If you write a composition on the topic of talking about manners, you can use this method to design sub-arguments: ① Manner is a virtue, a cultured and perfect temperament and style (what is it); 2 Being gracious can earn respect from others, enhance the love between people, and help you live in harmony (why); (3) To be graceful, we must strengthen the cultivation of moral sentiments, abandon vulgar words and deeds, and consciously cultivate good manners (how). The key to asking Tim is to say hello and answer correctly and vividly.
First, the refining methods of sub-arguments mainly include:
65438 0. Decomposition method
The argument in the argument is the expansion and explanation of the central argument, and it is the concretization of the central argument, just like the total score relationship in the article structure. For example, on the topic of "ideal", the central argument of the article is that "struggle is the ladder of ideal", and the word "struggle" is specifically broken down into sub-arguments:
① Diligence is the ideal ladder; /2 Cherishing time is an ideal ladder; /3 Facing difficulties is an ideal ladder.
Some abstract topics, such as knowledge is power and time is everything, are often demonstrated by this structural layout.
2. Fine processing method
Several sub-arguments reveal and expound the attributes and ideological significance of the central argument, which is the result of the author's thinking and understanding of a certain topic. For example, an award-winning composition in the composition contest for middle school students in six provinces in East China-"Looking at that mountain from this mountain, a new solution", after dialectically eliciting the spirit of study and work, the author uses a set of arguments to illustrate its meaning:
Seeing that one mountain is higher than another is an insatiable spirit; (2) this mountain looks at the height of that mountain, which is a spirit of Excellence;
(3) Looking at that mountain from one mountain is an enterprising spirit; This is a spirit of striving for the upper reaches.
This form can best reflect the depth of the author's thinking. Explanatory articles, such as talking about ideals and self-confidence, are suitable for this structure.
Step 3 classify
In the process of discussion, when using multi-angle analysis to clarify several reasons for juxtaposition, we should extract several arguments in different categories. If you write a composition on the topic of "Poverty is also a fortune", you can design sub-arguments in this way:
(1) Poverty can urge people who are willing to work hard to change their destiny. If they are poor, they will think about change;
Poverty can cultivate people's will and perseverance, which is an important condition for success;
Poverty can increase people's abilities, and many people's abilities are tempered in difficulties.
4. Advantages and disadvantages methods
Argumentative papers often discuss a proposition, and the best way to prove whether it should be done is to talk about the harm of functions. For example, there is a short article "Diligence has three benefits" in Luo Dajing's "He Lin Yu Lu" in the Song Dynasty. In order to illustrate "diligence", the author adopts the following parallel structure:
(1) Hard-working, able to gain something, free from hunger and cold; (creating wealth)
2 work hard, you can work hard, and you can prolong your life; (fitness)
(3) Hard-working, able to make a difference and stay away from lewdness. (cultivate one's morality)
Another example is an excellent composition in the college entrance examination, "Be strict with yourself and be lenient with others". The author also used this structure in his demonstration:
Correct attitude: be lenient with others and be strict with yourself.
(1) is wider than others and will have the wisdom to know people; Be strict with yourself, and you will have self-knowledge.
You can also refine the argument according to the "step by step" thinking mode.
If you write a composition on the topic of "the gain and loss of being a student cadre", you can use this method to design sub-arguments: ① clarify the responsibilities of being a student cadre; (2) Analyze the two contradictions when being a student cadre: A, it can improve the ability in all aspects; B, too much homework will affect learning; ③ Explain the ways to overcome the negative influence of being a student cadre.
5. Causality method
In the process of discussion and reasoning, the idea of using the cause of something to prove its result or using the result as an argument to prove its reason is called "causal analysis". The reason is the reason to prove the argument (sub-argument); Fruit is the central argument of proof. That is to say, according to the questioning idea of "what-why-how", the argument is refined.
Take The Answer is Colorful in 2000 as an example, which can be determined from the following aspects:
① Only by thinking and analyzing comprehensively and dialectically can we get rid of incorrect answers and find correct answers;
(2) Only by analyzing specific problems and striving for perfection can we find the best answer in a certain period and situation;
The pursuit of the best answer is to better innovate and meet the needs of modern society.
Aiming at a phenomenon or problem, analyzing the cause and effect, grasping the essence, revealing the true and reliable causal relationship between things, and using the causal analysis formula when conceiving can often make the argument not stay on the surface, but go deep into the core of the essence.
The statement of sub-arguments had better be aphoristic.
6. Contrast method. That is to compare two different things or different situations of the same thing, so as to refine the argument from both positive and negative aspects. If you write a composition on the topic of "how to evaluate yourself", you can use this method to design sub-arguments: ① If you evaluate yourself correctly and see your strengths and weaknesses, you will make continuous efforts and progress; 2 overestimate yourself, look down on others, be willful and not work hard, and you will stagnate.
7. dialectics. Based on the law of dialectical thinking, it adopts multi-angle and multi-sided methods to refine sub-arguments from point to surface, from subject to time, from outside to inside. If you write a composition on the topic of "learning and asking questions", you can use this method to design sub-arguments: ① learning and knowing, learning widely, and asking questions diligently are interlinked; If you can't ask, you won't learn, and if you can't learn, you won't ask.
For the convenience of introduction, the above methods of refining sub-arguments are described separately. In fact, in practical application, they are often used cross-synthetically. Some are hard to distinguish. As long as we master the principle of focusing on the central argument and refining the sub-argument in the process of using these methods, all problems will be solved. I believe that after the training of the above methods, after a period of thinking and practice, the students' understanding level, ideological quality and analytical ability will be greatly improved, and the phenomenon of "lack of arguments" will also be improved.
Second, the specific case analysis:
(A) How to establish the argument
Example 1. A well-known foreign company wanted to recruit a senior accountant and a female college student to apply, but she refused because she had no work experience, but she insisted on taking the written test and won the first place. So the personnel manager personally re-examined, and the girl admitted that the only work experience was that she had been responsible for the financial affairs of the student union at school. The manager was disappointed: "I'll call you later if I have news." The girl nodded and took out two yuan and handed it to the manager: "Please give me a call whether you are hired or not." "What do you want to know if you are not hired?" "Please tell me where I don't meet your requirements so that I can improve." "The two dollars ..." The girl smiled and said, "It's not the normal expenses of the company to call people who are not hired. I'll pay the phone bill. Please be sure to call. " The manager smiled: "You get two dollars back. I'm telling you now: you're hired. "
Understand the material comprehensively, but you can conceive the composition from one side and one angle. Independently determine the concept, style and title; Don't deviate from the content or meaning of the material, don't copy it, and don't copy it.
Questions and supplements can be used to judge the purpose of the topic, and keywords can be used to make sentences. Demand can be conceived from one angle and one side. As can be seen from the materials, the newly graduated female college student has no work experience, but the interview details reflect that she has the good quality and character that a financial officer should have. We can conceive a composition from the perspective that "good quality and character are sometimes more important than qualifications and experience". In addition, we can also choose one aspect to conceive the composition from the reasons for the successful application of female college students (subject to the results):
She was rejected at the beginning of her application, but she has been striving for it. Finance is a very complicated job, and it is impossible to do it well without enough patience and perseverance. -cut in from the identified characters.
(2) Knowing that foreign companies want to recruit "senior accountants", she can admit that she has no work experience. This honest character is especially important for financial work. -cut from the honest character.
Even if she was not hired, she dared to face up to her shortcomings, take responsibility and ask for criticism from others. -from the courage and responsibility to face the shortcomings.
(4) Girls pay their own phone bills, which is an indispensable virtue in financial work. -from the good character of distinguishing between public and private.
Of course, you can also conceive a composition from the perspective of a personnel manager who is good at being Bole, a personnel manager who is good at knowing everything, and a personnel manager who finds an excellent talent from every detail, and so on.
(B) (How to establish sub-arguments)
Intention: "Release" is a kind of life wisdom.
Argument: Put down some "baggage", go into battle lightly and go forward bravely. /Let go of some "opportunities", give priority to the main tasks and go all out. /Let go of all "honors", life is endless and struggle is endless.
Sublimation of conclusion: "release" is the insistence that "since you choose a distant place, you only care about hardships"; "Release" is the wisdom of facing temptation, persisting in ideals and grasping the priority of the Lord; "Letting go" means letting go of all achievements, setting new goals in the new stage of life, and continuing to struggle ... "Letting go" is really great wisdom in life.
Example 3. Proposition composition: "Face it alone",
1, facing alone
Singing and dancing, the excitement of gathering together is of course beautiful. However, in the face of difficulties, a life of thinking alone is also essential. Although it is important for Qi Xin to work together, it cannot be ignored to face it alone and rely on its own strength.
Facing alone is a gesture of facing difficulties directly. (To quote an old Egyptian proverb; Li Shizhen faced the difficulty of writing Compendium of Materia Medica alone; Jane? Gude faced the gorillas alone and got to know them better. Joan of Arc faced the fierce fire of the brutal British army alone; )
Facing alone is a gesture of thinking about life. (Confucius faced the feelings of the Yellow River alone; Thoreau thought about his lonely life in Walden Lake. Chen Ziang: "Where have those lost times gone before me?" Emotion; Du Fu's thoughts face Mount Tai. Once he climbs to the top of the mountain and peeks, one will see loneliness. )
Facing alone is a mature gesture. (Only China is facing the gradual maturity of the socialist road; Crocodile mother let her baby face the world alone and be self-reliant; "Super Girl, Fast Man" faces it alone and goes to the end step by step; Quote the mature old adage from abroad. )
Face the drizzle of life alone, face the window of life alone, face the dawn of life alone ... let us learn to face life alone, then courage, wisdom and maturity will become your capital.
Example 4: Face alone
Beginning: There are high and low levels in life, there are colors and blacks in life, some we can share with others, and some we have to face alone.
1. Loneliness needs us to face alone. (The Loneliness of Nalan Rong Ruo and Haizi)
2. Challenge, we need to face it alone. (Examples of Martin Luther and Beethoven)
Failure needs us to face it alone. (Gui Youguang's Fall, Edison's Experiment)
Conclusion: Not everything in life can be shared with others, but there are some things that we need to face alone.
Example 5: Face alone
Everyone has family, friends and partners ... but at the critical moment of life, no matter how close they are, sometimes they can't help you. There are always some crises that you need to face alone.
Facing alone brings courage to go forward. (Yuan Chonghuan, Bhutto, Mao Zedong)
Face it alone and cultivate indomitable strength. (Deng Xiaoping, Reagan, Duncan)
Face it alone and achieve self-confidence that never gives up. (Wang, Simpson, Rowling)
God gave you a grade to make you stronger. Facing it alone, without arrogance or rigidity, is a proof of strength, and it will be more brilliant after the storm.
Example 6. Read the following text and write an article of not less than 800 words as required.
There was once an Arctic expedition in the Arctic. Captain Bede assigned a task to the team members, asking everyone to keep a diary every day besides recording the inspection log. Diary mainly describes the scenery in the sun.
Due to the date delay, the expedition team could not return in time, so they had to stay in the dark, cold and lonely night for a while. The players found that darkness and cold were tolerable, but loneliness made everyone crazy. Then Captain Bede announced, "Now I want to check your diaries. Please read them in turn! " "People are very quiet, and only readers tell stories very emotionally in the sun. People seem to see the silver snowfield, the running posture of flocks of penguins, the polar bear climbing from the water to the ice, all the beautiful things in the sun, and their hearts are completely occupied by beautiful dreams and memories.
Exam tip: Some story-telling materials contain some philosophies, and the task of the exam is to find out this philosophy. If there are key sentences that embody philosophy, you can extract them directly. If not, it is necessary to summarize according to the materials.
Lonely? hope
Captain Bede is undoubtedly a wise man. He kept the players from despair in the face of darkness, cold and loneliness. Yes, it is the wonderful description in the diary, which keeps every player hopeful and makes the player have a yearning, strong and optimistic heart in loneliness.
1. Seeing hope in loneliness makes us still have a longing heart in difficulties.
2. Seeing hope in loneliness makes us still have a strong will in difficulties. (Poetry adds color: Sima Qian, when studying heaven and man, changed from ancient times to today; Thousands of blows are still strong, and the wind is east, west, north and south; One day I will ride the wind and waves, only hanging Yun Fan to help the sea)
Seeing hope in loneliness keeps us optimistic in the face of difficulties. (Point-by-point comparison: touching China character Huang Ge; Helen Keller; Hawking)
End: Strong on the left, optimistic on the right, walking on the road of hope, sowing and harvesting at the same time, decorating this long journey with flowers, so that pedestrians covered with branches and leaves can still look forward to a bright future while stepping on thorns.