First of all, clear the train of thought from determining the central argument.
The idea of determining the central argument is mainly reflected in the conception and the establishment of the viewpoint before writing.
The first is the idea before writing. When Mr. Lu Xun writes an article, even a short essay of several hundred words, he doesn't just spread out the paper and start writing at once. He always has to "memorize the manuscript" first, which is the process of conception.
How to conceive before writing an article?
As we all know, reading is a process of discovering the central idea. On the other hand, we can find that the central link of conception is to refine the theme of the article. The theme of the article is not subjective, but added, which is excavated by removing the coarse and fine ideological meanings contained in real life materials. For example, Lu Xun's Blessing is a far-reaching example of Xianglinsao's extensive sociality, historical inevitability and profound tragedy.
The method of conception is a process of "digesting" materials. The purpose of the article is to deeply understand the theme content, which comes from the material of life. Therefore, the idea is to understand life first. Without means of subsistence, it is impossible to conceive. In the process of designing the article, with the deepening of understanding of life, the theme of the article will gradually become clear. Then, according to the needs of the theme, the material is sorted and selected, and the primary and secondary, true and false, so as to deepen the theme. Conceiving is like designing a sketch of an article. In my teaching practice, I ask students to conceive articles by writing outlines. For example, the proposition outline "Come on for" Teaching an Axe to Teach a Lesson ":
(1) "Teach an axe to teach others" usually has a derogatory meaning, meaning "overreaching", which is denied by ordinary people.
Establish a point of view: dare to play tricks on the "class door" (authority), break through the conventional thinking, and not be bound by traditional ideas, good!
③ Positive argument: the publication of the first novel; The invention and creation of ordinary people; Even the new discovery of scientists is the result of daring to make a breakthrough in the "board door".
(4) disproof: if no one dares to play tricks on Banmen, Banmen will always be supreme and Banmen will eventually disappear; Just as "the back waves of the Yangtze River push the front waves", if the "back waves" are cancelled, the Yangtze River will become a stagnant pool and will eventually escape the fate of drying up. The same is true of human society. Without the help of others, society can't progress.
⑤ Summary of the full text: We should encourage discoveries and inventions, and dare to teach others how to swim, so as to keep pace with the times.
The second is to establish a point of view. Whether it is a propositional composition or a material composition, establishing opinions is the basis of argumentative writing, and attention should be paid to guiding students to master the refining methods of opinions. The establishment of views can be broadened by asking questions, thinking deeply, associating, imagining and analogy, in addition to certain life accumulation. For example, for the proposition of honesty, we should first understand what honesty is, then ask why people should have honesty (the foundation of being a man), the influence of honesty on different social roles, what bad consequences dishonesty will bring to individuals and society, and finally how to implement honesty. The general ideas of material composition are: quoting materials, refining opinions, demonstrating opinions (putting the theory before the theory), connecting with reality, solving schemes and deepening opinions. You can outline the materials provided first, then analyze the "why", then put forward your own views, then analyze and demonstrate your own views (you can compare them from both positive and negative aspects), then connect with reality, and finally deepen your own views.
Another example is to quote a material: During the Stegosaurus period in the Song Dynasty, an official in charge of bamboo and wood materials was worried about the uneven length of logs in stock, so he wrote to Song Taizu, demanding that the saws of long logs be shortened to make the lengths of these logs uniform. Song Taizu wrote on his throne: "Don't your fingers and toes have length?" ? Why not cut off the long fingers so that their lengths are the same? Keep it long if it is long, and keep it short if it is short. "How to draw inspiration from this material? First of all, guiding students to analyze and understand the materials and grasping the materials is the key to establish their views. Song Taizu's royal approval, it must be short and long, can make the best use of it. From this, we can associate it with giving full play to talents, then with Liu Bangshan's good use of talents in history, then with the reform of state-owned enterprises, the revival of life, the reform of China's political system, and the open appointment of leading cadres. It can be seen that as long as we broaden our thinking, let our thoughts insert wings, associate and imagine, we can reach the realm of "thinking for a thousand years" and "seeing through Wan Li" as Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long.
Second, build ideas from the overall layout of the article.
Structural layout can often reflect the idea of an article, and students should be taught to use structural mode to strengthen their writing thinking when writing argumentative papers. The overall structure of argumentative writing is to ask questions, analyze problems and solve problems. Common argumentative structure modes are: progressive, total score, parallel, comparative, comprehensive and so on.
Step by step (vertical structure) is to ask questions first, then think vertically, and gradually demonstrate, analyze and solve problems. For example, let students write a composition on the topic of "Talking about Credit Crisis", first guide students to get down to business from social reality, and point out that due to the change of values, many enterprises resort to deceit, resulting in the phenomenon of "credit crisis" of shareholders to listed companies; Then it analyzes the causes of this phenomenon (some people are short-sighted, eager for quick success and quick success, obsessed with money) and its harm (the low quality of managers affects economic construction and social stability); It is further expounded that the formation of performance depends on technology and management, otherwise it will inevitably fail in the fierce competition; Finally, it proves that innovation is the soul of enterprise revitalization ... If you think deeply layer by layer, students' articles will be full of ideas and clear. The key to mastering this structural form is to put forward sub-arguments step by step and analyze and demonstrate them. There is a logical relationship between them step by step. The latter argument comes from the former one. The argument goes from the surface to the inside, from the superficial to the deep, and all parts are interlocking and serve the same center. Just like building a house, one floor is higher than the other, but each floor is built on the basis of the previous one, and it can't be a castle in the air.
Parallelism and total score (divided into parts), that is, first put forward arguments, then think horizontally, and demonstrate in parallel from several aspects. For example, when you write an essay on the topic "Everyone for me and I for everyone", you first guide students to point out the argument that "every man for himself and the devil takes the hindmost" and always suggest that "everyone for me and I for everyone" should be advocated in the new century. Then it discusses why it should be advocated from three aspects: ① Chopsticks are easy to break, while chopsticks are difficult to break, unity is strength, refuting individual heroism; ② The result of1+1may be greater than 2 or less than 2, which is the extreme importance of team spirit and refutes the extreme individualism (for example, one monk carries water, two monks carry water and three monks have no water); To build a high-level spiritual civilization, we need to advocate the spirit of "everyone for me and I for everyone" and refute "things have nothing to do with ourselves." Finally, it is time to advocate "all for me, all for me". The key to mastering this model is to observe, analyze and understand things in parallel from several aspects. Can be juxtaposed according to the nature of things, can also be juxtaposed according to the characteristics of things, and can also be arranged according to "first", "second" and "again".
Contrast structure, that is, first put forward opinions, and then reverse thinking, positive and negative comparative argument. To demonstrate the argument that "small strength can not be ignored", students can be guided to start with positive examples: "water drops can wear through stones" and "a trickle can make rivers, lakes and seas"; A screw failure may cause the plane to explode, thus causing heavy casualties. Then guide the students to demonstrate from the opposite side: "A levee of a thousand miles is destroyed by an ant nest" and so on. The key to mastering this structure is to clarify the proposition from comparison, so that things can be demonstrated in comparison and identification.
Comprehensive structure is the comprehensive application of several structural models, rather than completely separating various structural models. Generally speaking, the idea of writing a propositional composition is to put forward arguments, clarify reasons, give examples of evidence, make positive and negative arguments, and the author's suggestions and conclusions. The writing idea of material composition is to put forward arguments according to problems, prove arguments on the basis of facts, deepen arguments through association, refute fallacies, strengthen arguments, dialectically analyze and integrate arguments, put forward suggestions for implementing arguments, beautify future arguments and call for sublimation arguments.
There is no fixed method of law, no matter what kind of structural model it is, it should reflect innovation, and the form should meet the needs of the content of the discussion, and it must not be blindly copied.
Third, implement ideas from paragraph writing.
After determining the central point of the full text and designing the structural ideas of the full text (such as building a house, designing drawings and forming the main frame structure), the next step is to decompose the tasks under the guidance of the overall design, write paragraph by paragraph and sentence by sentence, and express the complete paragraph meaning, otherwise it will be difficult to write the whole article well. In teaching practice, we find that some students' compositions often appear disjointed and loosely connected, which is a manifestation of the confusion of paragraph writing ideas. Therefore, it is an important part of middle school students' argumentative writing thinking to grasp the contextual process of paragraph writing and make the meaning of the article coherent and logical.
The first is the hierarchical arrangement within the market segment. When writing an article, with the determination to have a good idea, it is not a matter of blindly writing sentence by sentence, but a matter of order. Why should this sentence be written first, why should that sentence be written later, why should this layer be expressed first and why should that layer be expressed later? This is not a random arrangement, but a reasonable order. In teaching practice, we find that some students only pay attention to the arrangement of the full text structure, but ignore the arrangement of levels in each paragraph, resulting in incoherent meaning and unclear expression. For this kind of students, we especially emphasize that when writing, we must arrange the levels of paragraphs and sentence groups around the center and meaning of the full text, so as to be reasonable, habitual and appropriate. The levels in a paragraph include sentence order, sentence and sentence group, sentence group and sentence group. The hierarchical relationships in argumentative paragraphs include juxtaposition, acceptance, turning, causality and total score. In teaching practice, typical examples are selected in combination with oral English and reading texts, and sentence groups and paragraphs of students' excellent compositions are selected to guide students to analyze and guess the logical relationship and combination order between sentences. On this basis, some individual exercises, including sentence group and paragraph imitation training, are carried out to cultivate students' fluent writing ideas and achieve the effect of orderly writing.
Secondly, pay attention to the cultivation of language sense ability. Poor language perception makes it difficult to think fluently. We use reading aloud, silent reading and other methods to strengthen the cultivation of language sense, with special emphasis on the paragraphs that are required to be recited in the text, which must be memorized; At the same time, students are encouraged to read some wonderful and beautiful articles after class, accumulate rich language materials and feel the successful writing ideas of others. On this basis, language training is carried out by combining oral retelling, oral composition and written composition, so as to achieve the goal of students' clear, accurate, systematic and vivid expression.
First of all, we start with the concept, and then make a superficial analysis of the writing ideas of argumentative essays from the perspectives of establishing arguments, arranging structures and paragraph writing. In fact, the thinking of argumentative writing is a huge systematic project, which requires both the ability to obtain information (material) and the control of writing time; It requires both macro-construction ability and micro-refinement. This requires us to grasp the movement trajectory from the whole to the part, from the macro to the micro, and at the same time guide students to go deep into social practice and improve their dialectical thinking and creative thinking ability, thus opening the floodgates of students' thinking and activating their inspiration for writing thinking. In this way, students will continue to create argumentative essays with clear thinking and innovative personality.