Test center 1, clear the central argument
Method guidance
Argument is the author's viewpoint and attitude towards the problem under discussion, and it is a positive statement showing right and wrong attitude. Metaphor, negation, rhetorical question, rhetorical question and interrogative question are usually not used. How to accurately find out the central argument?
1. Positioning method
(1) Start with the topic and grasp the central argument of the article.
The topic is a one-sentence view. The topic is the central argument, and there are two principles: a. The topic must be affirmative; B. the topic must be a judgment sentence.
(2) Some topics are composed of coordinate phrases, and the argument is the relationship between them. Such as "dedication and happiness"-"What is the relationship between dedication and happiness?" The sentence that answers the relationship between the two is an argument. (thinking format: title+"What is the relationship of")
(3) Some questions are composed of biased phrases. Add "what is it" to the question, and the sentences answered in the text are arguments. Such as "the secret of success"-"What is the secret of success?" (thinking format: title+"what is it")
(2) Starting from the beginning and the end, grasp the "central sentence" of the article.
At the beginning of the article, the argument, the so-called opening statement, is pointed out, and it comes straight to the point. At the end of the article, there are many concluding words, such as "So, in a word, so, in a word, in the final analysis ..." Often, the argument is put forward first, discussed at different levels, and finally summarized the central argument.
(3) Look at the middle and refine the argument.
Some articles put forward a central argument in the middle. For example, at the beginning of Dedication and Happiness, I quoted "Dedication and Happiness" and "Living and Happiness" in The Book of Rites and Laozi, and then led to the central argument: I firmly believe that "Dedication and Happiness" is the only way for human life.
2. By demonstrating the key points of counter-reasoning.
The analysis of arguments, whether factual or rational, is to prove the arguments. Look at what the article proves, affirms and supports, and you can get the argument of the article.
3. Extraction method
Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. For example, in Doubt and Learning, the central argument is: "Scholars must doubt first" and "Learning must doubt". Argument 1: Doubt is a necessary step to distinguish truth from falsehood. Sub-argument ②: Doubt is the basic condition for establishing new theories and inspiring new inventions from positive aspects. The difference between the central argument and the sub-argument should be clear: the sub-argument is used to supplement or prove the central argument.
Identify ideas
The general idea of argumentative writing is: ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems. "Asking questions" is the object of discussion, "analyzing problems" is a comprehensive and in-depth demonstration of the object of discussion, and "solving problems" is a summary of the full text and a central argument. It can be seen that through the analysis of argumentative writing thinking, we can often find the "trace" of the central argument.
Step 5 understand the structure
Different contents and discussion objects will lead to changes in the structure of the article. The common structural modes of argumentative writing are "progressive", "parallel", "total score" and "contrast". Generally speaking, the hierarchical argument structure often ends with the central argument; The argument structure of the total score often puts forward the central argument in the general part; In the structure of comparative argument, the central argument is often in the outstanding aspects of comparing two aspects.
6. Identify elements
The "elements" mentioned here refer to the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation. Usually, an argument is not an argument and can be excluded; Argumentation is not an argument, and it can also be excluded; The rest of the sentence, if it is proved and expounded in full text, is an argument.
Note: Distinguish topics from arguments:
Title: The phenomena, problems and facts to be discussed by the author have no tendency to praise or criticize feelings. It stipulates and limits the scope and focus of the article, and does not indicate whether it is correct or not.
Argument: The author's point of view has an obvious tendency to praise or criticize, that is, affirmation or negation, and there are different opinions, and the argument must include subject and predicate.
Test center two. Methods and functions of analysis and demonstration
Method guidance
1. Distinguishing and demonstrating methods can start with the most common methods:
According to the example argument-figurative argument-comparative argument-reason argument, it can be eliminated in turn, so that it can be quickly determined and ensured to be foolproof. However, it should be noted that the application of argumentation methods is not necessarily single, and sometimes two or more methods are used at the same time. Nature with more articles, longer length and clear argumentation is the main argumentation method, and vice versa. When answering questions, we should grasp the order of answering questions from the main to the second.
2. The functions of analysis and demonstration methods are as follows:
(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples to prove, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.
This paper adopts the method of demonstration with examples, enumerates some examples, and proves some arguments in detail (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), so as to make the argument more convincing.
(2) Reasoning argument: Prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general, deeper and more convincing.
Adopting the reasoning method, citing XXX to prove XXX's argument, and then the central argument to prove what, which increases the authority and persuasiveness.
(3) Metaphorical argumentation: argumentation through metaphor makes the argument vivid and easy to understand.
The argument method of metaphor is used, and what is more than what is what, which vividly proves the argument of this article (paragraph) … thus making the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.
(4) Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
The author uses the method of comparative argument to compare what with what, so as to form a sharp contrast and highlight the argument of what.
(5) Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, etc., and their functions should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing anecdotes and anecdotes of celebrities can enhance the interest of the argument and arouse readers' interest in reading.
Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and prove XXX's point of view by quoting XXX, so as to make the arguments more convincing (or more interesting, and attract readers to continue reading).
Note: When distinguishing which argumentation method is used in the article, it is better to distinguish it with examples. The general rule of reasoning is to use famous sayings as arguments. Metaphorical argumentation refers to the metaphorical rhetorical devices used in argumentation statements. Comparative argument generally needs to find out both positive and negative arguments.
Test center three. Argument analysis
Method guidance
There are two kinds of arguments, namely the factual argument and the rational argument. Factual arguments include typical and representative deeds, historical facts and exact data. , can be written in general or in a special way; Arguments can be famous sayings, aphorisms, proverbs, folk proverbs, or truths, definitions and axioms that have been proved to be correct by facts. Supplementary argument is a common topic in China in recent two years, which requires broad requirements, but it must be typical, representative and convincing. To do this kind of problem well, you must read more books and accumulate more, and you should be good at observing life at ordinary times.
Answer steps:
1. Distinguish between factual argument and rational argument
Factual arguments include representative examples, conclusive data and reliable historical facts. The examples used can be specific or general. Generally speaking, the argument of truth includes correct and feasible truths, aphorisms, famous sayings, principles, theorems and so on.
The argument for choosing supplementary words should be true, reliable and typical, and the form, complexity and sentence pattern of supplementary words should be similar to the original argument; State arguments to ensure that they can be proved; Read through and check to avoid mistakes.
2. The role of arguments
The function of analyzing arguments must be linked with arguments. Because arguments are materials used to prove arguments, arguments must be consistent with arguments. Whether it is a factual argument or a rational argument, the function is to prove the author's point of view, but when reading, we should analyze which point of view is directly or indirectly proved by the author. When answering questions, it is often required to answer the points that are directly proved, not necessarily the central argument of the whole paper.
This is the argument of ... It is proving ... (Prove the argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument, otherwise write the central argument).
3. Make up arguments
(1) Clearly determine the types of arguments that need to be supplemented: ① factual arguments; 2 reasonable arguments;
(2) Supplementary arguments must focus on the arguments of the article, and the arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). );
(3) The truth proved by argumentation should be consistent with the viewpoint of the article or sub-argument. If you are supplementing the article with case arguments, the requirements are: the supplementary arguments must be cases of famous figures in history or current social hotspots, and the cases should be true and reliable. Supplementary case arguments must be consistent with the views of the article. If the supplementary argument is reasonable, it is necessary to quote authoritative famous sayings, famous poems and proverbs. Be complete and accurate when quoting, don't be arrogant and take it out of context.
Supplementary argument is to supplement famous sayings, axioms, proverbs or poems related to the argument. Supplementary case arguments are generally: people+examples+short comments.
Test site four. Argumentation thinking and structure
Method guidance
1. Argument idea
Argumentative thinking (process), that is, what to put forward first, what to prove with arguments, and what to draw at last. Argumentative thinking in general argumentative writing: raising questions (introduction)-analyzing problems (papers)-solving problems (conclusions) and proving central arguments. Paragraphs are basically written in this way to prove the ideas (or arguments) contained in the paragraphs. Whether expounding the whole article or demonstrating opinions in paragraphs, we should pay attention to the specific content and not generalize.
2. Argumentation structure
There are three types of argumentative structures common in junior high schools:
(1) "total-sub-total" type, that is, first put forward the argument, then expound it from several aspects, and finally summarize it.
(2) "sharing" type, that is, first put forward the argument, and then demonstrate it from several aspects.
(3) "Subtotal" type, that is, first analyze the problems to be discussed in several aspects, and then comprehensively summarize the conclusions.
note:
First, when analyzing the idea or structure of the argument, pay attention to the key words in the article, such as transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words, which play a connecting role.
② Grasp the language symbols. If there are "and" and ",these words are juxtaposed; If there are words such as "not only", "moreover", "first" and "second", it is hierarchical.
Test site 5, try to figure out sentence paragraphs
Method guidance
"Trying to figure out words" usually examines two major aspects.
1. Interpretation: Explain words in context; Describe the specific content of some words; Analyze the meaning of concise and profound sentences with rich ideological connotation.
Second, taste: taste the emotional color of words; Taste the accuracy, strictness, vividness and image of words, and analyze the expressive function of words; Analyze and understand the rhetorical devices used in words and their expressive functions; Analyze the function of cohesive transition sentences or conclusion sentences. The "trying to figure out the words" in argumentative essays will also involve these aspects.
1. statement function
The function of the beginning: ① Propose the topic or discussion content to pave the way for the following discussion;
(2) to demonstrate. If the beginning is a story, it can arouse reading interest, lead to arguments or topics, and prove arguments for arguments.
The function of the middle paragraph: connecting the preceding with the following.
The function of the ending: ① Summarize the full text, draw out or deepen the argument; Make a call. Put forward hopes and prospects.
2. Appreciate words and phrases
The appreciation of key words and expressions in argumentative writing generally involves the linguistic features of argumentative writing (accuracy, conciseness, preciseness and strong generality). There are mainly the following two types of problems:
Question 1: Can a word be deleted? Explain why. (Common words: almost, often, mostly, will, etc. )
No, the use of the word "so-and-so" accurately demonstrates "so-and-so" and embodies the accuracy and rigor of argumentative language (the characteristics of argumentative language); Delete the word "so-and-so", and the meaning of the sentence becomes so-and-so, which is too absolute (the original meaning becomes unrealistic after deletion).
Question 2: Briefly analyze the meaning or expressive effect of these braille (underlined sentences).
The word "so-and-so" (sentence) is vividly demonstrated by what means (expression means).
Note: both understanding the meaning of words and grasping the connotation of sentences should be analyzed in combination with the specific language environment. That is, "words cannot be separated from sentences, sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs, and paragraphs cannot be separated from the beginning."
Test site six, contact expansion and application
1. Talk about understanding with practice; 2. Reading enlightenment
Method guidance
This kind of topic gives students the right to choose freely and emphasizes personalized expression. For example, to evaluate an author's point of view, candidates can agree or disagree with the author's point of view when answering questions. As long as the point of view is clear, reasonable and meaningful, the general answer form is "point of view+reason".
Methods to solve such problems; We can start from the following aspects:
(1) Contact the original content or argument.
(2) There should be clear views and conclusive arguments.
(3) Don't generalize. When explaining the reasons, the arguments should be full and typical, that is, the reasons should be appropriate and comprehensive. You can quote famous sayings or cite specific examples to prove your point of view or understanding.
(4) Language expression should reflect the characteristics of concise, accurate, rigorous, vivid and distinctive argumentative language.
The key to answering such questions is to connect with your own study and life reality, deeply understand the content of the article, and write out your true feelings. If you need to contact the actual answer, remember not to throw away the original text. Briefly explain the ideas contained in the original content or specific sentences, and then answer them in combination with the actual situation. From the examination requirements, it is best to combine study and life, and answer positively, healthily and upward.