It is not the purpose of this section of this article to explain that practical thinking has irreplaceable independence, but a foothold to further explore the systematic law of this way of thinking; We need to practice the systematic law of thinking to understand the overall structure of Marx's thought and revise his thinking conclusion accordingly.
Even if Marx's research process does not adopt practical thinking, or deviates from practical thinking, we must read and criticize his works with practical thinking, because this is the only correct way of thinking to solve his ideological topic of "changing the world". If Marx deviates from practical thinking, it means that there is something wrong with his thinking, and it is he who is wrong, not us. Just like facing a math answer sheet, people can only use the correct way to solve problems.
Facing Marx's ideological topic and its research results, the systematic law of practical thinking is inevitable; Humans should have systematic knowledge in this field long ago. Strangely, human beings set up logic to study the laws of logical thinking; There are also many monographs on the laws of thinking in images. However, we put forward practical thinking here, but we don't know where to quote the classic definition; We need to practice the laws of thinking system, but we don't know where to look up special materials.
Fortunately, practical thinking is everyone's personal experience. Because human practice is the fundamental means of individual survival, and it is also the fundamental feature that distinguishes human activities from animal activities; And practical thinking is just a psychological activity of planning practical activities. Therefore, even if there is no authoritative research conclusion about its nature and content, our own practical experience can also be used as the practical basis for our speech and judgment.
It's just personal practical activities in our daily life, many of which are customs, habits or imitative activities, and don't need more thinking; There are many incomplete activities (such as factory division of labor); Practical thinking is difficult to reflect its inherent comprehensiveness and systematicness in this kind of practical activities. Systematic practical thinking exists in the realization planning of overall goals, especially in the realization planning of innovative goals. For example, building factories, repairing railways, making and sending spaceships, even fighting a war, changing the state system and so on. The realization of each specific goal will have a systematic practical thinking process.
For these large-scale practical goals, more manpower and material resources need to be invested, and complicated practical activities need to be combined, which takes a long time to complete. People usually call this practical system "engineering". Practical thinking is the most systematic feature of thinking engineering.
Third, the problem system of engineering thought
Engineering thinking is the whole thinking and research of an effective practice, and the theme of its thinking and research is linked by the necessity of effective practice. Then, what problems must be solved in an effective practice or project?
As a conscious practical activity of human beings, engineering is purposeful, purposeful, planned and organized. This kind of activity can be carried out in an orderly way, and thinking must provide two direct basis: one is the engineering goal, and the other is the implementation plan. Have goals and know what to do; Have a plan and know how to do it; Then you can carry out practical activities. However, the formulation of engineering objectives and implementation plans is by no means blind and arbitrary, and must have its own basis. Although people should also consider the possibility of realization when formulating engineering goals, it is people's own interest to establish the internal motivation of the goals. Engineering benefit is the value of engineering goal, the purpose of engineering conception and engineering practice, and should be the first mature in engineering thinking program. The construction plan of the project will not be made rashly.
People must completely eliminate the fear of failure or ineffective labor in anticipation before they are willing to put it into practice. This requires a feasibility study on many aspects involved in the whole practice process.
From this perspective, the necessary content of engineering thinking is composed of these aspects:
(1) project objectives; (2) Target benefit;
(3) Feasibility study; (4) Construction scheme.
Only when these four problems are solved can the project be established and put into practice. This is a universal and inevitable requirement for engineering thinking. Therefore, we can call this "four in one" problem the scope structure of engineering thinking.
Although all engineering thinking must follow the scope and structure of engineering thinking, its content does not necessarily become the research topic of every specific project. This is because the research topic is set for solving unknown tasks, and people have different knowledge and experience bases in different practical fields, so the research tasks are somewhat different. Generally speaking, there are many aspects that can be omitted in conventional engineering, while the research task of entrepreneurial engineering is comprehensive and arduous.
The omission and increase of research topics in engineering planning is not the narrowing or expansion of the scope of engineering thinking. The research is omitted only because the content needed for thinking is already known, and it can directly enter the engineering conception and operation. However, the theme added in the study is only one aspect of the thinking scope structure of the project. The scope structure of engineering thinking is fixed, and the subject of engineering research changes with specific projects.
Then, what kind of research topic must Marx choose, that is, the project to change the world? This requires finding out the fields involved in the project of changing the world and the known state of these fields before it can be determined.
The "world" that Marx wants to change actually refers to the whole human society. The engineering goal of changing the whole human society involves a wide range:
First, because human society is the same living environment as all mankind, its change involves the interests of all mankind. Moreover, this benefit is not measured by economic figures, but a lifestyle and quality of life that is difficult to measure and determine.
Second, because human society is the only living environment for human beings, the new society cannot be rebuilt in another space, but can only be "changed" on the basis of the existing society. Therefore, the project involves the old existing society and the new future society. The latter is the ultimate goal of engineering construction, the former is the prophase object of engineering practice, and both of them are the object objects of engineering.
Third, the project needs to invest a lot of manpower, even in the early stage of starting and organizing the engineering team. The disintegration of the old society was only a fierce struggle, which did not produce any economic benefits.
These three points show that the project of changing the world involves a wide range of interests, practical objects and practical subjects. On the basis of knowledge, there are different opinions about the theory of human happiness, but there is no definite theory; The existing society and ideal society are fastidious and have no practical knowledge; Social movements that change the world and liberate mankind are just dreams. Almost all of Marx's engineering research began with the hazy boundary of knowledge.
In the face of this vast and bleak unknown world, "the topics to be discussed are rich and diverse." [12] Only by linking the structural requirements of the scope of engineering thinking with the unknown state of the fields involved in engineering practice can we obtain the specific topics of engineering thinking.
According to the requirements of the scope structure of engineering thinking, we must first determine the engineering objectives. This is to determine the shape of the future society. However, to determine the future social form, we must first understand a series of problems:
1. Why is the existing society bad and needs reform? By what standard is this good or bad? Can this standard be accepted by all mankind and implemented in the future society? The focus of this series of questions is
The problem of life and social value is related to the benefit decision of the future society, that is, the engineering goal.
How bad is the existing society? What is the mechanism that leads to the bad? What is the ultimate root cause? Can changing its roots improve the essence of human life? The focus of this series of questions is
The nature of social form is related to the determination of the future social form itself, that is, the engineering goal.
It can be seen that in the research content of the change the world project, the determination of the project goal is bound to be linked with the project benefit and the criticism of the existing social form and value. There are existing societies among them.
Social criticism is the basic work, not the data directly needed by the scope structure of engineering thinking. The engineering benefit problems that must be solved jointly in the process of determining the engineering objectives are directly within the scope structure.
Rong. From the research point of view, it is difficult to completely separate the existing social criticism, the determination of social interests and the determination of social ideal goals. We consider the importance of scope structure in combination with engineering.
Summarizing the inevitable connection of research work, we can synthesize the theme of this series of research as: ideal society and its rationality. This links the engineering goal with the engineering scope structure required by engineering thinking.
These two interest issues are combined into a research topic.
According to the requirements of engineering thinking scope structure, the feasibility of the project should be considered next. The feasibility study of the project has only one function or purpose, which is to clarify concerns and determine confidence. The whole project, from the premise and conditions of realization to the process and results of practice, should be carefully studied where there are doubts. Therefore, the feasibility study, as far as its work content is concerned, can not be solved by a research topic. According to the subject and object that constitute the engineering practice, the feasibility study can be divided into two aspects: the feasibility of the operated object and the feasibility of the main operation activity. The operated object is feasible, so people can safely make the behavior plan or construction plan of the main body; After the construction scheme is clear, the feasibility of the main operation may appear.