As a theoretical form of world outlook, it is different from people's spontaneously formed world outlook. Any healthy adult will form a certain world outlook in the process of his own life practice. The so-called world outlook is people's fundamental view of the whole world in which they live and the relationship between people and the world.
Since the birth of human beings, for their own survival and development, they have been dealing with the real world all the time. In order to obtain the necessary material materials such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, it is necessary to carry out production activities to transform nature. In this process, people should not only know the surrounding nature, but also gradually accumulate their own knowledge of the relationship with nature. In practice, it is with these understandings that people ask nature for everything that human beings need. The formation of world outlook is a process. At first, people only knew some specific things. With the passage of time, this knowledge has been gradually enriched and linked, forming a view on the relationship between human beings and the surrounding world, including the nature of the world, the relationship between various things in the world, and the position and role of human beings in this world. These fundamental views are the world outlook. However, people's spontaneously formed worldview is generally unsystematic and lacks theoretical argumentation and strict logic. Philosophy is an ideological system that highly abstracts and summarizes people's world outlook in theory and form through a series of unique concepts, categories and systematic logical argumentation. Therefore, philosophy is a systematic and theoretical world outlook, and a theoretical system to grasp the world and the relationship between people and the world as a whole. Everyone has his own world outlook, but philosophy, as a theoretical system of world outlook, is not spontaneous, and can only be mastered through conscious learning and training.
When people form a certain world outlook, they will explain all phenomena and deal with all kinds of problems according to these viewpoints. Therefore, the world outlook has become the basic principle to guide people to observe, think and solve various problems, which is what we usually call methodology and the thinking methods and working methods associated with it. Generally speaking, what kind of world outlook there is, what kind of methodology there is, and the world outlook and methodology are consistent.
People's world views are not all the same. Because: First, at various historical stages of human development, people's understanding of the world and the relationship between people and the world is different in depth and breadth due to different levels of practice and scientific and technological development. Second, because people have different economic status, fundamental interests and division of labor in social life, they have different views and attitudes towards social development and life pursuit, so their world outlook will be obviously different. Especially in class society, not only different classes have different worldviews, but also different classes within the same class and different development periods of the same class will show differences in worldviews. Therefore, as a theoretical world outlook, philosophy has many differences in content and form in different historical periods and different classes. In class society, a certain philosophy is only a theoretical expression of a class's world outlook, and it is subordinate to and serves the interests of a class. Philosophy, as a theoretical system, can only come into being when the society is divided into opposing classes and some people get rid of heavy physical labor and specialize in mental labor. Therefore, from the day when philosophy came into being, it was deeply branded as the exploiting class, monopolized by the exploiting class, and served the exploiting class. Only the birth of Marxist philosophy means that the working people really have their own philosophy.
The emergence and development of philosophy is fundamentally driven by the development of social productive forces. At the same time, the formation and development of scientific culture also plays an important role. At every stage of history, philosophy, science and culture are inextricably linked.
The development of philosophy has a process of integration with specific scientific and then differentiation. When the slave society replaced the primitive society, mankind entered the era of civilization. In some advanced countries, based on the development and needs of agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and navigation, it promoted the development of natural sciences such as astronomy, mathematics and mechanics. At the same time, people have a certain understanding of some social phenomena. On the basis of accumulating knowledge of knowledge of nature and society, people use abstract thinking to make theoretical generalization, thus forming early philosophy. At that time, philosophy was mixed with a lot of specific knowledge, which was more regarded as a collection of knowledge. Until modern times, with the emergence of capitalist relations of production in Europe, the development of productive forces and commodity economy, and the new discovery of geography, natural science began the process of independent exploration, gradually differentiated from philosophy and formed more and more independent disciplines. This fact reflects the progress of human understanding, which is not only beneficial to the development of natural science and other specific knowledge, but also beneficial to the development of philosophy itself. However, some philosophers at that time were interested in the trend of differentiation between philosophy and specific scientific, and often regarded philosophy as an all-encompassing "scientific science" higher than all specific scientific. They believe that concrete science can only provide incomplete and relative truth, while only philosophy can provide complete and absolute truth. In fact, they want to gain the ultimate understanding of nature through pure speculation, give themselves the privilege of being above science and bring science into their own system. As a result, they not only become rigid, but also hinder the development of science.
Marxist philosophy has correctly solved the relationship between philosophy and specific scientific, opposing both the substitution of philosophy for specific scientific's "scientific science" and the erroneous tendency of denying the positive role of philosophy in specific scientific and separating specific scientific from the guidance of philosophy.
Generally speaking, different from the specific science, the research object of philosophy is the relationship between man and the world, and it is the general content and universal form to grasp the relationship between man and the world from the whole and movement. As far as the knowledge form of philosophy is concerned, philosophy is the summary of knowledge of nature, social knowledge and thinking knowledge. Every specific knowledge is people's understanding and grasp of a certain field in the world. As a world outlook, philosophy has a high degree of abstraction and generality, which is one of its remarkable characteristics. It is not a simple addition of all kinds of knowledge, but a highly abstract result of the most common and general essence and relationship, and it is general knowledge about grasping the whole world and the relationship between people and the world. Philosophy and specific scientific have both individuality and individuality. Philosophy and specific scientific are both summaries of practical experience. Without the foundation of practice, there can be no real philosophical knowledge and scientific knowledge. However, the knowledge system formed on the basis of summing up practical experience is hierarchical. People put the natural, social and thinking knowledge acquired in practice into different levels of specific scientific after processing and sorting; This knowledge has become the material processed and sorted by philosophy at a higher level, and philosophical theory is the most general conclusion obtained by further abstracting and summarizing these materials. As far as the relationship between specific scientific and philosophy and practice is concerned, they all come from practice, which is their * * * nature; But the relationship between specific scientific and practice is more direct, while philosophy is relatively indirect, which is their difference.
In the edifice of human knowledge, philosophy is closely related to concrete science. Philosophy is based on concrete science, and specific scientific's achievements are the soil for its own growth; On the other hand, specific scientific regards philosophy as the guidance of his world outlook and methodology. They are interrelated, mutually promoting and interrelated in their development.
First of all, philosophy depends on specific scientific, and the progress of specific scientific promotes the development of philosophy. Philosophy can exist and develop because it is rooted in the soil of specific scientific, and it constantly summarizes the general conclusions of philosophy from the new materials, experiences and knowledge provided by specific scientific. Otherwise, philosophy, as the most abstract and generalized knowledge, will become passive water and rootless wood, thus drying up and losing the foundation of existence and the motive force of development.
Secondly, the development of specific scientific is inseparable from the guidance of philosophy. Philosophy provides universal world outlook and methodological guidance for concrete science, which is one of the unique functions of philosophy. The history of science proves that scientists' scientific research activities are consciously or unconsciously carried out under the guidance of some philosophical world outlook and methodology. Without the guidance of world outlook and methodology, scientists will lose the direction of their work and become confused. Many scientists who have made great scientific achievements attach great importance to the theoretical thinking of philosophy and consciously think about epistemology and world outlook. German physicist Planck once said: "A researcher's world outlook always determines his work direction." Einstein also said: "epistemology will become an empty shelf if it doesn't touch science." If science has no epistemology-if this is really conceivable-it is a primitive chaotic thing. "
Specific scientific is the foundation of philosophy, and philosophy is the guidance of specific scientific. The relationship between them embodies the law of human cognitive development. Philosophy and specific scientific interact, promote each other, develop together and interweave in the long river of human understanding of truth.