Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a homodimer glycoprotein encoded by a single gene, which can directly stimulate the migration, proliferation and division of vascular endothelial cells and increase microvascular permeability. It is the mitogen with the highest specificity for endothelial cells and the strongest effect on promoting blood vessel growth. VEGF binds to KDR and Flt- 1 receptors on endothelial cells with high affinity, which directly stimulates the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, induces their migration and forms lumen-like structures. At the same time, it can increase microvascular permeability, make plasma proteins (mainly fibrinogen) extravasate, and promote angiogenesis in vivo by inducing interstitial formation. VEGF plays a central role in the process of angiogenesis and formation, and is a key angiogenic stimulating factor. Basic fibroblast growth factor. TNF-α is a cytokine with vascular activity, which can induce ectopic endometrium to release inflammatory cytokines MCP- 1, IL-6 and IL-8, and promote the proliferation of ectopic endometrium and interstitial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, neovascularization and tissue adhesion, thus forming ectopic lesions.

Vascular staining: 38Ku plasma plasminogen can selectively inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. Platelet reagin-1 (TSP- 1) inhibits angiogenesis induced by VEGF or bFGF in a concentration-dependent manner by interacting with cell matrix. Tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMPs) can inhibit the activity of MMPs by forming a complex with MMPs, thus inhibiting angiogenesis. In addition, there are platelet factor -4 (PF-4), interferon -α (IFN-α), interleukin-13, interleukin -4, interleukin-10, plasminogen activator inhibitor, etc. Can inhibit the process of angiogenesis.