test sites: narrative clue type: directly let the candidates answer "What is the clue of this article?"

Clues: ① human clues: human experiences or deeds ② material clues: things with special significance. ③ Emotional clues: the ideological and emotional changes of the author or the main characters in his works. ④ Event clue: Central event ⑤ Time clue.

Function: It is to put English problem-solving skills through the whole text, organically link the characters and events in the text, and make the article coherent.

The second test site: the examination of expression.

[Type 1], directly investigate what expressions are used in specific sentences or paragraphs. Countermeasures: Understand several types of expression: narration, discussion, explanation, lyricism and description.

[Type II] What descriptions are used in this paragraph (this sentence)? Explain briefly the function of these descriptions?

Countermeasures: 1. Understand several description forms (1) to describe from different senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch); (2) to be dynamic and static, and to combine dynamic and static; (3) to be face-to-face and direct and indirect skills in senior high school entrance examination writing; (4) to describe people in various ways; (5) to describe the environment.

2. Focus on the function of several descriptions and the answer format.

(1) Portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (description of appearance, clothes, expression, posture, etc. ): Explain the identity, status, situation, experience, psychological state and ideological character of xx.

② Language (dialogue) description and action