Reading skills of argumentative writing To read argumentative writing, we must first understand its characteristics. Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. Only by grasping these characteristics of discussion can we know where to start and how to go when reading. Reading? .
First, grasp the argument.
When reading an argumentative essay, the most important thing is to find out the central argument of the article. In most articles, the title only puts forward a topic, and the central argument is implied in the discussion of the article. In some articles, the title is the central argument. Then as the title of the argument, it is generally a sentence or phrase that expresses judgment and affirmation. Some articles put forward a central argument at the beginning. There are also articles that put forward central arguments in the middle or at the end of the article. .
Second, clarify the argument.
Reading argumentative essays, after mastering the arguments, we should also find out which arguments are used to prove the arguments in Chu Wen. Argumentation is generally divided into factual argument and rational argument. Factual arguments include examples, historical facts, statistical data, etc. Facts must be reliable and representative. Rational argumentation includes the correct exposition of revolutionary instructors and the principles, laws and formulas of natural science. In addition, famous sayings, proverbs, aphorisms, etc. , correctly reflects the laws of nature and human life experience, also belongs to the rational argument.
Third, find out the ways and methods of argumentation.
Only by clarifying the argumentation method can we better grasp and understand the central argument. To understand the argumentation method, we must first understand the commonly used argumentation methods. Commonly used argumentation methods include: example argumentation, reason argumentation, contrast argumentation, metaphor argumentation, etc. Secondly, it is necessary to clarify two ways of argumentation, namely, argumentation and refutation. Argumentative writing is to directly clarify one's views and opinions on things or problems; Refutation is to establish one's correct view by opposing wrong or reactionary views. What other argumentation methods are there to refute the paper? Attack the shield with the spear of the child? And reduction to absurdity.
Fourth, make clear the structure of argumentative paper.
When reading an argumentative essay, we must understand its structure. The structure of the paper is generally divided into three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, namely introduction, theory and conclusion. The common structural forms of argumentative writing are: juxtaposition, and the relationship between paragraphs is parallel juxtaposition; Step by step, the relationship between the parts is step by step, that is, step by step; The total score formula, the level of demonstration is the relationship between the general theory and the sub-theory, or the total score before the sub-theory, or the total score after the sub-theory. The general structure of the rebuttal paper is: put forward a wrong argument, analyze the essence and harm of the wrong argument, and draw a correct view.
5. Understand the linguistic features of argumentative writing.
Because argumentative writing is the style closest to real life, its language is often distinctive, or criticizes the shortcomings of the times, or analyzes things to the point, or mercilessly satirizes the bad social atmosphere. In addition to strict logic, choosing words and making sentences is also quite troublesome, so you should understand it carefully when reading.
Special reminder
Generally speaking, the reading of argumentative essays is also examined from the following aspects: the refinement of topics and arguments, the induction and generalization of arguments, the application of argumentation methods, the combing of argument structure and the taste of argumentative language. Because the arguments of argumentative papers are generally not directly spoken, it is often difficult to find and summarize the arguments. It shouldn't be difficult to distinguish argumentation methods, but when several argumentation methods are used at the same time, don't neglect them. It is also easy to sort out the structure of argumentative essays, but attention should be paid to identifying their structural forms. The language of argumentative writing is not as implicit as narrative writing, and it is not so difficult to understand. However, in order to demonstrate the rigor, argumentative writing has very appropriate restrictions in language. Sometimes it is said in a positive way, but it is also said in a negative way. It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the main aspects and not to distinguish between primary and secondary.
1, overall perception, grasp the argument and clarify the structure.
Argument is that the author expresses his views, opinions and opinions on a problem or something in the article. Pay attention to the relationship between argument and topic, topic is the topic discussed by the author, the problem, object and scope to be discussed in the article, and argument is the proposition and viewpoint about this topic.
There are three kinds of positions of arguments in the article: one is at the beginning of the article. At the beginning of the article, the argument is put forward directly, then discussed directly or in several sub-arguments, and finally summarized. Such a structure belongs to the total score structure. Sometimes give an example first, then draw an argument from the example, and then discuss it further. Second, the argument appears in the middle of the article. The first half of the article discusses one aspect of the problem. The second half discusses the other side of the problem. Use a connecting sentence in the middle to fully show the author's point of view. This turning point is the central argument. Most of these structures are parallel, but if the following discussion goes deeper, it is progressive. The third one is at the end of the article. At the beginning of the article, only the topics to be discussed are put forward, some sub-arguments are put forward in the middle of the article, and then the central argument is summarized at the end of the article.
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.
5. The language of argumentative writing
(1) compactness (using decorative and restrictive language)
(2) Vivid (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices)
(3) Word order (from the perspective of life logic and context)
(4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
6, refute the reading of the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute?
(2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments;
(3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test sites
(1), argumentation test center:
First, distinguish between the issue discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments).
Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. ? So, anyway, so, anyway, in the final analysis? Summative words such as.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.
(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?
The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point, the author first uses the argument and then analyzes the argument, thus proving the point. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.
(4), demonstration method test center
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:
1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because? Facts speak louder than words? Therefore, citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp that the special function of citation method is authoritative and powerful.
3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.
4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
Thinking of answering questions: (1) Rational arguments increase the authority of arguments. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid proof, or simple proof (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.
⑤. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:
A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.
B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
Answer ideas: What's the function of adding some words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed: (1) Explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship. 6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.
⑦. Open and expand the test site.
This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding. 8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.
Thinking of answering questions: The critical paper elements in argumentative papers all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical paper elements).
Perspective of test sites
An argumentative essay is an article that shows opinions and clarifies truth. It takes argumentation as its main expression. The general test sites for argumentative writing are: (1) the accumulation and application of language; (2) Looking for arguments and finding out the difference between arguments and topics; (3) identification, understanding and demonstration methods; (4) discuss the structure clearly; (5) Grasp the meaning, levels and paragraphs; (6) Understand the skills of argumentation and selection; (7) Analyze and try to find out the meanings and expressive functions of key words and sentences; (8) Experience the accuracy and rigor of discussion language; (9) Understanding Center
Structure belongs to asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems. If the meaning expressed in the argument is deepened layer by layer, its structure belongs to progressive structure. Some articles don't put forward the central argument in one sentence, so it is necessary to carefully analyze how many layers of meaning the article talks about, and then summarize these layers of meaning.
The argument of the article should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete and concise sentence in form. Generally speaking, we don't use figurative sentences, and seldom use negative sentences, rhetorical questions and interrogative sentences. It is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
2. Induction and generalization of arguments
Argument test site: Argument is the basis of argument, which is generally factual argument and rational argument.
3. Organize the discussion structure
Structure and hierarchy of argumentative writing: The structure includes parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument? (that is, the examination and argumentation process)
The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point, the author first uses the argument and then analyzes the argument, thus proving the point. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process. )
4, the role of common argumentation methods
Example argument: make the argument more specific and convincing. Answer format: Use examples to prove it, so as to make the argument more specific and convincing.
Quoting arguments: if you quote famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data, you can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities can enhance the interest of the argument. Answer format: adopt the method of quoting arguments, and make the arguments more convincing (or more interesting and attractive to readers) by quoting proven viewpoints.
Comparative argument: the role is outstanding. Answer format: adopt the method of comparative argument, and highlight the point of view through comparison. Metaphorical argument: truth is easy to be understood and accepted. Make the argument more vivid and more conducive to readers' understanding. Answer format: Use the method of metaphorical argument to compare and demonstrate the viewpoints, so as to make the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.
5. The flavor of argumentative language
Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:
A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.
B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
Answer ideas: What's the function of adding some words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language.
Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.
Thinking of answering questions: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.
Reading skills of argumentative essays 1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete and concise sentence in form.
Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
A. grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (the commander-in-chief sub-argument)
(1) It is clear that there can be n sub-arguments (supplementary and proof central arguments).
(2) Method
① Find the position: such as title, beginning, middle and end.
② Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)
(3) Extraction method (only sub-argument, no central argument)
B. analyze how the argument is put forward:
(1) State the facts and reasons, and then draw a conclusion.
(2) Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument.
(3) In view of the phenomena existing in life, put forward the topic and summarize the central argument through analysis and discussion.
(4) Describe the author's experience and summarize the central argument.
⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what proof) (1) The type of argument.
(1) factual arguments (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments)
(2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ).
(3) Sorting (reference parameter)
(4) Judge whether the argument can prove the argument.
5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
3, argument (how to prove)
(1) model law (must be four words)
(1) argument (example method) fact argument narrative.
(2) Argument (citation and reasoning) Argument discussion.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be an example argument and a reason argument)
(4) Metaphor argumentation metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.
2 Analysis and demonstration process:
(1) How is the argument put forward?
(2) How is the argument proved (what truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning)
(3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
4. The general form of the structure of argumentative paper (1)
(1) Introduction (Question)
(2) This theory (analysis)
③ Conclusion (solving the problem).
(2) Type:
(1) parallel
② Total score formula
③ Total score formula
④ Divide and sum formula
⑤ Progressive type
5. The language of argumentative writing
(1) compactness (using decorative and restrictive language)
(2) Vivid (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices)
(3) Word order (from the perspective of life logic and context)
(4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship)
6, refute the reading of the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
7. Common test sites
(1) argumentation test center:
First, distinguish between the issue discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments).
Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
2 Argument test sites for argumentative essays: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.
(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?
The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point, the author first uses the argument and then analyzes the argument, thus proving the point. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.
(4) Argumentation methods of argumentative essays.
Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:
1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because? Facts speak louder than words? Therefore, citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp that the special function of citation method is authoritative and powerful.
3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.
4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.
Answer the idea:
(1) Reasoning argument increases the authority of argument.
(2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument.
(3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid proof, or simple proof (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle).
(4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.
⑤ Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing;
① From a logical point of view, analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words.
② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning.
The vivid, vivid and emotional words should be analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:
First, the accurate expression of language is:
① the concept is used accurately,
(2) Appropriate modifiers such as attributes and adverbials.
B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.
C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.
D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.
Answer ideas: What's the function of adding some words? Ideas:
(1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of the word in the context.
(2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.
Answer the idea:
(1) Explain the meaning of words.
(2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.
The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.
⑦ Open and expand test sites.
This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.
Eight critical essay components in argumentative essays.
Thinking of answering questions: The critical elements in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical elements).