The structure of Tale of Genji is composed of short stories, which are loosely related and simple in narration, and the passage of time is not necessarily related to the changes of characters' personalities. Even as a novel, its structure is composed of short stories. This feature runs through the whole history of Japanese literature and becomes a tradition.
More than 300 years ago, Nocturnal Generation, written by Igawa Kiyoshi, a great literary master in the Edo era, imitated Genji Tale in structure and wrote 54 short stories about the life experience of the protagonist "Shijie" from 7 to 60 years old. Every story is independent and coherent. It is not boring for a person to read, but also has another world, so it is known as the Tale of Genji in the Edo era.
Junichiro Tanizaki, a master of aestheticism, translated The Tale of Genji into modern Japanese, and published his masterpiece Fine Snow, which was deeply influenced by The Tale of Genji. The leisurely narrative rhythm was overlapped with the psychological activities of the characters who appeared, vividly showing the local customs of Japan, and the life scene of the protagonist was exactly the same as that of the Sixth Hospital where Guangyuan lived in his later years.
Nobel Prize in Literature winner Yasunari Kawabata appreciated The Tale of Genji when he was in middle school, which greatly influenced his later creation. Critics believe that the nothingness expressed in Kawabata Yasunari's most famous work Snow Country is in the same strain as the mourning thought in Genji Tale, but it is more finely carved and has more strange changes. Another representative work of Yasunari Kawabata, The Ancient Capital, also has a strong color of Genji Tale, in which the twin sisters who grew up in a family with disparity between the rich and the poor are almost "modern copies" of barnacles and ruozi.
Asahi Shimbun believes that The Tale of Genji's Millennium has influenced several generations of literary masters. In addition to the late Junichiro Tanizaki and Kawabata Yasunari, Haruki Murakami, who is now very popular, has also been dyed Genji's color. In Kafka by the Sea, Murakami's most representative novel, there is not only the famous plot that Otokoyo tortured Kwai Ji to death through the appearance of a living soul in Tale of Genji, but also Kafka Tamura read Tale of Genji translated by Junichiro Tanizaki as a teenager. Professor Masako Mitamura, a scholar, said that Haruki Murakami "hung" the plot of The Tale of Genji under the unconscious of young Kafka, and that the two great works separated by nearly a thousand years had the same structure.
Jakucho Setouchi, an 86-year-old famous nun writer, said: "If you want to find a book that condenses the essence of Japanese culture, The Tale of Genji is the only choice." Jakucho Setouchi spent more than ten years translating The Tale of Genji into a modern novel, sold nearly 3 million copies and successfully presented this classic to the public. Therefore, he was awarded the Cultural Medal by Emperor Akihito in 2006. Not long ago, Jakucho Setouchi caught up with the fashion and tested the most popular mobile novel for the first time. She said that from the pseudonym "Zi" she used to the name "Guang" of the hero in the novel, this creation was inspired by the ancient story of Genji. This is as the Yomiuri Shimbun said: Today, Tale of Genji continues to stimulate the imagination of Japanese writers.
Communication is the basic way for human beings and human society to survive and develop, and it is also an important symbol that distinguishes human beings from the animal kingdom except labor and language. (1) and cultural communication is a very important and worth studying. Cultural communication refers to the exchange and interaction of cultural information between people, people and society, and society and society. (2) As far as literature is concerned, its significance in the communication of people's social life is a tool for people to record, express, transmit and exchange knowledge and ideas, and it mainly plays a role in the spiritual field. With written records, information dissemination transcends the boundaries of time and space, and information can be preserved permanently and accurately, with the characteristics of openness and universality. (3) It is precisely because of these communication characteristics that the masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions has been widely circulated and even influenced the whole world, which is lamented by people today. Of course, written communication separates the author and the reader in time and space, so it is a one-sided communication mode compared with holographic oral communication, which leads to the hard work of critics and the whimsy of indexers.
The research direction of cultural communication is very wide, and there are many factors that affect it, but sharing and control always occupy the main position and are two key elements. Sharing is the most important, which can be divided into two aspects: on the one hand, it means that cultural communicators consciously or unconsciously spread their own culture to the audience and let other cultural circles accept it; On the other hand, for the audience, it is not completely passive to accept the entry of culture, but actively, actively and reasonably absorb its nutrients and obtain the benefits brought by the new culture. On the one hand, Cao Xueqin devoted his whole life to this book. It is presented to the world with its encyclopedic knowledge. So what will the receiver do? Here, I try to analyze the influence of this amazing work from two aspects: the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions and the spread of A Dream of Red Mansions abroad.
First, the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions
In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong, Cheng Gaoben came out, which ended the circulation of A Dream of Red Mansions only in the form of manuscripts and greatly expanded the influence of this masterpiece. Since the first year of Jiaqing, A Dream of Red Mansions, written by Cao Xueqin in the name of Cao Xueqin, has been published, and then, or from the 97th or120th turn as the starting point, dreams are continued, supplemented and interpreted.
"Dream" and other sequels of A Dream of Red Mansions came out one after another, and the influence extended to the contemporary era. What we should pay attention to is that the phenomenon of book renewal is mainly caused by the influence of famous books themselves. Studying the problem of book renewal in the history of literature is actually an extension of the study of the influence of famous books. (4)
(1) Reasons
Any kind of communication structure can not be separated from four basic elements: communication situation, sender, receiver and communication channel. Communication channels can be understood as search media, including national languages, social communication tools and facilities. I won't talk about it here. The first three elements are analyzed as follows:
1, social reasons
Cultural adaptation is one of the important mechanisms of cultural communication and the selectivity of cultural communication. (5) There is a * * relationship between social and political structure and communication structure. The communication system directly shows the social, political and cultural mechanisms. (6) Yinglishi said: "The way and channel of communication determine the method of social control and the government system." (7) From another angle, we can say that what kind of social, political and cultural structure there will be what kind of communication system. Social environment in a broad sense refers to the comprehensive expression of all social relations, lifestyles, cultural traditions, social systems and ideologies among people in the process of social development. In a narrow sense, social environment refers to social customs and ethos. (8) Communication refers to the information exchange activities between people in all social organizations and groups. Humanity is the sum of all social relations. Therefore, we can say that all social behaviors of people are communicative behaviors that affect others. However, both individual communication behavior and group communication behavior are influenced and restricted by certain social environment. The book "Communication Principles and Applications" clearly points out that "the influence of environment on human communication behavior has many properties. This versatility is caused by the vastness of the environment, the complexity of the communication behavior itself, and the mutual feelings and interactions between them. Although many communication researchers turn a blind eye to the factors that affect the communication effect in the environment, more and more facts prove that it is the surrounding environment that has a great influence on people's behaviors, opinions and beliefs. There is not only an absolutely isolated and closed communication system in the world, but also human communication activities can't get rid of the influence and constraints of the environment. " (9)
Although the Qing Dynasty came to power as a culturally backward nation, with the economic recovery, culture began to recover. The Qing court took some measures that were objectively beneficial to cultural development, such as resuming the imperial examination and compiling books, which also provided a favorable environment for novel creation to some extent. With the increasing social influence of novels, sometimes the emperor takes a helpful attitude. According to Qing? Zhao Kun's Miscellaneous Notes on Xiao Ting has a volume: "In the early years of Chongde, Wendi suffered from ignorance of Chinese characters and the rule of law. He ordered Da Wencheng to translate Mandarin, Four Books and the annals of the Three Kingdoms on the High Seas, which was regarded as the normal state of political affairs. After Ding, there was a study in the west corridor of Taihe Gate. J. He turned over the book of the West Chamber and Jin Ping Mei, and the words were sparse, and everyone rushed to recite. " (10) This storm and folk love for novels contributed to the prosperity of novels. Of course, at that time, the Qing government's tolerance for novels was limited, limited to novels that did not hinder the rule. It is significant that the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions can be produced and exist in the decadent era when books were strictly forbidden. Perhaps in the Qing court's view, such books are harmless, and the love of Baodi described in the sequel books is generally included in the track of feudal ethics. Although pen and ink are related to love affairs, the Qing court can tolerate them.
2. The reason for the book A Dream of Red Mansions.
As far as A Dream of Red Mansions itself is concerned, its earliest popularization and dissemination in the world appeared in the form of manuscripts. When Cao Xueqin was alive, it was only circulated among relatives and friends. After Cao died, it spread widely and became a very popular novel reader at that time. As Cheng Weiyuan said in the preface, "Good people copy one copy at a time and put it in the temple city, which is worth tens of gold. It can be described as a desperate person." It can be seen that as soon as it came out, it was widely loved by all walks of life, and princes and nobles and ordinary people rushed to read it. Since the publication of this magazine by Cheng Jiaben and Cheng Yi, it has spread more widely. At one time, the cultural fashion of "Red Chamber fever" appeared in Beijing. Xiaoyaozi wrote in the preface to A Dream of Red Mansions: "Cao Xueqin's A Dream of Red Mansions has a long-standing reputation, and each book needs dozens of gold. The word Tieling Gaojun became popular for a while, and the family set it several times. " Hao Yixing recorded in the Book Printing Hall: "When you enter Beijing between Qianlong and Jiaqing, there must be a Dream of Red Mansions on your desk." ⑾ At that time, there was a saying that "it is useless to talk about a dream of red mansions and read poetry books vertically". A Dream of Red Mansions has been banned by the imperial court for many times, but it has been banned repeatedly and its influence is growing. This provides a premise for the emergence of the multi-continuation book. Moreover, A Dream of Red Mansions is rich in conception and profound in thought, far exceeding any famous works in ancient China. Known as the encyclopedia and "cultural novel" of the Chinese nation. Indeed, it caused too many problems: society, family, morality, ethics, marriage, imperial examination and so on. It attracts people to try to answer these questions, and many people have their own unique views on these questions in the sequel.
1, due to the author's own reasons.
Scholars' thoughts should be influenced by literary thoughts at that time. Under the impact of commodity economy, the trend of humanistic care, which pursues personal value and advocates personality liberation since Ming and Qing Dynasties, has been more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and this trend of thought has played a decisive role in the real independent creation of literati. In essence, the specific process of social environment influencing and restricting communication behavior even refers to the socialization process of social environment to people. Socialization refers to the dual interactive process in which individuals actively accept life skills, behavior norms, values and cultural traditions, complete the shaping of social people and inform this result that it will react on society. (12) People look at things with their own eyes, analyze society and express their unique feelings, which is probably an important reason for the sequel of A Dream of Red Mansions. Just as Wu, a famous denouncing novelist in the late Qing Dynasty, wrote New Stone, the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions, a passage in his first book may represent the aspirations of many readers at that time: how many novels such as A Dream of Red Mansions, A Dream of Red Mansions and A Dream of Red Mansions have been written by later generations since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions written by Cao Xueqin? However, as far as I am concerned, writing a composition always has some meaning first. When he writes, he doesn't have to be appreciated by others, just write his arms at will. As for the criticism of future generations, it has nothing to do with me. Wu's words are very representative, in which "writing one's own arm" tells the main creative motivation of many sequels, which is the embodiment of this motivation in different authors, and there will be many sequels.
(B) The impact of the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions
Once the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions was produced, many bookstores published and engraved it. At that time, the main bookstores that printed these sequels were Guiwentang, Juzhentang, Wenguangtang, Jing Xun Hall, Shujingtang, Jinguyuan, Baowengxuan, Hongqiangge and Tenghuaxie.
These sequels have also been published and engraved many times. Therefore, there are many versions of the same sequel. These sequels are not only widely circulated in China, but also abroad, and some overseas collections are rare in China. According to the bibliography of China's popular novels that Liu Cunren saw in London, the Royal Society of Asia in Britain has Jiaqing Yiweiben and Dream of Red Mansions, which Ceng Yun did not see in Sun Jiedi's China's popular novels. A chestnut's Record of a Dream of Red Mansions thinks that this book doesn't exist, because the author's preface ends with the sentence "Jiaqing was four years old and didn't live in the Mid-Autumn Festival twice, and Zhu Rong Mountain House in Chunzhou". Now it seems that the existence of this version can be confirmed. According to Japan again? Otsuka Hideyoshi's Supplement to the Bibliography of Popular Novels in China is recorded, and A Dream of Red Mansions has been published in Tokyo University, but it has not been seen in China so far. However, according to this bibliography, it is "Tongzhi Yuan Yearbook, Yangcheng Wenguangtang Tibetan Board, no volume, twenty-four times, nine lines per page, two spans, no picture." Such a conclusive record shows that this book does exist, and it is not another name for a Dream of Red Mansions in later generations. If you pay attention to follow-up books like this, you may find more. In addition, the Russian sinologist Ji? TI Menshchikov，B？ Li Ji's father recorded in The Unknown Book of A Dream of Red Mansions that the Oriental Department Library of Leningrad University in China has a collection of Supplementary Dream of Red Mansions, Continued Dream of Red Mansions, Later Dream of Red Mansions, Dream of Red Mansions middleman, Added Dream of Red Mansions, Dream of Red Mansions, etc. The Sinology Library of the Asian People's Institute of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences also has a sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions. It is worth noting that some sinologists have unusual attitudes towards these sequels. For example, Russian academician Vasiliev commented in his book catalogue, "It is said that these imitators have not reached the level of the original, but we know that they should also reflect the life and spirit of China people. Therefore, we don't think they are completely uninterested. " (13) Moreover, there are also translations of the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions in Korea. The spread and influence of the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions is considerable.
Second, the spread and influence of A Dream of Red Mansions abroad
Communication is a complex dynamic balance. In the most general sense, communication is an activity that one system (information source) affects another system (information contraction), which is an operational significance. (14) In ancient times, with the invention of ships and other means of transportation, people were able to cross the ocean and cross natural obstacles for transnational communication, thus spreading advanced knowledge, technology and culture to all parts of the world, resulting in cultural integration. Cultural integration makes the cultural circle absorb nutrition, strengthens the function of cultural adaptation and integration, and realizes the reconstruction of culture in the process of cultural development. A Dream of Red Mansions, with its unique spiritual charm, intriguing language style and intricate story clues, not only conquered us, but also caused great influence abroad once it spread abroad. Up to now, there have been more than 30 translations in 16 languages. (15) encyclopedia americana compares it with Japanese Tale of Genji and Russian War and Peace. 1980, the first international symposium on redology was held in Wisconsin, USA. A Dream of Red Mansions was held in Harbin from June 65438 to June 0986. Scholars from the United States, Japan, France, Singapore, Canada, Australia and the former Soviet Union attended the seminar.
(A) A Dream of Red Mansions in Japan
Japan is a country separated only by a strip of water from China, and the cultural relationship between the two countries is self-evident. Therefore, A Dream of Red Mansions has a great influence in Japan, and it has been translated and studied since its introduction. It is used as a textbook for learning Chinese in foreign language schools in Japan.
According to the examination, A Dream of Red Mansions first set sail from Zhapu, north of Qiantang, to Japan. (16) according to the research of Mr. ITO Su Ping, a famous Japanese redologist, there is a "poor account" in the private documents of Murakami, a wealthy Japanese businessman who has been engaged in Qing Dynasty trade in Nagasaki, which records that a ship set sail from Zhapu Port, Zhejiang Province on10/month 23 and arrived in Nagasaki on1February 9. Under the column of "Yin Nanjing Ship", there is a catalogue of "Wang Kaitai, the owner of the ship, eighty people in the Tang Dynasty", including "A Dream of Red Mansions, nine volumes and eighteen episodes". This is the earliest record of the spread of A Dream of Red Mansions to the world in the historical documents of the study of Dream of Red Mansions so far. Why did Zhapu become an important link in the spread of A Dream of Red Mansions? It can be analyzed from its geographical environment. In communication science, environment refers to the environment and conditions surrounding communication activities. (17) As a product of nature and a social animal, people's communication activities must be carried out in a certain environment. In a sense, human communication activities are always subject to the environment. The influence of geographical environment on communication activities is obvious and profound. The geographical conditions of Zhapu Port are unique. It is located in the north of Qiantang River, with Jiulong Mountain as its partner and facing the sea. Since ancient times, it has been a good place for mainland navigation, with unique characteristics of Haihe River combined transport, which has been valued by successive governments and has a prominent maritime position. /kloc-One of Zhapu's famous works in the 0 ~ (th) century is a Camellia poem by Gao Shiqi, whose preface specifically reflects the long-standing flower exchange between Zhapu and Japan. Judging from this, there will be trade exchanges of literature and calligraphy. According to the historical facts of Japan, there were several big fires in Japan in the early Qing Dynasty, and many royal books were burned, so Japan urgently needed China books to supplement them. Therefore, it is reasonable for China books to be brought into Japan from the increasingly prosperous Zhapu Port.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, Japan began to translate A Dream of Red Mansions, initially abridged. From 1892, Japanese sinologist Mori Huainan translated it for the first time and published it in the second issue of Chengnan Review with a history of one hundred years. (18) After him, various abridged versions and full versions of the Japanese issue came out one after another. The most influential and popular is A Dream of Red Mansions, which is the earliest complete translation of Shigeo Matsushima and Su Ping Ito. This book * * * has 14 volumes and 120 chapters. The first 80 chapters are translated according to Zhengqixu, and the last 40 chapters are translated according to Cheng Yi. Written in 1940 and published in 1950. It was published by Yansongbo Bookstore in Japan as "Yanbo Library". This translation was reprinted by Tokyo Pingfan Society with 1963 as the fifth volume of The Complete Works of World Masterpieces.
With the publication of a large number of Japanese versions of A Dream of Red Mansions, the study of A Dream of Red Mansions in Japan has also made great progress. Up to now, there have been thirty or forty kinds of books and monographs on A Dream of Red Mansions by Japanese sinologists, and hundreds of papers in newspapers and periodicals.
Tōdō Akiyasu of the University of Tokyo, Shigeru Shimizu of Kyoto University, Chen Fu Ota of Kobe University, Shigeo Matsushima of the University of Tokyo, and Ito, who once taught at Hokkaido University and osaka city university, are all famous scholars studying A Dream of Red Mansions. There are also many research directions: Miyata Ichiroo wrote the Lexical Index of A Dream of Red Mansions and extracted conjunctions, idioms and proverbs from A Dream of Red Mansions; Muramatsu's novel A Dream of Red Mansions makes an in-depth study of his language and artistic skills. Ito Su scholars also made a systematic study of its version. 195 1 year, Shigeo Hashikawa, Jijiro Jin and others organized a seminar on A Dream of Red Mansions in Kyoto with the scientific research funds of the Ministry of Education.
(2) A Dream of Red Mansions in South Korea
According to the date recorded by the late North Korean scholar Lee, it is inferred that "the time to be introduced into North Korea will not exceed1830 at the latest" (19). There is also a saying that the time when A Dream of Red Mansions spread to South Korea may be around the end of the 18th century or the beginning of the 19th century after Cheng's engraving appeared. (20) 1960, Dazheng Press published a holiday translation of A Dream of Red Mansions in 120 years, 1969, and Yiyou Culture Society published a five-volume translation of A Dream of Red Mansions translated by Li in 120 years.
South Korea also attaches great importance to the study of redology. It can be roughly divided into four stages (2 1). I. Late Korea (1892- 19 10).
A Dream of Red Mansions spread to all parts of North Korea from the beginning, forming a large number of readers, and the translation work also left good results. At this time, the existing "Leshan Zhai Ben", which has attracted much attention from the redology and translation circles, came into being. This is the earliest complete translation in the world. Secondly, during the Japanese occupation period (1910-1945) and after the recovery of Korea (1945-1980), due to the limitations of the times and academic environment, the achievements of A Dream of Red Mansions were not remarkable. Fourthly, the academic papers devoted to A Dream of Red Mansions appeared in 1980. Today, the study of redology has made rapid progress.
(C) A Dream of Red Mansions in Russia
As we all know, the collected manuscripts with comments by Zhi Yanzhai were collected by Leningrad Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Far Soviet Union. This manuscript has never been seen in China, and it is highly valued by the domestic red circle. Some people say that it was "taken away from China by the Russians during the Daoguang period", and (22) it proves that "the story of the stone was sold to the Russians in China through the Liulichang Bookstore in the 12th year of Daoguang (1832) and then spread to Russia." Anyway. It is obvious that Russia attaches importance to A Dream of Red Mansions.
As early as 18 12. The Russian missionary group in Beijing gave a high evaluation. 1843, missionary Alexei? Ivanovic? Kowank translated part of the first episode of A Dream of Red Mansions into Russian and published it in the magazine Motherland published in Petersburg. After the October Revolution, the former Soviet Union attached great importance to the translation and research of A Dream of Red Mansions. From 65438 to 0985, the National Literature Publishing House published a complete Russian translation of A Dream of Red Mansions translated by Panasuke.
(D) A Dream of Red Mansions in Germany
The real cultural exchange between China and Europe is a matter of modern history. It can be said that it came into being with the missionary work of western Christianity to China and the invasion of China by western powers.
The first person in the west to write an article about A Dream of Red Mansions was the German missionary Guo. (24)1A Dream of Red Mansions was written in May, 842, and published in the first1/volume of China Newspaper published in Guangzhou. He was the first foreigner to publish the paper A Dream of Red Mansions.
1932, the German translation of A Dream of Red Mansions was published in Leipzig, Germany. The translator was a famous sinologist Kuhn at that time. He claimed to be the first European to reach the summit of A Dream of Red Mansions.
Of course, due to the inherent cultural and ideological differences between the East and the West, Kuhn reproduced the main story with Bao, Chai and Dai as the core, and deleted the minor details that were not closely related to this main story. When a culture spreads to another cultural circle, it must adapt to the special situation of this cultural circle. His principle is: in view of the fact that the point of communication is the psychology of the object, he accurately translated all the details depicting the characteristics of the main characters, especially those that are new to westerners and have cultural and historical significance. During the break, he uses the artist's montage skills to skillfully connect the contexts without making people feel broken. Although a lot of abridgements have been made in this way, the whole picture and outline of the original work have been maintained. In order to send the content to the recipient's mind, the communicator must first open the door of this mind. In this respect, Kuhn's technique is very clever, which has made positive contributions to the spread and acceptance of this oriental masterpiece A Dream of Red Mansions in the West.
In addition, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Britain, France, Czech Republic, Romania, Spain and other countries have also made great achievements in redology research. Limited space, no comments.
A Dream of Red Mansions, a masterpiece of "Cao Xueqin mourned for Hong Xuanzhong for ten years, adding and deleting five times", has far-reaching influence, which I'm afraid he didn't expect. From the perspective of communication, this clumsy article on the influence of A Dream of Red Mansions hopes to play a role in attracting jade and provide a new way for the study of Dream of Red Mansions.