In fact, Wang Guowei died not only for "troubles", but also for his last words: "Fifty years, only one death is needed, and after this world changes, there is no turning back." The direct cause of his death was "the change of the world". As Liang Qichao said, "His usual pessimism about the current situation is extremely profound. The latest stimulus is that scholars Ye Dehui and Wang Baoxin were "shot". He also died for "culture". Whenever an old culture disappears, people always die for it. Wang Guowei belongs to such a "loyal minister of the former dynasty". Chen Yinque and others sincerely expressed their feelings about Wang Guowei's sudden death. Seeing Wang Guowei's death again is not worrying about his own heart. Wang Guowei was also very calm when he died. According to the gardener of the Summer Palace, "Mr. Wang entered the park at about 10 am" and "sat in front of the stone boat, and after a long time, stepped into the fish algae pavilion and smoked a cigarette". Can a person who has not looked for his spiritual world be so serene and calm?
After Wang Guowei's death, his family found a suicide note written the day before his death among his belongings. After careful consideration, it can be seen that the deceased is not in a hurry to die. This is consistent with the fact that Wang had no abnormal behavior a few days before his death. But the suicide note begins with "fifty years, only one death." After this world change, I have never been humiliated again, but I have left all kinds of doubts to the living and become a "mystery" for more than 70 years.
Wang Guowei's relatives kept the cause of his death secret from beginning to end. Then guess roughly divided into several types:
One is the theory of "martyrdom" Wang is an old man in the Qing Dynasty, and he thinks that Wang Guowei, the grandson of Puyi, is a scholar. Puyi broke the old system that "going to the south study room" in Qing Dynasty needed imperial academy's family background, and with this ideological basis and mentality of being an old man, he called him directly into the "south study room". Speaking of "overlapping nests", it seems reasonable to "finish the festival" by committing suicide. So Liang Qichao compared it to Boyi and Shu Qi who didn't eat Zhou Su. At that time, Tsinghua principals Cao Yun, Luo Zhenyu and Wu Mi all held this view. In the article "Talking about the so-called" ouchi archives ",Lu Xun called the king" ending the life of the old man with water ",so it is obvious. However, those who oppose this view think that Wang Guowei is different from Luo Zhenyu and Chen. Zheng and others devoted themselves to the restoration of the Qing Dynasty and committed themselves to Japanese politicians. Wang Guowei took the post of Tsinghua, and devoted himself to academic work. Although he was "honest", he didn't pretend to be an eagle dog, and even went from "foolish loyalty" to "martyrdom". So at that time, someone said, "Look at his will, why is there a blank prefix?" "Is the martyr like this?"
The second is the "forced debt" theory. In the First Half of Life, Puyi said: The Minister of Interior entrusted Wang to sell palace calligraphy and painting on his behalf, and Luo Zhenyu knew it. Luo took the painting away in the name of selling it, and repaid Wang Guowei's debt with the proceeds from selling it, so that Wang could not explain to him and died of shame. At that time, the newspaper also reported that Wang had lost money in business cooperation with Romania and owed Romania huge debts. After Luo's son-in-law (Wang ornaments) died, Luo and Wang had been estranged. Luo Ling's daughter lived in her own home to celebrate her husband's festival and forced Wang to give her living expenses of 2,000 yuan a year. Scholar Wang Guowei was in debt, ashamed and angry, and short-sighted. This statement was written by Mr. Guo Moruo, which is almost conclusive. However, according to the collation of evidence such as the posthumous testament of Wang Guowei, Wang Guowei did not commit suicide with heavy debts before his death.
The third is the "fear" theory. /kloc-in the spring of 0/927, the northern expeditionary army moved northward, and the two armies of Feng and Yan changed their flags, and the capital was shaken. Some people think that Wang Guowei committed suicide because he was afraid that he would fall into the hands of the Northern Expeditionary Army and suffer humiliation. In addition, Wang also regards the braids at the back of his head as his own life. At that time, it was widely rumored that the Northern Expeditionary Army would punish people who left braids after entering the city, so instead of being humiliated, he would commit suicide. But at that time, many people refused to accept it, thinking that it was not in line with Wang Guowei's way of life.
The fourth is the theory of "remonstrance". It is considered that Wang Guowei's throwing himself into the lake is similar to Qu Yuan's throwing himself into the river because he dissuaded Puyi from following the ideas of Luo Zhenyu and others by "remonstrating the corpse", and he planned to take refuge in Japan. Some people think that this is also the reason why Wang and Luo finally broke up.
The fifth is the theory of "cultural martyrdom". Chen, a mentor who is in Tsinghua with Wang Guowei, is like-minded and closely related to Wang Guowei. He first discussed Wang's death by "martyrdom", and later thought: "When the value of a culture declines, people who are transformed by it will feel pain, and the greater the process of expressing this culture, the greater the pain; Very deep, almost not because of suicide. " "If today's Chixian Shenzhou is worth a thousand years and will become poor, then the people with this cultural spirit will not die with it, so Mr. Guan Tang has to die, and future generations will deeply mourn and cherish the memory." Chen Yinque's interpretation was immediately praised by similar people and had an important influence in the cultural circle. However, Chen Zhi's view is not so much an explanation of Wang Guowei's death as an observation of Wang Guowei's spirit with his own mentality.
The last point of view is "various factors". Wang Guowei wandered in the promenade of the Summer Palace, recalling the adage that "he who sinks himself can relive his life experience in an instant", and then "jumped forward in front of the fish and algae pavilion". Perhaps this is the "mystery" of Wang Guowei's self-destruction.
Respondents: Tianzhi Xiangyun-Shusheng Grade 211-518:17.
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1On the morning of June 2, 927, Wang Guowei threw himself into the lake in the Summer Palace. There is a suicide note for my family in my pocket, which reads: "Fifty years, just one death; There is nothing to be ashamed of after this world change. When I die, I will be a coffin,
Immediately, he was buried in Tsinghua University. I can't go back to the south, but I can live in the city temporarily, and my brother doesn't have to attend the funeral, because the road is impassable and the canal has never gone out. Books can be handled by Mr. Chen and Mr. Wu Er, and they can take care of themselves at home. It is inevitable that they will not be able to return to the south. Although I have no property and left you nothing, I am cautious and diligent, and I will not starve to death. On the second day of May, the word father. "The suicide note was written the day before. The day before yesterday, during the summer vacation in Tsinghua College, teachers and students held a farewell party in the I-shaped hall. Wang Guowei also participated, said goodbye to others as usual, and died peacefully.
His old friend Mr. Chen Yinque has a special understanding of his self-sinking: "The world can generally praise his research, but there are many things in his life that cannot be solved alone, so there is a theory of right and wrong." Yin Ke thinks that people with lofty ideals at all times and all over the world are always haggard and unhappy, and then die. What they hurt and the reason for their death are not confined to one place, but there is a rational existence that transcends time and region. And this rationality that transcends time and region can never be compared with everyone in the same region at the same time. "
Wang Guowei is an academic master, and his legacy "thorns on earth" is regarded as the standard of literary criticism.
Why did Wang Guowei commit suicide?
1On the morning of June 2, 927, Wang Guowei, an outstanding academic master in China in the 20th century, was at the peak of his academic career, but died suddenly in Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace. As soon as the news spread, the academic circles at home and abroad were deeply saddened. When people lament his "moderation and waste", they are more eager to speculate on the reasons for his ignorance. For more than 70 years, there have been different opinions about speculation and inference, but sometimes there are new opinions, and it is difficult to draw a conclusion because of their own opinions, which has become a major "case-solving" in China cultural circles in the 20th century.
The era of Wang Guowei's self-destruction coincided with the turbulent changes in China society. 1924, Feng Yuxiang arrived in Beijing and his grandson Puyi was expelled from the palace. 1926, after the Northern Expedition began, Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan of Beiyang Department changed their names successively. The Beiyang government fell apart, and the land of Gyeonggi was deserted. At this time, the Tsinghua campus where Wang Guowei taught also lost its former tranquility.
According to the memories of the parties in that year, although Wang Guowei's daily words and deeds were normal at that time, his words were timely, his expression was gloomy, and he had the idea of "avoiding chaos and moving". At that time, Luo Zhenyu, his life and spiritual pillar, had gone to the East with his family, and Liang Qichao was supporting his family in Tianjin. Wang Guowei, who is withdrawn by nature, has little contact with people, but he is very close to Wu Mi, president of Tsinghua Research Institute. On the morning of June 2, Wang Guowei suddenly found Wu Mi and said that he needed to borrow money from 5 yuan for business trip. After receiving the money, he left school and hired a rickshaw to leave in a hurry. In the afternoon, the family found Wu Mi and said that he had not left a message and had not returned. Wu Mi took people everywhere. Later, he learned from the coachman that an elderly man went to the Summer Palace, and everyone went to the Summer Palace, but they couldn't find it anywhere. Later, I learned from the administrator that there was an old man wandering in the fish and algae hall corridor of Paiyuntang for a long time. Everyone searched again and found only a cigarette butt, but no one was there. Suddenly I saw a figure in the water a little further away, and someone went into the water to explore. Sure enough, he touched a human body, his head was not in the sediment at the bottom of the lake, and the clothes on his back were not completely soaked-that was Wang Guowei who had been dead for a long time.
After Wang Guowei's death, his family found a suicide note written the day before his death among his belongings. After careful consideration, it can be seen that the deceased is not in a hurry to die. This is consistent with the fact that Wang had no abnormal behavior a few days before his death. But the suicide note begins with "fifty years, only one death." After this world change, I have never been humiliated again, but I have left all kinds of doubts to the living and become a "mystery" for more than 70 years.
Wang Guowei's relatives kept the cause of his death secret from beginning to end. Then guess roughly divided into several types:
One is the theory of "martyrdom" Wang is an old man in the Qing Dynasty. He even has a feeling of being familiar with his grandson Puyi. Wang Guowei, as a scholar, was broken by Pu Yi's old system of "going to the south study" in Qing Dynasty, and asked him to go straight to the "south study". With this ideological foundation and the mentality of being an old man, it seems logical to commit suicide after the nest is over. So Liang Qichao compared it to Boyi and Shu Qi who didn't eat Zhou Su. At that time, Tsinghua principals Cao Yun, Luo Zhenyu and Wu Mi all held this view. In the article "Talking about the so-called" ouchi archives ",Lu Xun called the king" ending the life of the old man with water ",so it is obvious. However, those who oppose this view think that Wang Guowei is different from Luo Zhenyu and Chen. Zheng and others devoted themselves to the restoration of the Qing Dynasty and committed themselves to Japanese politicians. Wang Guowei took the post of Tsinghua, and devoted himself to academic work. Although he was "honest", he didn't pretend to be an eagle dog, and even went from "foolish loyalty" to "martyrdom". So at that time, someone said, "Look at his will, why is there a blank prefix?" "Is the martyr like this?"
The second is the "forced debt" theory. In the First Half of Life, Puyi said: The Minister of Interior entrusted Wang to sell palace calligraphy and painting on his behalf, and Luo Zhenyu knew it. Luo took the painting away in the name of selling it, and repaid Wang Guowei's debt with the proceeds from selling it, so that Wang could not explain to him and died of shame. At that time, the newspaper also reported that Wang had lost money in business cooperation with Romania and owed Romania huge debts. After Luo's son-in-law (Wang ornaments) died, Luo and Wang had been estranged. Luo Ling's daughter lived in her own home to celebrate her husband's festival and forced Wang to give her living expenses of 2,000 yuan a year. Scholar Wang Guowei was in debt, ashamed and angry, and short-sighted. This statement was written by Mr. Guo Moruo, which is almost conclusive. However, according to the collation of evidence such as the posthumous testament of Wang Guowei, Wang Guowei did not commit suicide with heavy debts before his death.
The third is the "fear" theory. /kloc-in the spring of 0/927, the northern expeditionary army moved northward, and the two armies of Feng and Yan changed their flags, and the capital was shaken. Some people think that Wang Guowei committed suicide because he was afraid that he would fall into the hands of the Northern Expeditionary Army and suffer humiliation. In addition, Wang also regards the braids at the back of his head as his own life. At that time, it was widely rumored that the Northern Expeditionary Army would punish people who left braids after entering the city, so instead of being humiliated, he would commit suicide. But at that time, many people refused to accept it, thinking that it was not in line with Wang Guowei's way of life.
The fourth is the theory of "remonstrance". It is considered that Wang Guowei's throwing himself into the lake is similar to Qu Yuan's throwing himself into the river because he dissuaded Puyi from following the ideas of Luo Zhenyu and others by "remonstrating the corpse", and he planned to take refuge in Japan. Some people think that this is also the reason why Wang and Luo finally broke up.
The fifth is the theory of "cultural martyrdom". Chen, a mentor who is in Tsinghua with Wang Guowei, is like-minded and closely related to Wang Guowei. He first discussed Wang's death by "martyrdom", and later thought: "When the value of a culture declines, people who are transformed by it will feel pain, and the greater the process of expressing this culture, the greater the pain; Very deep, almost not because of suicide. " "If today's Chixian Shenzhou is worth a thousand years and will become poor, then the people with this cultural spirit will not die with it, so Mr. Guan Tang has to die, and future generations will deeply mourn and cherish the memory." Chen Yinque's interpretation was immediately praised by similar people and had an important influence in the cultural circle. However, Chen Zhi's view is not so much an explanation of Wang Guowei's death as an observation of Wang Guowei's spirit with his own mentality.
The last point of view is "various factors". Wandering in the promenade of the Summer Palace, Wang Guowei, a adherent who despaired of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, a scholar who despaired of the decline of a culture and a scholar who was born without any evidence, recalled the proverb that "people who have settled down can relive their life experiences in an instant" and "leap forward in front of the fish and algae pavilion". Perhaps this is the "mystery" of Wang Guowei's self-destruction.
Guo Fenyang (Guangming Daily 1999.3. 15. )
Wang Guowei (1877— 1927), a native of Haining, Zhejiang Province, was a famous scholar with international reputation in modern China. Since 1903, he has taught in normal schools in Tongzhou, Suzhou and other places, teaching philosophy, psychology and logic, and has written Jing 'an Anthology.
1907 has been the editor of the Library Bureau of the Ministry of Education, engaged in the research on the history of China's operas and lyrics, and has written Qulv, Textual Research on Song and Yuan operas, Ren Jian Hua Ci, etc. He attached importance to the position of novels and operas in literature, and created an atmosphere for studying the history of operas, which had a great influence on the literary and art circles at that time. After the Revolution of 1911, he regarded himself as an old man in the Qing Dynasty. In his later years, Wang Guowei had not cut off his braid as a symbol of the times.
From 19 13 to the study of Confucian classics and history, specializing in ancient philology, ancient artifacts and ancient historical geography. He devoted himself to the textual research of ancient artifacts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Qilu clay seals, Han and Wei inscriptions, Han and Jin bamboo slips, Dunhuang Tang Scriptures, Northwest Geography, Yin, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, and Mongolian history, and did a lot of research. He is rigorous in history, meticulous in textual research, faithful and conscientious, unbiased, and advocates using underground historical materials to consult historical documents, which can make more contributions than the previous generation and has influence in the field of history.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/923, at that time, Puyi's small court wanted to choose a knowledgeable scholar in China, and Wang Guowei was recommended by Yun Sheng to go to Beijing to serve as the southern study room of the Xun Emperor Puyi (Wupin).
The following winter, Feng Yuxiang's "forced palace" incident occurred, and Wang Guowei ended his work of "going south to study". Hu Shi, Gu Jiegang and others invited him to be the dean of the newly established Tsinghua University Institute of Chinese Studies, but Wang Guowei refused and became a professor. Tsinghua scholars have influenced many experts and scholars in philology, history and archaeology with their profound knowledge, solid style of study, scientific research methods and simple life. At that time, Liang Qichao, Chen Yinque and Zhao Yuanren were called "professors" of Tsinghua's four great teachers.
1927, he drowned himself in the Summer Palace, leaving a deep thrill and regret for China intellectuals and a mystery for later generations.
At that time, a veteran of the Qing Dynasty compared Wang Guowei to Qu Yuan who was loyal and drowned himself in Miluo. The draft of Qing history also set up a biography of loyalty and righteousness for him. Mr. Lu Xun, who has always praised people differently, thinks that "he can be regarded as a figure who studies Chinese studies" (hot wind, transliteration unknown). Guo Moruo called him a pioneer of new historiography.
References:
Guangming net
Respondents: lmasdf- Apprentice Magician Level 311-518:18.
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In his early years, Wang Guowei went to the Oriental Literature Society in Luo Zhenyu to study foreign languages, and with the support of Luo Zhenyu, he went to Japan to study in 190 1. Later, he used it, and in a rage, he refused to drag out an ignoble existence!
1922, Xiao Chaoyan worked as a five-grade official in Puyi Palace Museum, and was awarded "eating five-grade salary" and "riding a horse in the Forbidden City". 1927 When the National Revolutionary Army went north, Wang Guowei was extremely depressed due to class limitations, leaving a suicide note that "I will be humiliated again after this world changes" and committed suicide in Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace.
Personal grudges, the survival of the "country" and saints are also inevitable in the secular world, and the cause of death is probably like this. Please give us your advice!