When reading a work, taste the language. Develop the reading habit of tasting language word for word, analyzing images and reading repeatedly, and grasp the expression skills and artistic conception of works. This is the first step to appreciate poetry.

First, the deformation of China's poetic language.

To appreciate poetry, we must first understand the characteristics of poetic language, that is, to understand the "poet's language" and the deformation of poetry to language. This is the basis of poetry appreciation. At the same time, it is also one of the key contents of poetry appreciation in college entrance examination.

Literature is the art of language, and poetry is of course the art of language. Language is the basis of artistic analysis of poetry. Yan Yu said that "poetry has different materials", but in fact, poetry also has "different words". Compared with other styles, poetic language is more lyrical, implicit, refined and jumping. China's poems are mostly short lyrics. There are not many words in a poem, but the images it contains are very rich. Poetry should express rich thoughts and feelings with the help of a very frugal language shell, and to meet the needs of phonology, it is necessary to deform the language. In fact, few people write poems in the language they usually speak. If they do, they are absurd limericks. Quiet night thinking is an exception! )

Grammatically, the distortion of China's poetic language is mainly manifested in changing the part of speech, reversing the word order and omitting sentence elements. The main purpose is to establish meter, create the beauty of music, and leave room for artistic imagination and re-creation for readers. These places are often the focus of the college entrance examination. Knowing the rules of poetic language organization can quickly enter the context of poetry.

(A), grasp the meaning of the word, understand the meaning of the poet refined:

There are some words worthy of special attention in many poems, which usually add a lot of color to the whole poem and even become the eyes of the poem. The poet Miracle wrote a poem "Early Plum", and there is a saying: "In the former village of Zita Law, a few branches opened last night." Zheng Gu changed the word "number" to "one" because the title was "early plum blossom". If a few branches are opened, it means that the flowers have been blooming for a long time and cannot be regarded as "early plum". Miracle admired Zheng Gu and called him a "word teacher". Wang Jia wrote a poem "Sunny Days": "Look at the flowers before the rain, and there will be no flowers at the bottom of the leaves after the rain. Bees and butterflies fly over the wall, but they think spring is in the neighbor's house. " Wang Anshi changed "flying in" to "flying in succession", because only the clever pen of the busy butterfly outline can truly feel the unique beauty after the late spring rain. Verb refinement is the main content of ancient poetry refinement. The word "green" in Wang Anshi's Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan, the word "see" in Tao Qian's "Seeing Nanshan leisurely", the word "de" in Zhang Xian's "Clouds breaking the moon to make a flower shadow" and the word "noisy" in Song Qi's "Red Apricot Branches Full of Spring" are all well known. A word "Noisy" expresses the poet's feelings about spring, and a word "Nong" expresses the poet's appreciation of the beauty of flowers dancing in the breeze under the moon. These are the poet's unique feelings, and writing this unique feeling is artistic, whether it is the blending of scenes, whether the poet paints his feelings on the scenery or the poet writes the modality of the scenery itself. Du Fu's poem: "Four more mountains spit on the moon, and jathyapple is bright." The word "Ming" is an adjective as a verb, which makes the picture dynamic, and even better, the word "spit" (students experience it themselves! If function words are used well, they can also achieve the aesthetic effect of dredging literary spirit, opening and closing echoes, melodious twists and turns, and activating emotional charm. Du Fu has a poem: "There are Bashu in the mountains and rivers, and the towers and terraces are harmonious." Ye Mengde commented: "The distance is hundreds of miles, up and down for thousands of years, only between the word" you "and the word" zi ",but it is beyond words to appreciate the atmosphere of mountains and rivers and cherish the past and present.

Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should pay special attention to verbs, especially "polysemous" verbs and words used flexibly in parts of speech.

Example 1: You remember the Qingxi Banli Bridge, where there was no old red board and there were too few people in Qiushui. There is no one at sunset, leaving a weeping willow. The word "leftover" is prominent here, so the author doesn't have to "stay" or "see". Its beauty lies in that although the meaning of "leftover" is similar to that of "staying", the word "leftover" is generally passive and has the meaning of "residual" and "leftover"; In addition, the word "leftover" is time-sensitive and gives people a sense of helplessness. "Stay" is not that meaningful. "Seeing" is only temporary, and it can't give people a sense of change by comparing the past and the present.

Exodus 2: Why should a strong brother blame the willow? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass. The word "resentment" obviously uses personification, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the piper.

Ex. 3: Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows. The words "splash" and "shock" not only use fresh words, but also add to the poet's feeling of hating other pains.

Example 4: Mist from Yungu and Menggu enveloped Yueyang City. "Steaming" and "shaking" are somewhat exaggerated.

Exodus 5: Rain makes the flowers wet, but the wind makes the leaves dim. ("Suburban Xing" Wang Bo)

Look at this poem. The word "wet" means "light" and "sparse" means "shadow", which is unusual in itself. Wang Bo wrote about the spring rain, which rained for a short time. After sunrise, there was no rain on the flowers, and it was even wetter under the sunlight, so the word "wet" was extremely accurate. The word "light" is full of energy, so the word "light" is affectionate. The wind stopped, and under the sunlight, the leaves were clear and sparse, and the word "sparse" appeared, indicating that the sunlight came from the leaves. It is written completely according to the lifestyle and looks very poetic. The words here are wonderful.

Example 6: "Water is injected eastward, but there is no return in the west. The night rain falls through the ladder, and the dawn light leaves the room." (He Xun) This poem describes the scene of parting with friends, and the word rain at night plays up the atmosphere of parting with friends, which is a famous sentence that has been passed down all the time. The previous sentence was written outdoors: the night was deep and silent, and only raindrops fell on the steps, making a monotonous sound. Although there is no description of people's activities and feelings in the poem, we can observe the desolation of leaving people's hearts through the scene of "rain falling at night". Cold raindrops seem to fall on their hearts. The last sentence was written indoors. At dawn, the oil lamp approached, and the room was full of sadness and darkness. From the rain at night to the light at dawn, it implies that a sleepless night has passed, and the empty footsteps and sadness render people's feelings sad.

2. Modifiers: mostly adjectives, but also the focus of attention in poetry appreciation.

Example 1: The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain. A word "loneliness" can describe the loneliness of the environment and reach people's hearts directly.

Example 2: sneak into the night with the wind and moisten things silently. Good. The pulse is continuous. It's about opportunities created by nature, which is the closest.

Example 3: Young married women in boudoir don't know how to worry, so they put on Cui Lou in spring. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ("in my heart forever" Wang Changling) The first two sentences are written by a young woman who has finished dressing and rushed to Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly", which means casual and just right. Encounter: The willow color that broke into her eyes reminded her of the scene of folding willows with her husband, and she couldn't help but feel sad when she thought of her husband. This is a young woman with a childish face. A word "suddenly" vividly describes this emotional change, which is exactly what this poem is intriguing.

3. Special words: In poetry, some words are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly.

A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.

The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. (The First Part of Zhi Zhu's Ci) Liu Yuxi

The rising sun sheds light on doors of each household, New peachwood charm is put up to replace the old. ("Yuan Ri" Wang Anshi)

Looking around, lonely and sad. ("Slow Whispering" Li Qingzhao)

B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are overlapping words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. Purpose: to make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive.

Example: The rain is gurgling outside the curtain, and the spring is fading away. Luozhou is unbearable cold. ("Langtaosha" Li Wei)

The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. ("Ascending the Mountain" Du Fu)

C. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the color sense and picture sense of description, and renders the atmosphere. When appreciating, we should grasp the words that can express color and appreciate the rich artistic meaning and distinctive rhythm of poetry. Example: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky". The four colors of yellow, green, white and cyan are interspersed with each other, extending from points and lines to infinite space. The picture is still and moving, and the three-dimensional rhythm is obvious. Or grasp the words in the poem that can show sharp contrast and appreciate the concentrated emotional color: "The fleeting people, cherry red, banana green." Red and green show Jie Jiang's "colored thoughts". Time is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. Even if we grasp the words expressed by a single color, we can also appreciate the poet's deep affection: "Recalling the love in Tsing Yi, we pity the grass everywhere." "Whoever is drunk in the frost forest at dawn always makes people cry!" Pity and hurt feelings are both in "Young" and "Drunken Red". : Exodus Ten miles after the spring breeze, the wheat is green. ("Yangzhou Slow" Jiang Kui) Red lotus root fragrance, jade dies. ("A Plum Piece of Li Qingzhao")

4. Changing parts of speech: China ancient poets often changed the parts of speech of some words in their poems to refine their words and meanings. These places are often the eyes of a poem or a word. Make a detailed distinction. How to say, "The rain drops on the empty steps at night, leaving the room dark at dawn." (the first two sentences: if water is injected eastward, it will not return to the west. This article describes the scene of saying goodbye to friends. "Rain at night" is a famous sentence that has been recited all the time, which renders the atmosphere when saying goodbye to friends. The previous sentence was written outdoors: the night was deep and silent, and only raindrops fell on the steps, making a monotonous sound. Although there is no description of people's activities and feelings in the poem, through the scene of "rain falling on the steps at night", we can observe the desolation in people's hearts, and the cold raindrops seem to fall on their hearts. The last sentence is written indoors: it is almost dawn, the oil lamp is about to burn out, and the room full of sadness is dark. This room feels dark at dawn, but not at night or during the day. What a careful observation! From Rainy Night to Morning Light, it implies that a sleepless night has passed, while "empty footsteps" and "leaving the room" render people's mood sad.

Example 1, Wang Wei "I dismount and I propose a toast" ("Goodbye") Wang Wei: I dismount and I propose a toast. I asked you where to go and why. You said you would go back to Zhongnanshan because you were not proud of your life. Just left, I want to ask again, look at the white clouds floating. This poem was written to send a friend to live in seclusion. The seemingly prosaic sentence, under close reading, is simple and full of carefree meaning. The hermit described by Wang Wei has his own shadow. As for why he is not satisfied, Lao Du and others must have a lot of complaints, but they are only mentioned in passing here, showing the elegant temperament of the characters, the rejection of the secular and the yearning for seclusion.

Example 2, "Qingsong Tunes the Sun" ("Ji Xiang Temple") Wang Wei: I don't know Jixiangsi Road, which runs for miles. Ancient trees are towering, but there are no pedestrian paths, and there are bells in the mountains in the temple. The spring water in the mountains hits the dangerous rocks, and the sun in the pine forest is cold. In the evening, come to the empty pool and meditate quietly to suppress the dragon.

This is a poem about sightseeing, which mainly describes the scenery. The title is about the mountain temple, but it does not depict the front, but uses the side environment to express the quiet victory of the mountain temple. Yunfeng, Ancient Wood, Deep Mountain, Dangerous Stone, Song Qing and Empty Pond are the figures of the temple. Finally, I saw that the deep pool was empty and thought of "Nie? The surrender of the fierce dragon mentioned in Buddhist scriptures means that the monk's wishful thinking has been surrendered, and he unconsciously realized the profundity of Zen. The monastery is not written in the whole poem, and the monastery is already in it. The idea is wonderful and the words are exquisite. " A stream sings winding rocks, and the sun is honed by pines ",which is regarded as a model for refining Chinese characters." )

Example 3: Chang Jian: "Here, birds are singing and mountains are shining, and people's hearts are quiet." (Temple behind the Broken Mountain Temple) Chang Jian: On a pure morning, near the old temple, where the early sun shone on the treetops. A winding path leads to a hidden place, and the Buddhist temple is surrounded by branches and flowers. Here, birds live in the mountain light, and people's hearts feel quiet in the pond. A thousand voices were quiet and only the bells were heard.

Comments: The poem aims to praise the quietness of the scenery of Houchan Temple and express the feelings of mountains and rivers. In the early morning, the poet climbed the broken mountain in Changshu County and entered the broken mountain temple (impromptu temple). Under the rising sun, he showed his admiration for Buddhism and architecture and lit up the scenery of the mountain forest. Then go to the quiet backyard, face the wonderful scenery, enjoy it with ecstasy, and entrust your feelings of seclusion. "My road twists and turns, through a sheltered valley, branches and flowers, to a Buddhist retreat", and the artistic conception is particularly quiet. On the contrary, the antithesis of sentences is not neat. Although it belongs to the five laws, it has the charm of ancient poetry.

Example 4: Wang Changling "illuminates the water and Woods with pure light and flows like waves on our windows and doors".

Example 5: Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan by Wang Anshi.

Example 6: Jie Jiang's "streamer is easy to throw people, red cherry, green banana".

In Zhou Bangyan, the wind is old and the warbler is young, and the rain is plump and plums are plump. Plums are ripe and the flesh is fresh and round ("the wind is old and the warbler is young, and the rain is fat." Although it describes the early summer in Jiangnan, it can't resist the temptation of "old" and "fat" and put it in spring. The wind is "old" and the rain is "fat" for plums. We ancients used to use words, adjectives and nouns flexibly, and all of them could be used as verbs, which were vivid when written. I don't think it takes a day or two for a yellow-billed chick to grow feathers with its head held high and spread its wings to leave its nest. It takes a long time to treat the hardships of parents, and it takes a long time. Finally, it only has the word "old", which is really intoxicating. Our thoughts wandered in the word "old" and spent a few months inadvertently. Another rainy "fat" plum. How many rains have you experienced? It should be from "light rain, sunny weather" to "the willow is drunk with spring smoke", then to "the apricot is out of the wall", then to "the flowers are small and the red apricot is small", and finally the rain is abundant. Write about the dynamics and forms, thinking that the plums have gone from being young and shy to being yellow and fat and round and sweet, and the yellow and faint red is full, how can it not be mouth-watering! )

The words "dark", "drinking", "cold", "pleasant", "empty", "light", "green", "red", "green", "old" and "fat" in the above sentences are adjectives. These words have their own wonderful uses, but they have one thing in common.

(2) Restore the inverted word order and grasp the poet's true intention and emotional focus. Typical examples are

(1). Postposition of the subject: Cui Hao's poem "Yellow Crane Tower": "Every tree in Hanyang is clear, and a nest of herbs in Parrot Island." It means "There is a vivid Hanyang tree in Qingchuan (on a sunny Yuan Ye), and the grass on Nautilus Island is lush". "Hanyang Tree" and "Nautilus Island" seem to be the objects after "vividness" and "lush", but they are actually the objects to be stated.

(2) Preposition object: Du Fu's poem "Moonlight Night": "Clouds are fragrant and foggy, and jade shoulders are cold." In fact, it is "fragrant fog and wet clouds, cold and jade arms." The poet imagined that his wife in Zhangzhou was just looking at the moon in her boudoir. The misty mist with a delicate fragrance seemed to wet her hair, and the clear moonlight made her white arms feel cold. Here, "wet" and "cold" are the so-called causative usages, and "cloud" and "jade arm" were originally the objects they dominated, but the results came first and seemed to be the subjects. Xin Qiji's "He Xinlang" words: "Say wine pavilion. You see, it's round and bright, and the wind and the moon are similar, and Wolong Zhuge. " How can Tao Yuanming of Jin Dynasty be like Zhuge Liang of Three Kingdoms? It turned out that the author used these two words to compare his friend Chen Liang, explaining Chen Liang's literary talent and martial arts respectively, which literally means "seeing a romantic life is similar to Yuan Ming and Wolong Zhuge". The object "roundness" ran to the position of the subject. Another example is a poem in Qian Qi's "I'm in Taniguchi's Study", "You will like the bamboo that has just rained and the gentle mountains in the sunset." Pity the bamboo after the new rain and love the mountain in the sunset. )

(3). The subject and object are reversed: Ye Mengde's "He Xinlang" words: "Autumn is getting late, and the frost letter reports yellow flowers." Obviously, it also means "returning yellow flowers to frost". This word order of subject-object transposition is still in the form of "subject-verb-object" on the surface, but it must be understood in reverse. Another example is Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow", "Sisters and brothers are all listed in the soil, and because of her light, they are proud of their ancestors" (the family is full of glory), and Lu Lun's "Xia Sai Qu" poem "The dark wind hits the grass in the forest, and the general tries to shoot at night" (the dark wind in the forest is shocking).

(4) The position of the attribute: in radical phrases, the attribute comes first and the head comes last, which is a common situation in ancient and modern Chinese. However, the position of attribute in poetry is quite flexible, and it can often move back and forth without the headword it modifies. The following are examples.

A. Before the attributive shift: Wang Changling's poem "Joining the Army": "Qinghai has a long journey of dark snow-capped mountains, and the lonely city overlooks Yumenguan." The "lonely city" in the next sentence refers to Yumenguan, which is an appositive of Yumenguan, but now it is moved to the verb "overlooking", which is easily misunderstood as standing on another lonely city overlooking Yumen. Liu Cha's poem "Join the Army": "No one is heard on the flute, and the red flag goes straight to Tianshan Snow." (Smelling flute) are all examples of the same kind. Lu You wrote in the poem "Sleeping in the daytime": "The fragrance in the account produces fog, and the books accumulate in the mountains beside the pillow." There is a fragrant mist in the tent and a mountain of books on the pillow. )

B. After the property is moved: Li Bai's poem "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream": "My heart and dreams are in Wu and the moon, and I cross the mirror lake on a moonlit night." It means "flying over Mirror Lake on January night". The phrase "moonlit night" was originally an adverbial of time at the beginning of a sentence, but now it has been split into two parts. The attributive "moon" is far from the head language, and at the end of the sentence, it seems to be the central part of the object. However, it is obvious that the author can only fly over the mirror lake, but not the moon. And the poem "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy." (Jinguancheng with heavy flowers)

(5) Adverbial in the form of object: "People don't know where to go, but peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze." On the surface, "laughing at the spring breeze" is a verb-object phrase. In fact, "autumn wind" and "spring breeze" are not based on "moving" and "laughing", but mean "moving in the autumn wind" and "laughing in the spring breeze" respectively. This kind of situation is more common in poems, such as Du Fu's "Autumn Xing", the second of eight poems: "Qian Shan is wide in Clare from Zhao Hui, and he is sitting in the Cuiwei River Building every day." (Claire Kuo, Qian Shan, Zhao Hui, sits in the green of Jianglou every day. ) Li Shangyin's poem "Anding Tower": "I always remember the white hair of the rivers and lakes and want to go back to heaven and earth and enter the boat." I will always remember that the rivers and lakes will come back with white hair. ) are examples of the same kind.

Others: Su Shi's "Niannujiao" words: "The old country fell, passionate about Ying Xiao Wo, born early." (Ying Xiao Wo is sentimental. For example, Mao Zedong's words "independence in cold autumn, Xiangjiang River going north, Orange Island" can be quickly rearranged as "independence in cold autumn (in) Orange Island, (seeing) Xiangjiang River going north"; The typical "But you go up a storey still higher, which broadens your horizons by three hundred li" is familiar to students and can be quickly rearranged as "I want to see Wan Li". It is difficult to find a hero like Sun Quan after the history of the country.

First, it is the requirement of temperament. In addition to rhyming and limiting words, the mature "modern poetry" in the early Tang Dynasty and later words and songs should also pay attention to the deployment of parallel poems and the stability of antithesis. In order to meet the requirements of temperament, the poet had to make some changes in the word order. The phrase "Water is poor everywhere, Yun Qi sits and watches" in Chao Tu's poem Linjiang Xian was originally copied from Wang Wei's "I live in seclusion in Zhongnanshan". Wang wrote: "I will walk until the river blocks my way, then sit down and look at the rising clouds.

Second, for the special needs of rhetoric. Wang Wei's poem "The Hairpin Phoenix returns to the bamboo to sing, and the lotus leaves are harvested in front of the fishing boat" in "Autumn Night in the Mountain" says: "Judging from the action sequence in the objective environment, it turned out that the return of' Huannv' caused the sound of bamboo; Under the fishing boat, the' Lotus Movement' was introduced. However, if it is so mechanically stated that "Huan women belong to noisy bamboo and the fishing boat moves lotus", then the center of the picture is attributed to passive factors "bamboo" and "lotus"-this is the end of the action process. When the action is over, the picture will be still. " According to the order in the poem, "Bamboo Noisy" and "Lotus Moving" become the introduction of "Huannv" and "Fishing Boat". So the center of the picture moved to the active factors of the actions of' Huan Nv' and' Fishing Boat'. The movements of "Huannv" and "Fishing Boat" are not only more obvious than those of "Bamboo" and "Lotus", but also as the starting point and motivation of the movement, which enables this process to continue. This greatly enhances the dynamic and uniqueness of the picture. "In fact, the emergence of special word order in poetry and music, the requirement of melody and the need of rhetoric often have both. For example, Wang Changling's Join the Army and Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night are two examples. The attributive "Ancient City" moves forward and "Jinguan City" moves backward, which not only conforms to the pacification format of the seven wonders and the five laws, but also aims to highlight and emphasize the isolated and abrupt terrain where Yumenguan is located and the scene of flowers falling after the spring rain in the poet's imagination.

(3) Pay attention to the ellipsis in poetry and fill the blank left by the poet with imagination and association.

Mr. Jin Kaicheng pointed out that the appreciation of poetry is always inseparable from the word "image". Mr wu shichang also said that it takes imagination to read words. In poetry appreciation, reconstructing imagination according to the "reconstruction conditions" stipulated in poetry can supplement the blank left by the poet intentionally, restore the scene of poetry and obtain higher aesthetic enjoyment. This is a necessary part of poetry appreciation. Ellipsis in poetry is related to the combination of images. Therefore, you can also use imagination to fill in the omitted parts. Jia Dao's See the Guest: "I asked your student under a pine tree," he replied, "My teacher went to collect medicine." However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? Obviously, it takes three questions and three answers, and it takes at least six sentences to complete the dialogue. The author reduced it to twenty words by answering questions. This is like the montage technique in the movie, one image after another, one picture after another, leaving a lot of gaps between the shots, so that our readers can supplement and improve according to the logic of life, the accumulation of experience and their own cultivation.

In fact, the combination of images in China's classical poems can be directly combined between words, images and images with the help of parataxis of Chinese grammar, and even words that play a connecting role can be omitted. For example, Xin Qiji's phrase "The bright moon surprises the magpie, and the breeze knows the birds in the middle of the night" (using familiar words such as "the bright moon" and "the breeze"), however, when they are combined with "the other branches surprise the magpie" and "the cicada knows the birds in the middle of the night", they form a deep artistic conception in Xian Yi, which is full of sounds and both dynamic and static. \ "Moon \" and \ "Surprising Magpie \", \ "Wind \" and \ "Singing Cicada \" are not simple things listed, but have internal relations and causality. ) The first sentence "The moon in Qin Dynasty is off in Han Dynasty" and "A glass of wine in the spring breeze of peaches and plums, a lamp in the river's lake for ten years" recalled the joy of meeting in Beijing, and the next sentence expressed the depth of lovesickness after parting. The poet got rid of the usual situation and didn't say "we met in those days" in general, but came up with the word "a glass of wine". "A glass of wine", this is too common! But it is only common and can give people rich hints. Shen Yue's "Don't be fascinated" said: "Don't say a bottle of wine, it will be difficult to hold it tomorrow." Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er An Xi" says: "There is no reason to go out to the West for a glass of wine." Du Fu's "Memories of Li Bai in Spring" said: "When is it important to drink a bottle of wine and write a detailed discussion?" When old friends meet, talk or write papers, they always have some wine. With a glass of wine, I wrote down the scene of two people meeting. The poet also chose the words "peach and plum" and "spring breeze". These two words are also familiar, but it is because of familiarity that we can summon the smoke scene of Yangchun to readers at once, and use these two words to set off a glass of wine and show the joy of friends meeting each other.

Think again, it is not so easy to write two people's parting and parting thoughts in seven words. The poet chose Jianghu, Raining at Night and Ten-year Lamp, and made touching descriptions. The word "Jianghu" can be associated with circulation and vagrancy. Du Fu's "Li Bai's Dream" said: "From rivers and lakes-storms, shipwrecks, fear is a boat." "Rain at night" can arouse people's feelings. Li Shangyin's "Sending Friends to the North on a Rainy Night" says: "Ask Jun to return, and the rain will rise in the autumn pool at night." Listening to the "rain at night" in the "Jianghu" adds a sense of desolation. It rains at night, so we need to light a lamp, so we chose the word "lamp". "Lamp" is a common word, and "Ten-year lamp" is the author's initiative. The connection with "Jianghu in the rainy night" can stimulate readers' imagination: two friends, each wandering in the Jianghu, are alone with the lamp every rainy night, missing each other and can't sleep at night. And this scene has lasted for ten years! Lu You's Worry Book, "The night snow in the building, the iron horse and the autumn wind scattered", and the article "The cock crows like a thatched cottage, and the frost on the bridge is deserted" are all related by nouns. The aspect of "image" seems to be isolated, but the aspect of "meaning" has internal deep connection, which seems to be divorced from reality and reality, leaving readers room for imagination. The last two sentences of Du Mu's "Crossing Huaqing Palace": "When the world of mortals rode the princess, no one knew it was litchi." There is no related word between "riding the world of mortals" and "concubine laughing", and they are put together directly. It can be said that "Riding the World of mortals" made "the concubine laugh"; It can also be said that the princess showed a smiling face in "Riding the World of mortals", like an overlay of two shots. Both of these understandings seem possible, but they are not exact. The poet just puts two contrasting images in front of the reader. The connection between the images needs you to imagine and supplement, but it is not allowed to solidify them. Once solidified, it loses its poetry; The charm of poetry lies in its ambiguity. Another example is Ouyang Xiu's "Butterfly Loves Flowers": "The rain and wind are crazy in March, and the door covers the dusk, so there is no plan to stay in spring." Omitting the conjunction of "door cover" and "dusk" can be understood as closing at dusk, closing at dusk and closing at dusk, which may have three meanings. Anyway, the young woman has a closing action, and the time is dusk. This action shows his loneliness, disappointment and melancholy.

Second, the overall language features

The overall linguistic features include the linguistic features of a sentence or an entire article.

1, succinctly expressed as: washing (training): the language is concise and neat.

Simple and clear: no sculpture, no decoration.

2, simple, fresh and elegant, natural,

3. Gorgeous words

4, bright: know how to be smooth.

5, depression and desolation: low, vigorous, soothing, sad, etc. And majestic: majestic, strong and vigorous. And so on, this is generally used in Du Fu, Xin Qiji, Lu You and others.

Third, the poetic language style:

Ordinary: For example, in Jia Dao's suicide note, when I asked your student under a pine tree, he replied, "My teacher went to collect medicine.". However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? . Implicative and meaningful: for example, in Li Shangyin's "Sending North on a Rainy Night", you ask that the return date is undecided, and the rain rises in the autumn pool in the evening. When * * * cut the candle at the west window, but talk about the rain at night.

Fresh and elegant: For example, in Yang Wanli's Little Pond, Xiao He only shows sharp corners, and dragonflies have long stood on his head.

Vivid images: such as Su Shi's "Red Cliff Nostalgia", flying stones fly over the air, waves beat on the shore and roll up thousands of piles of snow.

Gorgeous and elegant: such as Wang Lushan Waterfall by Li Bai.

The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain. On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.

Depressed and frustrated: such as Du Fu's Pavilion Night.

Although the daylight in winter is shorter on the elemental scale, it is cold and snowy at the end of the world. Stark sounded the fifth watch, drums and horns rang, and stars and Tianhe danced on three mountains.

How many people cried and heard the news of the war? I saw the savage fisherman and woodcutter at dawn! Sleeping dragons and galloping horses are not generals now. They are dust. Be quiet for a while. Oh, the noise of the world ...

Third, the poetry analysis:

Mu Jiang Bai yin ju yi

A sunset gradually sank into the river, half green and half green. The loveliest thing is the ninth day of September. The bright pearl's bright crescent moon is shaped like a bow.

1. Please write the meaning of "rustling" according to the context. (Explain the meaning through text)

The sunset shines on the river, and the poet said "paving the way" instead of "taking pictures". How is the expression effect?

(1). Objective scenery characteristics: "Sunset" is close to the horizon, almost touching the ground, with a very low angle, and the word "paved" is very accurate.

(2) Rhetoric skills and personification of words are very vivid, which gives Yang Can a human touch.

(3) The poet's subjective feeling is so pleasant that he is intoxicated.

(4) Readers' subjective feelings: Let readers feel the gentleness of the sunset and have a kind and leisurely feeling.

3. Why does the poet think "The Third Night of September" is "pitiful"? Try to make a concrete analysis with poetry.

Pity that he is wearing thin clothes, but he is worried that charcoal can't be sold, hoping it will be colder. -"The Carbon Man" deserves sympathy.

Poor man, my mother prayed for you. -"Peacock Flying Southeast" is lovely.

Fourth, there are five ways to understand poetry: interpretation, complement, adjustment, thinking and taste.

1, released

(1) Shangnv: A woman who lives by singing, a geisha. (2) official travel: people who go out to seek official positions. (3) Children with towels * * * Boys and girls when they break up. (4) The human mind touches peace in a pool: empty, so ... is swept away. It hollows out people's hearts and makes people's pursuit of fame and fortune and worldly distractions swept away.

2. Make up

(1) Jun asked (I) to return (I) not to book (2) to berth (in) Qinhuai (3) we said goodbye (all the same), (because we are now) we two officials go our separate ways.

Step 3 adjust

(1) Go through a mist that unites the five rivers (see the wind and smoke in Wujin): Look at the five ferries you have to pass to go to Zhoushu, which are foggy and mountainous. I am really worried about you. (2) endless tears of rivers and mountains (endless tears of rivers and mountains): I shed tears for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. (3) Smoke Cage Cold Water Moon Cage Sand (Intertext): Light smoke and hazy moonlight shrouded the cold river and beach.

Step 4 think about it

(1) ... Night has now given way to the ocean of the sun: before the night is over, a red sun rises from Ran Ran at sea. There is light in darkness, and light and darkness exist in one picture at the same time. Finally, the light broke through the darkness and gave off thousands of rays. What an amazing and inspiring picture it is!

5. Commodities

(1) sneaked into the night with the wind, moistening things silently. [Product] A poem "Hidden Words" wrote the beautiful character of spring rain nourishing everything and obscurity, and also reflected the poet Du Fu's beautiful feelings of caring about human suffering.

(2) Birds are singing and flowers are fragrant here, and Tan Ying is empty. Don't say that mountain light makes poets feel quiet and happy, but write that mountain light makes birds feel happy, which is implicit and poetic. The bird's happiness is a reflection of the poet's indifference and tranquility. This is to write the mood through the material environment, and to create a quiet realm with light and shadow.

(3) Sailing alone in the blue sky, the Yangtze River flows in the sky. This poem has three realms, one is "solitary sail", the other is "moving shadow" and the third is "blue sky is exhausted". Meng Haoran, an old friend, left by boat. Gradually, even his boat was out of sight, only a solitary sail could be seen, and Li Bai was still watching from the shore. (2) Li Bai was still watching on the shore until he could not see the solitary sail and only saw the faint shadow of the sail. Finally, even the shadow of the sails disappeared into the blue sky, and Li Bai was still watching on the shore, only to see the Yangtze River flowing silently in the horizon. What a profound and touching friendship this is! It is enough to have a bosom friend in life!

Verb (short for verb) test exercise

The words added in the following poems have their own beauty, please enjoy the analysis.

1, the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen (Wang Wei's "Chuangguan Fortress")

2, the moon, now full of crossing the sea, at this time the end of the world * * * (Zhang Jiuling's "Looking at the moon and thinking about a distance")

3. A mist emerged from Yungu and Menggu, and has been surrounding Yueyang City (Meng Haoran's "Prime Minister Zhang in Dongting")

How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven and how close the moon is to the water! (Meng Haoran's "Jiande Night Sleeping")

5. The mountains are cold and blue, and the autumn waters are all day long (Wang Wei's "Message from Wangchuan Bieye")

6. Birds fly high and go alone. (Li Bai's Sitting Alone in Jingting Mountain)

7. The stars tilt down from the open space, and the moon runs from the upper reaches of the river. (Du Fu's One Night in a Foreign Country)

8. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. (Du Fu's "Shu Xiang")

Distinguish and appreciate