Snails on the mainland are not a taxonomic name in biology, but refer to all terrestrial species of Gastropoda. Generally speaking, there is no distinction between aquatic snails and terrestrial snails in western languages. In Chinese, snails only refer to terrestrial species, although they also include many animals of different families and genera, but they are similar in shape. Snails belong to mollusks, Gastropoda; Feed on decaying plants and lay eggs in the soil. It is most common in tropical islands, but it is also found in cold regions. Arboreal species are brightly colored, while terrestrial species are usually monochromatic. The agate snail in Africa is the largest, more than 20 centimeters. Several species of the genus Megasnail in Europe are often used as delicacies, especially in France. Snail is one of the most common mollusks on land, which has high edible and medicinal value. Jay Chou has a song Snail; There are also "snail poems".

There are about 22,000 live snails. Most of them belong to Gastropoda. Pulmonary subphylum, some of which belong to anterior branch subphylum. Feed on decaying plants and lay eggs in the soil. It is most common in tropical islands (such as Cuba), but it is also found in cold regions (dormant in winter). Arboreal species are brightly colored, while terrestrial species are usually monochromatic. Achatana in Africa is the largest, exceeding 20 cm (8 inches). Several species of the genus Megasnail in Europe are often used as delicacies, especially in France. See the article about gastropods. snail

Snails have the most teeth in the world. Although its mouth is only the size of a needle tip, it has 25,600 teeth. There is a small hole in the middle of the snail's small antenna, which is its mouth. There is a serrated tongue inside, which scientists call "toothed tongue". Snail is not a biological classification name. Generally speaking, what does it mean? ? ? ? All kinds of animals in the family, also broadly including some animals in other families of Gastropoda (including slugs, etc. ) There is no distinction between aquatic snails and terrestrial snails in general western languages. In Chinese, snails only refer to terrestrial species, although they also include many animals of different families and genera, but they are similar in shape. Snails have a relatively fragile low conical shell. Different kinds of shells are left-handed and right-handed. The head has two pairs of antennae. The last pair of longer antennae has eyes at the top and a flat and broad abdomen on the ventral surface. They move slowly, and the soles of their feet secrete mucus to reduce friction and help them walk. Mucus can also prevent the invasion of general insects such as ants. Snails generally live in wet places and hide in plants to avoid the sun. Snails living in cold regions hibernate, and species living in tropical regions hibernate in dry seasons. The mucus secreted by them during hibernation will form a dry film to close the shell mouth, and the whole body will be hidden in the shell until the temperature and humidity are suitable. Snails are distributed almost all over the world, and different kinds of snails have different sizes. African snails can be as long as 30 cm, while northern wild species are generally less than 1 cm. Snails generally feed on leaves and buds of plants, so they are an agricultural pest. But there are also carnivorous snails that feed on other kinds of snails. Now this kind of artificially bred edible snail has spread all over the world with French cooking. Snails are hermaphroditic, some species can reproduce independently, but most species need two individuals to mate and exchange sperm with each other. Ordinary snails lay eggs in wet soil, and usually after two to four weeks, small snails will break out of the ground. It can lay 100 eggs at a time. Snails have many natural enemies. Chicken, duck, bird, toad, tortoise, snake and hedgehog all eat snails. firefly

Snails (7) mainly feed on snails. Snails can generally live for 2-3 years, up to 7 years at the longest, but most of them may become food for other animals in that year. Snails have different symbolic meanings in different cultures. In China, snails symbolize slowness and backwardness. In western Europe, it symbolizes tenacity and perseverance; Some ethnic groups predict the weather through the action of snails. People in Fingerland think that if the tentacles of snails are long, it means that there will be fine weather tomorrow. Snails have high edible and medicinal value. Rich in nutrition and delicious, it is an advanced nutritional tonic with high protein, low fat and low cholesterol and rich in more than 20 kinds of amino acids. Snails belong to Gastropoda terrestrial mollusks, and there are many kinds in the world. According to relevant data, there are 40,000 species of snails in the world. Snails are distributed in all provinces and regions of China, living in forests, shrubs, orchards, vegetable gardens, farmland, parks, gardens, temples, mountains, plains, hills and other places. However, there are few species with feeding and edible value. Snail, as a kind of human food and animal protein feed with high protein and low fat, has attracted more and more attention. Snails are one of the most common mollusks on land. It mainly feeds on plants, especially the fine buds and young leaves of crops, so wild snails are harmful to crops. With the development of science, people turn harm into benefit and raise snails artificially, so that snails can provide human beings with snail meat with high nutritional value.

Appearance characteristics

Snail's whole body includes eyes, mouth, feet, shells, tentacles and other parts, with a spiral shell on its back. Different colors, their shells are pagoda-shaped, gyro-shaped, conical, spherical, tubular and so on. At present, white jade snail, covered snail, scattered snail, open snail and brown cloud agate snail all have their own unique shapes. Snails have eyes on tentacles.

Edit this anatomical map.

1 .shell 2. Liver 3. The fourth lung. Anal 5. Breathing hole 6. eye

7. antenna 8. Cranial ganglion 9. Salivary tube 10. Oral cavity 1 1. Crops 12. Salivary gland

13. Genital foramen 14. Penis 15. Vagina 16. Mucous gland 17. Tubal 18. Sagittal capsule.

19. Foot 20, stomach 2 1, kidney 22, mantle 23, heart 24, vas deferens

Edit all kinds of this paragraph.

Snails are mollusks of terrestrial shellfish. Snails have lived on the earth since ancient times. There are many kinds of snails, about 25,000 species, all over the world, including thousands in China alone. Snails can't be eaten except as medicine. There are about 1 1 species with edible value in China, such as brown agate snail, high-mouth snail, Hainan snail, wrinkled snail, Jiangxi snail, Marpa snail and white jade snail. At present, there are mainly three kinds of snails used for food and artificial breeding in the world:

Snails (20) French snails

Also known as grape snail, it is named because it mainly lives in grape plantations and feeds on grape stems, leaves, buds and fruits. Because it looks like an apple, it is also called an apple snail, and its scientific name is a snail. Bright snail varieties are produced in France, Italy, the former Soviet Union and other countries. The adaptation limits of temperature and loose snails are basically the same. The weight of this variety can reach 400g g. Shells are spherical, with a height of 28~35mm and a width of 45~60mm. The shell is thick, solid and opaque, with 5.0~5.5 spiral layers, and the spiral part grows slowly and shows a low cone shape. The spiral layer is enlarged, the shell mouth is not inclined downward, and the shell surface is dark yellow-brown or yellow-brown, shiny, with many dark brown bands. The top of the shell is blunt and round, and the adult umbilical foramen is covered by the axial lip. The shell mouth is oval, the mouth edge is sharp, the lips are turned outwards, and the endoplasm is light yellow or light brown.

Walking snail

It is a "Halix" snail, native to France, Britain and other regions in Central and Western Europe. It usually lives in gardens or bushes, so it is called "garden snail", also called loose snail. Adult snails are slightly smaller, about 3 cm in diameter. Snail shell is thin and yellow-brown, with four purple-brown stripes, and its surface is covered with many yellow-brown spots. At present, the cultured snails in China are small and have poor economic benefits due to the variety degradation.

Agate snail

People in Taiwan Province province call it dewdrop snail, and in Guangdong area it is called East snail, vegetable snail or flower snail, which belongs to agate snail. Agate snails originated in Madagascar in East Africa and later spread all over the tropics. It is the largest snail in the world, so it is also called African snail. The shape of a snail is conical, and the surface of the snail shell is covered with a yellowish brown shell with dark brown patterns. Usually, the shell of an adult snail is about 6 ~ 8 cm long, 3 ~ 4 cm wide and weighs more than 50 grams. In West Africa, especially on the Gold Coast, people regard snails as the only animal, protein. Because this kind of snail tastes delicious and is welcomed by European and American bosses, it makes the African giant snail become the staple food snail in the world today. This kind of snail is a variety suitable for growing under natural conditions in China. At present, the variety widely cultivated in China is called white snail, also known as white meat snail. Because of its white flesh color, it is named the anatomical map of white snail.

, belonging to mollusca, Gastropoda, terrestrial shellfish. Androgyny is the best of all the edible snails in the world. White jade snail is one of the unique animals in China. It has special value, special nutrition, special flavor and special uses. It has delicious meat, rich nutrition, high protein and low fat, and is rich in more than 20 kinds of amino acids. It is also the best tonic for astronauts and athletes. It belongs to the variation variety of agate snail. Its uniqueness lies in the different muscle colors of its head, neck and feet, but it is not different from the brown cloud agate snail in shape and living habits, and its culture method is basically the same, but it requires higher sanitary conditions and higher export economic value.

Edit the living environment of this paragraph.

Snails like to live in a dark, humid, loose and humus-rich environment, and they are most afraid of snails moving forward in the sun.

[1] radiation, sensitive to environmental reaction, is the most suitable environment: temperature 16 ~ 30℃ (the fastest growth occurs at 23 ~ 30℃); Air humidity 60% ~ 90%; The humidity of the feeding soil is about 40%; The pH value is 5 ~ 7. When the temperature is lower than 15℃, it will hibernate when it is higher than 33℃, and it may freeze or heat to death when it is lower than 5℃ or higher than 40℃. Snails like to burrow into loose humus soil to inhabit, lay eggs, adjust the humidity in their bodies and absorb some nutrients for as long as 12 hours. Omnivorous food and partial eclipse coexist. Love humidity, fear flooding. Snails have a good appetite when they eat wet food on wet nights. But floods will suffocate snails. Self-sufficiency. As soon as the little snail hatches, it crawls to eat without mother's care. When invaded by the enemy, its head and feet retract into the shell, secreting mucus to seal the mouth of the shell; When the shell is damaged and fails, it can secrete some substances to repair the body and the shell. Have great patience. Snails have amazing viability and strong cold, heat, hunger and drought tolerance. For example, constant temperature farming. The temperature is constant between 25 ~ 28℃, and the growth, development and reproduction are vigorous. When a snail crawls, it leaves a line of mucus on the ground, which is a liquid secreted by it. Even if it walks on the blade, there will be no danger.

Edit the living habits of this paragraph.

secrete

Snails excrete near breathing holes, which are called stomata. It will discharge feces on itself, and finally leave feces on the ground through the abdomen and mucus.

breathe

The mantle cavity of a snail will form 1 openings at the mouth of the shell, which are called "breathing holes" and are places where gas enters and exits. Careful observation shows that the breathing hole is often opened and closed, just like the "nose" used by snails to breathe; When the snail retracts into the shell, it still leaves the opening of the breathing hole at the shell mouth for breathing. The mantle is often located between the feet or visceral masses, forming a 1 cavity communicating with the outside world, which is called "mantle cavity". Snail's respiratory organs are hidden in the sleeve cavity, sometimes through the snail's shell, you can vaguely see the dense pulmonary vascular network under the shell, mostly located in the front side, near the head, that is, the position of the sleeve cavity.

Eating habits

Snails eat a wide range of food, mainly vegetables, weeds and melon skin; Leaves, stems, buds, flowers and juicy fruits of crops; Eat all kinds of grass highland barley feed, juicy feed, bran feed and cake feed. Snails eat with their mouths.

Edit this interesting feature

Ordinary snails (such as snails found in trees after rain), if you put it in a glass, cover the mouth of the glass with cardboard (you can put some water and leaves in the glass), and cut holes in the cardboard to let the air circulate, then those snails will climb onto the cardboard and leave the glass alone for a day. The next day, you will find some black unidentified objects in the glass, which are snail droppings. At this time, it is active under the condition of air circulation, otherwise it will be dormant most of the time.

Edit the section on growth and reproduction.

growing period

1) Incubation period: refers to the period from laying eggs to hatching of snails. 2) Juvenile snail stage: Juvenile snail refers to the snail stage within 30 days after hatching. 3) Oncomelania stage: When the young snail reaches the age of 1 ~ 6 months, this 5-month-old snail is called Oncomelania stage. This is a period between young snails and seed snails. Snails are at this stage of growth and development (individual expansion) and reproductive growth (growth and development of sexual organs). 4) Oncomelania period: Oncomelania snails that have grown for more than 6 months.

Reproductive characteristics

Two snails meet, touch each other with their antennae, then their heads are opposite, their bodies are connected, and the reproductive cavity is connected. After this pause for a moment, the reproductive parts suddenly reverse, and the carrier of love (penis) is inserted into each other's reproductive holes. Generally speaking, the mating time of snails is very long, which takes about 2-3 hours at a time, sometimes up to 4 hours. After mating, fertilized eggs are produced in vitro through reproductive pores. Eggs are laid in soil several millimeters deep underground, or under rotten wood and fallen leaves. Snail larvae develop in eggshells, and the hatched larvae have become snails. 1. Snails are hermaphroditic, cross and both sexes lay eggs. The snail itself is both a father and a mother. Two snails cooperate with each other, and both sides repeatedly stimulate each other's reproductive holes with love arrows (penises). After a fierce stab wound, both penises are inserted into each other's vagina to ejaculate. 10 day after conception, both parties can lay eggs, and eggs can hatch into snails after 8 days. 2. Long mating time, slow spawning speed and great difficulty. The mating time of estrus snails is as long as 2 ~ 3 hours, and some of them are as long as 6 hours or more. Snails can lay 2 eggs per minute, and each spawning time is as long as 1 ~ 2 hours, and some of them are more than 3 hours. Snails often die from poor food intake, collapse and dystocia when laying eggs. Some of them died in dystocia, accounting for about 30% of the total number of snails. 3. High reproduction rate. Each snail can lay eggs 6-7 times a year, with an average of 200 eggs each time. Snails weighing 35g can lay 120 eggs at a time, and snails weighing 40-50g can lay 150- 180 eggs at a time. Snails weighing 60 ~ 100g can lay 300 ~ 400 eggs at a time. The reproduction of snails is not limited by age. Under the same suitable breeding conditions, the bigger the snail, the more eggs it lays. 5. Short service life. The life span of snails is generally 5-6 years. Under uncomfortable living conditions, it will accelerate the death of snails and shorten their life span. 6. Three slowness, two quickness, one difficulty and one more. Three slowness means slow action, slow mating and slow spawning; Second, fast growth and fast shell contraction; It is difficult to lay many eggs when it is difficult.

The harm and prevention of editing this paragraph.

Snails of the same type will take citrus fruit trees as their hosts, and citrus leaves are often eaten by them, and the cortex of branches is often eaten by them, and citrus fruits form pits after eating. Its host plants include saplings, vegetables and flowers. Snails are harmful to soybean seedlings, causing damage to leaves and stems, delaying the development of stiff seedlings and reducing the seedling rate. In severe cases, all bean sprouts are eaten up, resulting in aseptic slicing. Comprehensive measures should be taken to control snails in soybean fields.

Clean countryside

After summer crops or vegetables are harvested, weeds in fields, dikes and ditches should be eradicated in time, furrows should be opened to reduce humidity, and intertillage should be used to turn over the soil, which will worsen the growth and reproduction environment of Oncomelania hupensis.

Destroy into a snail

In late spring and early summer, especially before the peak of snail reproduction comes in May and June, snails should be eliminated in time. First, chickens and ducks feed snails, and pay attention when not using pesticides. The second is to pick up snails manually. When working in the field, snails are picked up, or they are lured by grass and vegetables, or they are specially picked up manually. This can get twice the result with half the effort

Chemical control

In order to protect the emergence of soybean, when the population of Oncomelania hupensis is large and is about to enter the initial stage of damage, chemical agents are used to kill snails. 300 g paraformaldehyde, 50 g sucrose, 300 g 5% calcium arsenate and 400 g rice bran (first fried in a pot) are mixed into soybean-sized particles; Use 0.5 ~ 0.6 kg of 6% Mida molluscicide or 3% Miwoling granules 1.5 ~ 3 kg per mu, mix with 10 ~ 15 kg of fine soil and scatter in the field. Ditches and wetlands that snails like to inhabit should be properly replanted to minimize the harm of snails.

Edit this weakness

Salt reacts on the surface of snails. Because there is a layer of mucus on the surface of snails (except the shell), it is beneficial to the movement of snails and skin-assisted breathing. When you sprinkle salt, the snail's movement and breathing ability are reduced. Mucus seeps into the body, causing the snail's body to shrink and the cells to lack water. Snails at this time seem to be dried by the sun, but they will never become water.

Edit the natural enemies in this paragraph.

The most deadly natural enemy of snails is fireflies (larvae eat snails and adults lay eggs in snails). Fireflies inject a toxin to turn snail paralysis into liquid, and then enjoy it slowly. (If you want to know more, you can refer to Fabres's Insects. ) There are snails, beetles and mice. Some natural enemies that are not easy to find are parasitic bees and acaroid mites. Acaroid mites should be a kind of white worms, live in groups and feed on the body fluids and epidermal mantle of snails or slugs, which will not cause much damage in a short time, but will cause fatal damage to snails if they get bigger. Should be eliminated as much as possible. When the snail is inactive, it should be attracted by the raw bones of the residual meat, and the bones should be taken out after one morning. This can often reduce the parasitism of acaroid mites! The reason for this situation is that the feeding environment is not good! The residue and excrement are not cleaned in time, or the humidity and temperature are too high.

Edit the value of this paragraph.

Medicinal value

There is a record in Compendium of Materia Medica that snails are used to treat diseases. Modern Chinese medicine also recognizes that snails have the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, reducing swelling, treating and quenching thirst. It can be used for adjuvant treatment of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, tracheitis, prostatitis, malignant ulcer and cancer. Efficacy; Treatment of swelling and pain, anal contraction, diuresis, application and indications: treatment of swelling and toxin; Start treating sores; Treat diseases; Treat toothache; Recently, higher nervous activity and neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences are trying to treat Parkinson's disease with the nerve tissue of mollusks such as snails. Parkinson's disease is caused by the gradual degeneration of substantia nigra cells in the brain and the cessation of dopamine secretion. Its main symptoms are muscle stiffness and trembling hands and feet. It is found that mammals have weak rejection ability to mollusk tissues, and the researchers implanted snail nerve tissue into the brain of mice, which can be compatible for more than 6 months. After further improving the technology, Russian experts have been able to fuse the nerve tissue of snails with the brain tissue of mice with Parkinson's disease, and gradually restore the brain function of damaged mice. According to the above results, Russian experts will use the nerve tissue of mollusks to carry out experimental clinical treatment on volunteers with Parkinson's disease in the next stage of research.

Drug instruction

Alias: snail, Niu Lin, Guanniu Source: E ulota simillar is Ferussac, a large snail, which is used as medicine in dry or living individuals. Capture in summer and autumn, blanch in water and dry in the sun; If you use fresh products, grab them when you use them. Nature and taste: salty and cold. A little poisonous. Indications: clearing away heat and toxic materials and inducing diuresis. Used for carbuncle, furuncle, hemorrhoid, leakage and dysuria. Usage and dosage: 0.0025-0.005 kg, ground into powder or taken into pills. Appropriate amount for external use, ground or mashed with fresh products, and applied to the affected area. Excerpt: National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine

Edible

Snail, shark's fin, scallop and abalone are four famous dishes in the world, which contain more than 20 kinds of amino acids, 10 trace elements and are rich in snail enzyme and SOD. The content of protein is higher than that of turtle, pork, beef and egg by 1,/kloc-0, 3 and 6 percentage points respectively, while the fat content is only turtle, beef and egg. The selenium content per gram of snail meat is 0.45 micrograms, which is 4.5 times that of tea. From the perspective of market capacity, snail food conforms to the new trend of naturalization, game, nutrition and health care, and has a broad market at home and abroad. At present, the annual demand for snail products in the international market is about 400,000 tons, and the United States alone needs to import 3 billion dollars of snails every year. The market price is also high. The ex-factory price of frozen snail meat in new york is equivalent to RMB 362.39/kg, and the price of a dish made of six snails is as high as 18 USD. The price of live snails in France and Spain is equivalent to RMB116.11yuan. The price of the canned white jade snail we signed for export also reached 9000 ~ 14000 USD per ton. White jade snail is a new breed cultivated in batches in China. It is tender, white and big, and it will be more competitive in the international market. In recent years, new products such as health food series, biochemical drugs series, compound nutritious drinks series, cosmetics series, canned game series and frozen meat series have been introduced. It has been successfully developed in China, and several snail drugs for treating tracheitis, prostatitis and other diseases are about to be mass-produced. Snail secretion can also be used to refine and process natural nutritional cream. snail

Snail is a kind of terrestrial mollusk, which has high edible, medicinal and health care values. Its edible and medicinal history has been more than 2000 years. In foreign countries, snail is one of the seven world game, ranking first among the four famous international dishes (snail, abalone, scallop and shark's fin). In France, it has the reputation of "French cuisine". In Europe and America, there are almost no snails to celebrate Christmas. In recent years, snail eating fever has risen quietly in China's coastal open cities, and snails on the market will be out of stock every holiday. Comrade Deng Xiaoping tasted snail food before his death. He praised: "Snail food fills a gap in China and should be well developed." Snails enjoy the reputation of "soft gold" in the world. Its meat is tender, delicious and nutritious. According to the determination, every 500g of snail meat contains 90g of protein and various nutrients needed by human body, such as amino acids, vitamins, calcium, iron, copper and phosphorus. It is a food with high protein and low fat. Snails are cold and salty. It has the effects of clearing away heat, relieving swelling, detoxicating, promoting diuresis, relieving asthma and softening hard mass. It has a certain curative effect on diabetes, cough, pharyngitis, mumps, scrofula, sore pain, hemorrhoids, centipede bites and other diseases, and is praised as a delicious food and a good health care product by consumers.

Nutritional analysis

The content of protein is higher than that of beef, sheep and pork, but the fat is much lower than them, and it contains many minerals and vitamins, so it is the first choice for patients with weak constitution, malnutrition and chronic diseases. The contained enzymes can eliminate stagnation, while glutamic acid and aspartic acid can enhance the vitality of human brain cells. Scientists believe that eating more snails has nutritional and cosmetic effects on skin and hair.