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What do M, D and J in the references stand for respectively?
The letter J in frequently-appearing references stands for periodicals, M stands for ordinary books, D stands for dissertations, and R stands for reports.

The national periodical publishing format requires that the document identification code be marked below the China Library Classification Number, as follows:

The author can choose an identification code from the following A, B, C, D and E to reveal the nature of the article:

A- Academic papers on theoretical and applied research (including summary reports); ?

B- practical achievement report (science and technology), theoretical study and social practice summary (science and technology);

C- Articles on business guidance and technical management (including special comments); ?

D- General correspondence, reports and interviews. ; ?

Electronic documents, materials, people, books and periodicals, knowledge introduction, etc.

Note: English document identification code should correspond to Chinese.

[Reference Type ID]?

M- monograph; C-prose collection; N- newspaper articles and news; Journal articles; ? Dissertation; R report; S standard; Patents; ? A-literature articles precipitated in monographs and papers; Z-other documents?

Document type identification/carrier type identification:?

① Journals [J] ② Monographs [M] ③ Papers [C] ④ Dissertations [D] ⑤ Patents [P] ⑤ Standards [S] ⑦ Newspapers [N] ⑧ Technical reports and reports [R]?

2. The types of electronic document carriers are identified by two letters, such as: ① magnetic tape [MT] ② magnetic disk [DK] ③ optical disk [CD] ④ online network [OL]? 3. The methods to identify the reference types of electronic document carriers are: ① online database [DB/OL] ② magnetic tape database [DB/MT] ③ CD-ROM books [M/CD]? ④ Disk software [CP/DK] and computer program [CP]; ⑤ Online journals [J/OL] ⑤ Online electronic bulletin [EB/OL]