1, The Book of the Dead is a book about the dead, which refers to a collection of poems, prayers and spells praising God. Put it in a coffin or grave for the "undead" to read after death. The Book of the Dead, The Destined Prince and two brothers, Anpu and Vata, respectively represent two different tendencies of the slave-owning class and the working people.

2. The forgotten one, written in cuneiform on twelve stone tablets, is the earliest epic in the history of known world literature, which not only influenced the literature of various nationalities in West Asia, but also influenced the creation of Greek and Roman literature and European literature.

3. Vedas, as the sacred book of Brahmanism, are the oldest poetry collections in India. * * * There are four kinds of this collection, namely Rigveda, Ajavaveda, Brahma Veda and Yeroveda, among which Rigveda is the oldest and all other works originated from it.

There are many fables in ancient India, among which Bunsen Sutra mainly contains the stories of Sakyamuni before he became a Buddha, Baiming Sutra is the full name of The Analects of Warning, and Five Books is a collection of fables.

The Little Clay Car is the masterpiece of sudra Jia's drama.

India's two great epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana, are Hindu classics. The author of Mahabharata is widely circulated, and the central story is the battle for the throne between Gulu and Pandu, which was once regarded as the longest epic in the world. The author of Ramayana is Ant Zhi, and the central story revolves around the life experience of the protagonist Prince Rama.

4. The Old Testament was written by Hebrews in Hebrew and is a collection of Hebrew literature. The Old Testament is the first time that God signed a contract with mankind. The second contract with God Jesus in ancient Rome was called the New Testament. The Old Testament was produced in the land where the ancient Palestinian people lived, and was compiled by the Jews according to their own teachings.

Genesis in the Old Testament can be said to be a master of myths and legends, among which the myths about God's creation of the world and mankind and the great flood are the most wonderful.

The most representative work in the historical stories of the Old Testament is Exodus.

The story of David and Samson is the most famous heroic story in the Old Testament. Later Milton in England wrote Samson, a famous tragedy.

Ruth is the most representative life story in the Old Testament. It is regarded as a beautiful pastoral, but it is actually an early short story.

The most beautiful lyric poetry in ancient world literature in the Old Testament is the song of songs. There are three views on its composition: one is a collection of folk love songs, and the other is a grand opera with six acts and twelve scenes. Lamentations for Jeremiah is a unique poetic expression in the Old Testament, and it is a work of Jews expressing the pain of national subjugation, patriotism and homesickness, among which Lamentations for Jeremiah by the prophet is very representative.

5. The drama "Job" is a large-scale philosophical poetic drama. The preface begins with a bet between God and Satan, which highlights the Jews' ability to be good at philosophical thinking and has a certain influence on Goethe's Faust creation.

6. Kalidhu was an outstanding poet and dramatist in ancient India. His representative works are the lyric poem Yun Zhi and the play Shagondaro.

7. What influence does Hebrew literature have on European literature?

As a collection of Hebrew literature, the Old Testament is not only the precious wealth of ancient Hebrews, but also the precious literary heritage of people all over the world. Hebrew literature occupies a special position in ancient world literature and has made great achievements in thought and art. Influence: Hebrew literature has a great influence on European social life and literature. As a Christian classic, the Bible has had a negative impact on European social thought. Influence on European social life ... influence on European literature ... influence on European art ... The characters and allusions in the Bible have a far-reaching influence on European art and music.

8. What do you think of the love description in Sagondaro?

Shagongdaro is the representative work of Kalidasa's drama. He reflected the real life of slave society at that time through the love entanglement between Sagondaro and Doufanto. The heroine is a clean nun who lives in a clean forest. The most prominent and distinctive character in her body is the simplicity and simplicity from an ordinary woman, and her attitude towards love is also simple, warm and loyal. On the other hand, his character is full of hatred and rebellious spirit. It is a gentle, affectionate and practical ideal female image in ancient India, which is relatively rebellious. Through this image, the author expresses his ideal for a better life and his progressive ideological tendency in marriage and love. The description of the image of King Dou Fantuo has obvious duality, that is, on the one hand, the author portrays him as an idealized king, an ancient hero and a "lover", on the other hand, through direct and indirect description, he exposes his tyranny and plays with women, and finally abandons him to satirize and criticize the rulers in reality. First of all, in the author's pen, Dou Fantuo is a good king and an enlightened monarch, praising him for "caring for his subjects like children", and the people also support him, saying that "the people welcome your imperial edicts just as they welcome timely rain". He is a brave soldier with superhuman strength, but he doesn't write much. Mainly the love with Sakyamuni. He is sincere and solemn in love. For example, when courting Shagongdaruo, he can treat her equally and pretend to be a scholar. After amnesia, when you see Sagondaro, you can be solemn and self-sustaining. Say, "You can't touch other people's wives." After his memory was restored, he also blamed and condemned his mistakes from the heart. For example, the sixth act highlights Dou Fantuo's deep yearning for Shagongda, which is deeply touching. Through the description of love between Dou Fantuo and Shagongdaruo, the author places his ideals and wishes for a better life. Secondly, many places in the play directly or indirectly reveal the cruel and dissolute side of Dou Fantuo as the king in reality. This figure reflects some essential characteristics as a representative figure of the slave owner class. And all this is mostly manifested through the description of the character profile and his behavior after amnesia. From the side, Dou Fantuo is both an exploiter and an oppressor. Dou Fantuo's bohemian life is also reflected by the description of characters. Before Dou Fantuo and Sha Gongda were combined, there were many concubines in his harem for him to enjoy. From time to time, the women in the harem issued a plaintive voice of grief and indignation: bees! You were greedy for new honey and kissed the bud of mango. You are happy in the heart of lotus. Why forget it? Through the form of metaphor, it reveals that Dou Fantuo "likes the new and hates the old". Although there is a heartfelt admiration for Sha Gongda, it is largely an indulgence of "gluttony for new honey" and a possessiveness. This can be confirmed by many words and deeds.

Non-literature in Middle Asia

9. Among the ancient documents compiled by Japan in Nara era, ancient stories are representative, in which many ancient myths and legends, heroic stories and ballads are preserved.

The earliest Japanese poetry anthology is Ye Wan Anthology, which can be divided into four types in terms of poetic forms: Long song, short songs, whirling songs and Buddha's foot songs. Famous writers include Akashi Yamabe, Gao Qiao Insect Ma Lu, Persimmon Ma Lu, Noguchi Yuki and Yamayama Yoshiyoshi. There is a poverty quiz song in the mountain.

Only China's poetry collection "Huaifengzao" has been handed down.

10, Japanese literature in Heian period is mainly poetry and prose. Representative diary works include Zi Shi Bu Diary, He Quan Bu Diary and Dragonfly Diary. The most famous prose literature is Cao Zhen, which was written by.

Great achievements have been made in story literature in Heian period. Legendary story is a fairy tale, represented by bamboo story. The story of Song Dynasty is a story centered on the theme of harmony songs, and the representative work is The Story of Yi Shi. Later, a novel-like Story of Imperial Treasure was developed, and the first realistic novel Tale of Genji appeared in the world.

1 1, The most important literature in Kamakura and Muromachi era is War Story, and the representative work is1The Story of the Peace Family written by Bushido in the 2nd century. Drama includes two forms: ballads reflecting aristocratic life and folk comedy Wild Talk reflecting people's life. Ballads and ravings originate from "being able to be happy".

12. The representative of Edo-era poetry is Matsuo Bashō, a humorous writer known as "Nuosheng". His haiku is characterized by quietness and elegance.

The representative of the drama is Saemon near Songmen, who is called "Shakespeare" in Japan. The Love of Zeng Genqi by Saemon near Songmen is a love tragedy.

The representative figure of the novel is Nishihara. Representative works include Men and Women Who are Sexy Men who reflect the economic life of businessmen, Japan's Forever Collection and World Chest Calculation, and the Story of Xihe Country and Wu's Righteousness which describe the life of warriors.

13, Korean literature in the middle period, represented by the realistic novel Chun Xiang Zhuan, which was developed on the basis of folk oral creation in the18th century, is a well-known classic in Korea.

The most famous Vietnamese literature in the Middle Ages is18th century's long narrative poem "Biography of Jin Qiaoyun", whose plot is taken from the novel of the same name in the early Qing Dynasty.

In the Middle Ages, Indian literature still occupied an important position in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Indian local literature is developed, among which Hindi literature has made remarkable achievements. And Kinder. Bole's narrative poem Ode to the King, and Surdas's poetry collection Sur Shihai, Dulles Das is the most influential poet in the history of Hindi literature. His long poem Rama Gongxing Record is based on the historical poem Ramayana, and its influence in northern India far exceeds Ramayana.

1 1 In Myanmar in the 20th century, when Buddhism prevailed, the famous "Bagan Inscription Literature" appeared. Wu Bangya is an outstanding writer of the Pound Dynasty with great achievements.

Ancient Arabic literature is mainly written orally, and there are also a few written works. Abu appeared in the Abbas dynasty. Nuvasab Allah. Mali, Budsiri and other famous poets. Budsiri has a long religious hymn, Ode to a Dove. Ibn. Mugfa translated five volumes of Indian fables into Arabic and called them Kalilai and Dimunai.

Iran was called Persia in ancient times, and the first famous poet in history was Roudaki, who was called "the father of poets". After Roudaki, Ferdowsi, Sadi and Hafez are called the "three great poets" in the history of Persian literature. Ferdowsi has a long narrative poem "Looking at Shu". Sadi is an outstanding Persian poet in the13rd century. He has a collection of stories, an orchard and a rose garden. Sadie's Rose Garden combines verse and prose. Hafez was an outstanding lyric poet in14th century and a rebel of his time.

The long narrative poem Tiger Warrior by Georgian poet Rustavili is one of the world's classic works.

14, a series of famous female writers appeared in Heian period. Murasaki shikibu is an outstanding representative among them. The Diary of the Purple Department was written during her tenure in the imperial court, which reflected her experience and feelings in the imperial court. Her Tale of Genji is the first realistic novel in the history of world literature.

15 and Arabian Nights were also translated into Arabian Nights, which were formed in the 8th century-16th century. There are 134 big stories in the book * *. The hero of the first story is Scheherazade. It reflects the national character, mercantilism and Islamic belief of Arabs. The Arabian Nights has a wide and far-reaching influence. Dante, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Lessing and others have all learned useful things from the story.

16, what do you think of the description in the Tale of Genji?

The description of * * or love in Tale of Genji is expressed through the stories of the joys and sorrows of the aristocratic son Guangyuan and his son Xunjun and the surrounding women. It reflects the extravagant life and aesthetic taste of the upper ruling class in that period, and also reflects the historical trend of the inevitable decline of the imperial nobles, expressing a sentimental mood and taste of people in that era in Japan, that is, mourning for things. There are profound descriptions of philosophy, aesthetics, religion and psychology. The author shows the declining and decadent trend of aristocratic society in heian period from two aspects: daily life and political life. When describing the unfortunate fate of women under polygamy, the novel also criticizes Genji's behavior of playing with women and shows great sympathy for the unfortunate fate of those women. The relationship between Guangyuan's life and almost all women is abnormal, including infidelity, coercion, seduction and incest. , which is darkness. The work objectively shows the historical fate of the inevitable collapse and decline of the Heian period and big noble's rule, and is the image of the rise and fall of an aristocratic world. The author borrowed the description of the love between men and women that seems abnormal now, but it was a fashionable taste and trend at that time, expressing his own aesthetic ideal. Although Genji enjoys himself, he is not happy. Also let us know and understand the history and social life in peacetime. However, we should also see that the novel also reflects the author's fatalistic views and thoughts, and pinning hopes on the surreal pure land is an escape thought, which is negative, thus exposing the limitations of Haruki Murakami's thought and worldview.

17, What are the main contents and artistic features of Arabian Nights?

Gorky called Arabian Nights "the most magnificent monument" in the preface of Russian translation and spoke highly of it. Main contents: First of all, his story reflects sharp class contradictions and social contradictions, allegorizes and exposes the cruelty and evil of the ruling class. Secondly, many stories in "One Thousand and One Nights" praised the fine morality, wisdom and fighting spirit of working people and ordinary people. There are also many stories that express people's ideals for a better life, and people's ideals for a better life are often manifested in the pursuit of a better marriage and love. Finally, The Arabian Nights also contains some stories about sailing adventures, which shows new traders's spirit of sailing for wealth.

Artistic features: rich oriental sentiment, romance and rich imagination are its important features, and rich imagination and meticulous realism are skillfully blended; Secondly, the plot is tortuous, and the structure is ingenious, flexible and concise. It adopts the writing method of short story, big story and short story, which makes the book a complete story group, and takes the story of the mountain king Rouillard and his brother as the main line, which plays the role of threading the needle and connecting hundreds of stories in the book in series; Thirdly, he is good at using contrast, opposition and exaggeration to highlight the main characteristics of characters; Finally, the language of Arabian Nights is rich and beautiful, popular and fluent, vivid and colorful, which fully embodies the characteristics of people's oral creation and makes full use of the expression techniques of poetry and prose. Many stories are good at using symbols, metaphors, humor and satire to enhance the artistic appeal of their works. Some of these stories often insert some aphorisms, aphorisms, proverbs and short poems in the narrative process, which makes the content of the stories more colorful and fascinating.

18, the historical background of Tale of Genji

19, Genji Tale Theme

20. The image of Guangyuan in Tale of Genji.

2 1, the main female image of Genji Tale

22. The Artistic Achievement of Tale of Genji

23. The objective reasons for the success of Tale of Genji.

Modern Asian-African literature

24. Modern Japanese literature can be divided into four periods: enlightenment, establishment, maturity and differentiation. The representative writers in the founding period were Futabatei Shimei and Sengai.

25. Futabatei Shimei is the founder of modern Japanese literature. He has written literary papers, short stories and advocated realistic creative methods. "Floating Clouds" is his first novel, the protagonist is Naohai Wensan, and his works are written in a consistent language (written in Japanese vernacular). Japanese modern realistic literature has taken the first step from the publication of this novel, which is a symbolic work produced by Japanese modern novels.

26. Mori Yoshiro's first novel, Dancing Maid, is based on her experience when studying in Germany. The works are full of romantic sentiment, which opens a way for modern Japanese romantic literature. Mori Yoshiro's later works are mainly historical novels, including Abe's Family, Takase's Ship, Doctor Zanthoxylum and Yu Xuan Ji, which describes the story of a poetess in the Tang Dynasty in China.

27. The mature naturalistic literary movement had the greatest influence, and the writer with the greatest naturalistic achievement was Shimazaki Tōson. The masterpiece Breaking the precepts is an epoch-making naturalistic work, and the protagonist is a primary school teacher from a "tribesman".

28. There are three schools against naturalism in the period of differentiation: Birch School, Aestheticism School and New Trend of Thought School.

29. The Birch School refers to a writer whose creative activities are centered on the literary publication Birch Tree. They are dissatisfied with the tendency of naturalism to describe daily trivial matters rigidly, advocate respecting nature and human will, advocate respecting individuality, emphasize idealism and be full of humanitarianism. Their meaning is also called neo-idealist. Shiga Naoya, known as the god of novels, is a birch writer. His main works are Reconciliation, Being in the Process, The Gray Moon and the novel Walking in the Night.

30. Aestheticism, also known as neo-romanticism, is represented by Junichiro Tanizaki, whose masterpiece is the short story Copy from Qin Chun. During World War II, Junichiro Tanizaki refused to support the fascist forces, and wrote the novel Close the Door and Fine Snow.

3 1, the new trend of thought is also called the new realism school and the new skill school. The representative writer of the new trend of thought, known as a ghost talent, is Akutagawa Ryunosuke. Ryunosuke Akutagawa is the author of the short story Luo Mensheng, and his historical novel Nose was praised by Natsume Sosiji.

32. Modern Indian literature is characterized by writing in many local languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, Urdu and Marathi, among which Bengali literature is the most important and Tagore is the most outstanding writer.

Ben Jim. Gindl. Chatterjee is a pioneer of modern Bangladeshi literature, and he has written Ananda Monastery and Poisonous Tree.

Salat. Gindl. Chatterjee is the most influential Bangladeshi writer after Tagore. His works include the novels Sri Gant and Unmarried Daughter.

Baha 'i in modern Iran was awarded the title of "the king of poets" by the king.

Barodi is a modern Egyptian poet.