(abstract)
First of all, it is human discovery. In the Middle Ages, the ideal man should be inferior, passive and inactive, and his significance in the world is not commendable. Renaissance discovered man and his greatness, affirmed his value and creativity, and put forward that man should be liberated and his personality should be free. (1) attaches great importance to people's value, requires giving full play to people's intelligence and creative potential, opposes a passive attitude towards life, and advocates a positive and adventurous spirit. (2) Pay attention to the worldly life and despise the illusory myth about the afterlife or heaven, so as to pursue material happiness and sensory satisfaction and oppose religious asceticism. In literature and art, people's feelings are required to be expressed and hypocrisy is opposed. Such as: Petrarch's Song Collection, Boccaccio's decameron. (3) Attach importance to scientific experiments and oppose apriorism; Emphasize the use of human reason and oppose blind obedience; Require the development of personality and oppose the imprisonment of human nature; In terms of moral concept, it requires indulgence and opposes self-restraint; Advocate "civic morality" and think that success and wealth are moral behaviors. (4) Advocating an optimistic attitude towards life. These irresistible thirst for knowledge, the spirit of getting to the bottom of the matter, and the optimistic enterprising spirit of striving to create secular happiness liberated people from the shackles of Christian theology in the Middle Ages. It was in this spirit that the bourgeoisie created the modern capitalist world.
Secondly, the Renaissance broke the situation that religious mysticism dominated the whole country, effectively promoted and influenced the religious reform movement, and provided an important boost for this movement. Renaissance advocated attaching importance to secular life and opposing authority, which aroused contemporary people's doubts and antipathy to the Catholic Church and theology. Renaissance humanists satirized and exposed the corruption and ugliness of the Catholic church through literature, art and other forms.
Thirdly, the Renaissance broke the unification of scholasticism with theology as the core, cleared the way for ideological liberation and progress in the future, and made various secular philosophies rise. Among them is British empirical materialism (Bacon). It also promoted the development of political theory, Machiavelli laid the foundation for the later Enlightenment, and a large number of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke developed theories such as "natural rights", "social contract", "people's sovereignty" and "separation of powers".
Fourth, the feudal privilege was denied. In the Middle Ages, feudal privileges were granted and the concept of family status was deeply rooted. Renaissance made these things lose the weight of the measure of people in the past. People's nobility has been given a new connotation. Petrarch said: "True nobility is not innate, but self-made." In the social life of Italy at that time, talent, means and money replaced birth, and everyone from any birth climbed the high-level ladder of society.
Fifth, get rid of superstition and emancipate the mind. The Renaissance restored rationality, dignity and the value of thinking. Although the Renaissance achieved little in philosophy, it destroyed the rigid scholasticism system, advocated scientific methods and experiments, and put forward that "knowledge is power", which created a new atmosphere for exploring people and the real world. People firmly believe in their eyes and brains, and believe that experiments and experience are reliable sources of knowledge. This realistic attitude, way of thinking and scientific method laid a solid foundation for the great development of natural science from 17 to 19 century.
Sixth, during the Renaissance, a large number of charming and exquisite works of art and literary masterpieces were created, which became priceless treasures in the treasure house of human art. The medieval biblical legends flooded the art world, suffocating the life of art. The Renaissance not only turned the Virgin Mary into a human woman (Raphael), but also turned the image into a tribute to the human body, and began a direct description of daily life and real people. Anatomy, perspective and other sciences are also combined with art for the first time. Modern realistic art in western Europe began at that time.
This extensive and lasting ideological and cultural movement broke through the shackles of feudal autocracy and religious theology in the ideological field, liberated people's minds and created the necessary ideological and cultural premise for the development of capitalism.
(refinement)
As an outstanding representative of the Renaissance, Da Vinci (1452- 15 19) made many achievements and contributions. Leonardo da Vinci was born in the small town of Vinci near Florence. He is a genius. On the one hand, he is keen on artistic creation and theoretical research. He studies how to use lines and three-dimensional modeling to express various problems of the body. On the other hand, he also studies natural science. Leonardo da Vinci was the greatest and most famous master of the Italian Renaissance. He is not only a talented painter, but also a great mathematician, scientist, mechanic and engineer. He is a versatile and all-round man. He is versatile and has made many contributions to mankind. He can not only paint, carve and build houses, but also invent weapons and design the world's first plane. He is also a doctor, musician and dramatist, and has made great achievements in the research of physics, geography and botany. He has noble morality, Wen Ya demeanor, strong physique and extraordinary strength. It is said that he can easily break a horseshoe with one hand. He can write and draw with both hands. His handwriting with his left hand is the other way around, so people can only read it in the mirror.
"This is the most beautiful right hand in the history of world art; This pair of faces, once seen, will never be separated from our memory. " (Mona Lisa) "This is the best painting of mankind. The great success of this painting makes no one dare to set foot in this subject again." (The Last Supper) This is a self-portrait of the painter at the age of 62. A few strokes left a model in the history of sketch art for future generations. "(Leonardo da Vinci's self-portrait)
In the eyes of his contemporaries, Leonardo da Vinci was like a legendary magician with a reputation of omnipotent genius. In the eyes of modern people, it is remarkable that he established himself as the greatest painter with only twelve complete works.
It is generally believed that art is not science. But according to Da Vinci's definition, art, especially painting, is not only a science, but even "after all, it is a science".
Leonardo da Vinci not only found the fascinating beauty on the surface of things, but also lost the perspective of physicists and anatomists. He has both the observation of scientists and the expressive power of artists, and is the first artist in the history of art to systematically study the ratio of human body to animals. He studied anatomy for 40 years and personally dissected more than 30 bodies of all ages. He is not only familiar with the proportion outside the human body, but also understands the structure inside the human body, so the proportion, structure and dynamics of the characters in his works are very accurate and impeccable. This famous sketch of human anatomy contains a perfect figure of a circle and a square, which is considered as the most successful idea.
Leonardo da vinci was fascinated by geometric proportions and composition. In addition to the eternal mysterious smile, Mona Lisa also creatively solved the composition problem of the bust. For more than three centuries, all outstanding busts in the west have been influenced by this painting. He also enriched and developed the pyramid-shaped composition of predecessors. In The Virgin of the Rock, the isosceles triangle formed by the group images with the head of the Virgin as the vertex is as stable and harmonious as a pyramid. The Last Supper, like other works, designs pictures based on geometric figures, which embodies the symmetrical beauty of mathematics. Some people commented that this painting is a marriage of science and art, and philosophy left a kiss on this perfect combination.
Leonardo da vinci's greatest artistic contribution is to use light and shade to make the plane picture show a sense of space and three-dimensionality. In the early Renaissance, painters generally used lines to express perspective, single-line flat painting and monotonous colors. Leonardo da vinci studied light and shadow, initiated the gradual change method of light and shade, and used the technique of light and shadow to depict people and scenery, so that it presented a realistic three-dimensional sense. Until the emergence of Impressionism for hundreds of years, no one could surpass the stereoscopic painting system established by Leonardo da Vinci. The method of light and shade initiated by him changed the painting in this period, which is generally regarded by art historians as a turning point in painting art, and his artistic achievements directly influenced later artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. Starting from The Last Supper, western painting really entered the heyday of the Renaissance.
Portrait painted by Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da vinci further summarized and sorted out fragmentary technical knowledge such as anatomy, perspective, shading and composition, and examined it from a scientific perspective. In his manuscript about painting, he initially wanted to record an objective description of the physical world, but soon turned to perspective, proportion, geometry and optics, followed by anatomy and mechanics, and finally explored the mechanical function of the universe itself. On Painting was compiled by later generations from 18 notes of Leonardo da Vinci. Some people call it the most precious document in the whole art history.
Although sometimes his interest in science is so strong that he doesn't want to start painting, painting is his initial career after all. Just like learning other knowledge, Leonardo da Vinci tried to regard painting as a kind of science and spent his whole life in unremitting exploration. In the eyes of his contemporaries, Leonardo da Vinci was like a legendary magician with a reputation of omnipotent genius. In the eyes of modern people, it is remarkable that he established himself as the greatest painter with only twelve complete works.
It is generally believed that art is not science. But according to Da Vinci's definition, art, especially painting, is not only a science, but even "after all, it is a science".
Leonardo da Vinci not only found the fascinating beauty on the surface of things, but also lost the perspective of physicists and anatomists. He has both the observation of scientists and the expressive power of artists, and is the first artist in the history of art to systematically study the ratio of human body to animals. He studied anatomy for 40 years and personally dissected more than 30 bodies of all ages. He is not only familiar with the proportion outside the human body, but also understands the structure inside the human body, so the proportion, structure and dynamics of the characters in his works are very accurate and impeccable. This famous sketch of human anatomy contains a perfect figure of a circle and a square, which is considered as the most successful idea.
Leonardo da vinci was fascinated by geometric proportions and composition. In addition to the eternal mysterious smile, Mona Lisa also creatively solved the composition problem of the bust. For more than three centuries, all outstanding busts in the west have been influenced by this painting. He also enriched and developed the pyramid-shaped composition of predecessors. In The Virgin of the Rock, the isosceles triangle formed by the group images with the head of the Virgin as the vertex is as stable and harmonious as a pyramid. The Last Supper, like other works, designs pictures based on geometric figures, which embodies the symmetrical beauty of mathematics. Some people commented that this painting is a marriage of science and art, and philosophy left a kiss on this perfect combination.
Leonardo da vinci's greatest artistic contribution is to use light and shade to make the plane picture show a sense of space and three-dimensionality. In the early Renaissance, painters generally used lines to express perspective, single-line flat painting and monotonous colors. Leonardo da vinci studied light and shadow, initiated the gradual change method of light and shade, and used light and shadow to depict people and landscapes, making them present a realistic three-dimensional sense. Until the emergence of Impressionism for hundreds of years, no one could surpass the stereoscopic painting system established by Leonardo da Vinci. The method of light and shade initiated by him changed the painting in this period, which is generally regarded by art historians as a turning point in painting art, and his artistic achievements directly influenced later artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. Starting from The Last Supper, western painting really entered the heyday of the Renaissance.
Leonardo da vinci further summarized and sorted out fragmentary technical knowledge such as anatomy, perspective, shading and composition, and examined it from a scientific perspective. In his manuscript about painting, he initially wanted to record an objective description of the physical world, but soon turned to perspective, proportion, geometry and optics, followed by anatomy and mechanics, and finally explored the mechanical function of the universe itself. On Painting was compiled by later generations from 18 notes of Leonardo da Vinci. Some people call it the most precious document in the whole art history.
Although sometimes his interest in science is so strong that he doesn't want to start painting, painting is his initial career after all. Just like learning other knowledge, Leonardo da Vinci tried to regard painting as a kind of science and spent his whole life in unremitting exploration.
Second, "I would rather fail in the exploration"
Rock Madonna
He once painted a giant mural comparable to The Last Supper, but it was destroyed at the last minute because of a low-level mistake.
He looked forward to flapping his wings like a bird, but his dream of flying was dashed in an instant. He wanted to carve the world's largest bronze horse statue with flying forepaws, but two years later he had to change it to a walking posture because of the difficulty in casting.
Leonardo da vinci, who was called "the giant among giants" by Engels during the Renaissance, made remarkable achievements in many fields of human knowledge. At the same time, with him, there are little-known bitterness, suffering and failure. However, he would rather fail in the exploration than live a happy life without any intention. He has been practicing this philosophy of life all his life.
When painting the giant mural Battle of Angalli, which can be compared with The Last Supper, he personally developed a new pigment and coated it with oil. Murals have stood on the wall with great momentum and vividness, but the paint on the wall has not dried thoroughly. He couldn't wait to test the outer coating he made, so he asked his assistant to move two large braziers and bake them under the murals, and the oil was baked. He ruined eight months' hard work with two braziers.
Shortly after the mural turned into a colorful stream, he started the test flight with indifference. 5 1 year-old Leonardo da Vinci moved his homemade giant bird to the top of the mountain like a fanatical teenager. The little apprentice grabbed the wooden frame of the giant bird and flew down the mountain. It didn't take long to fall. This kind of aircraft is driven by the muscles of arms and legs, but it ignores the weight problem that the human body can't overcome: the muscles used by birds to fly account for half of the whole body weight, while humans only have one fifth. But if the failure of his flight exploration is too demanding, it is tantamount to blaming Franklin, who used kites to attract lightning, for not inventing the electric light. At that time, church thought dominated all the ideas in the world. For example, almost everyone believes that the earth is flat, and the ocean near the equator must be as hot as boiling water.
He was appointed as a court architect and carved the world's largest bronze statue of a knight, in which the horse's front hoof was thought to jump in the air. He used wax models to test countless times, and stumps with a thickness of more than ten centimeters piled up on the shed floor. The most difficult thing is that 10 ton metal solution must be injected into the mold quickly, and the problem of uneven cooling should be considered. The technical conditions at that time obviously could not support this idea. When the two-year deadline came, he couldn't get the horse to stand up, so he had to walk. After his death 100, the Spanish continued to try this technique, and then built a monument for the knight on horseback.
The inspiration of whimsy can make him catch what others can't, but he often gives up halfway. Perhaps he had to stop his work from time to time in pursuit of the idea of flying forever. At that time, the wool textile industry in Italy was very developed, and knitting needles were the most easily worn in the textile workshop. He drew various machines for grinding needles in his notebook. After repeated comparisons, he finally chose the most ideal one. But he immediately had the idea of a loom, and then he was immersed in the invention and design of looms and ball bearing machines. Unfortunately, these design drawings were just lying on the draft paper, and eventually they did not become machines. He turned to other research.
Most of leonardo da vinci's works and manuscripts were not published until many years after his death. Dampier, a historian of science, commented: "If he publishes his works, science will jump to the situation a hundred years later."
Da Vinci, an outstanding genius, left a wealth full of wisdom to future generations. His predictive ability and insatiable spirit of exploration are still amazing after centuries.
Third, "what hinders me is the lack of time"
Portrait painted by Leonardo da Vinci
He has endless dreams like a god, but only mortal life and strength; He conceived thousands of plans, but only completed a few; His greatest ambition is to discover everything, study everything and create everything, but only the art of lines and colors brings him eternal praise.
Leonardo da vinci's life is an endless road, which is full of chapters and pages of unfinished works. He said: "I have never been hindered by greed or laziness. What hinders me is the lack of time. " He wants to be an engineer, strategist, musician, mathematician, philosopher and architect, but the world thinks he is just a painter who paints an eternal smile.
Leonardo da Vinci worked for the Duke of Milan for seventeen years, as a military engineer, architect, painter, sculptor and musician. He was the most popular court emcee at that time, responsible for organizing court festivals and celebrations, and independently played a variety of roles equivalent to the general director, host, screenwriter, composer, costume designer, choreographer and so on of CCTV Spring Festival Evening.
From the 12 paintings and more than 7,000 pages of manuscripts and design drawings left to future generations, it can be seen that Leonardo da Vinci was much more interested in science than painting. His achievements in scientific research are no less than his artistic achievements.
In astronomy, he observed celestial bodies and came to the conclusion that "the sun does not move". Before Copernicus, he denied the geocentric theory and fantasized about how to use solar energy. He thinks that the moon itself does not shine, but only reflects the brightness of the sun.
In physics, he discovered the liquid pressure, put forward the concept of connecting device, developed the lever principle, and deduced the relationship between the acting force and the arm length. His description of the inertia of objects was later confirmed by Galileo's experiments. He also denied the possibility of creating perpetual motion machines.
Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by anatomy and physiology. At first, he studied anatomy to make artistic modeling more accurate, but later it developed into an independent scientific research field. His greatest contribution to anatomy is to create a set of charts, which are still widely used today. He was the first person to show the internal structure of the human brain with wax, and the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes with glass and ceramics. He even drew a picture of the baby developing inside the mother. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart and blood circulation system, found that the heart has four chambers, and drew the heart valve, which is the first anatomical map of arteriosclerosis in history.
Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involve military and mechanical fields. He designed aircraft, helicopters, parachutes, machine guns, tanks, submarines, double-hull warships, cranes, spinning wheels, machine tools, punching machines, bicycles and so on. He also made great contributions in the fields of mathematics and hydraulic engineering.
Leonardo da Vinci was also an outstanding thinker. He firmly believes in science and often shows suspicion and boredom with religion. He once wrote: There is only one truth, and it is not in religion, but in science. He proposed to take nature as a teacher and encourage people to learn from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice and its acquisition depends on direct observation and experience. His experimental working method was developed by Galileo in practice, and then summarized by British philosopher Bacon in theory, which became the most basic research method of modern natural science. It paved the way for the inventions of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and others.
Art historians have commented that there is only one Leonardo da Vinci ahead of the times. He is an all-encompassing and exquisite genius and an insatiable lonely explorer. The tentacles of his thinking are far beyond his time, and some of them can actually meet our time.
Later generations' practice of Da Vinci's research thought
It is said that it is a practice of Leonardo da Vinci's "research ideas" because in his time, Leonardo da Vinci's research can only stay in the "ideas" stage and there is no way to advance to the "results" stage. But some of his ideas have been successfully realized by modern people.
First, Leonardo da Vinci "designed" a parachute, and one person successfully copied it.
South African newspapers reported on 28th that a British man used a parachute made according to the design sketch of Leonardo da Vinci in the 5th century to descend 2120m in the air, which proved that this pyramid-shaped landing device worked well. The parachute descended slowly in the air until it reached an altitude of 900 meters. He cut off the connection with the parachute and completed the landing action with a modern parachute. He said that although the landing device designed by the inventor in the15th century could be used for safe landing, he could not operate it to accurately select the landing site.
The parachute sketch designed by Leonardo da Vinci in 1485 has never been made in kind before, because experts doubt its feasibility. The parachute consists of tarpaulins, ropes and six wooden sticks 1 m long, weighing 180 kg.
Secondly, Norway built a bridge designed by Leonardo da Vinci.
101October 3 1 day, the Queen of Norway and more than 500 guests from all walks of life cut the ribbon for a unique bridge in the cold wind and drizzle in northern Europe. Helicopters hover over people's heads, cranes slowly lift 48,000 square feet of white cloth, and a wooden bridge with a length of 100 meters and a height of 8 meters is displayed in front of everyone. Three light-colored wooden arches, like three hard bows pulled back by the shooter, firmly support the bridge. Incredibly, the designer of this bridge was Leonardo da Vinci 500 years ago. For this reason, the bridge was named "Mona Lisa".
1502, Leonardo da Vinci drew a wonderful sketch of arch bridge design for Istanbul, Turkey, which spans two continents. The bridge is 346 meters long and spans the Bosphorus. If it can be built, it will be the longest bridge in the world at that time. But the Sultan of Turkey refused to build the bridge. He thought it was too difficult and expensive. Therefore, the bridge stayed on the drawing for 500 years.
1995, Norwegian artist Vebjoern Sander came across this design sketch. He recalled: "The first time I saw her, I was conquered by her exquisite appearance. She is the perfect combination of function and aesthetics. " Through various efforts, Sander finally persuaded the Norwegian Highway Administration that the principle of Leonardo da Vinci's design of the bridge was completely established and the bridge could be built. After investigation, the location of the bridge is determined to be Australia, more than 30 kilometers south of Oslo, Norway, just adjacent to the European highway 18 from Stockholm to Oslo.
At present, the cost of the completed footbridge is $65,438+0,360,000. Except for the stainless steel handrails, it is completely made of wood. In fact, Leonardo da Vinci's design was made of stone, but the Norwegians thought that stone was too expensive, so they changed the material for building the bridge to wood.
It is reported that this is the first time that leonardo da vinci's architectural design has been put into practice, and this design is a classic example of aesthetics and design. Thornton proudly said, "Five centuries ago, people thought it was impossible to build this bridge, but we built it. We have successfully proved that the principle of Da Vinci's design of this bridge is feasible. " Sander said that he still has a dream, "We want to promote this kind of bridge all over the world so that every continent can build the Mona Lisa Bridge".
In fact, Leonardo da Vinci's ideas have been realized by modern people far more than the above two, and there are many more, such as the aforementioned planes, helicopters, submarines, spinning wheels, bicycles and so on. Taken together, these thoughts fully show that Leonardo da Vinci's thoughts have transcended his times, as if the limitations of the times did not affect his thoughts. I think this is the most unforgettable place for Leonardo da Vinci.
This painting is a classic.
Leonardo da Vinci thought that art was not only a craft, but also his craft was unparalleled at that time.
This is a science! Western Renaissance painters who originated from ancient Greek civilization are all knowledgeable and versatile.
Leonardo da Vinci also invented a series of military gadgets.
It still looks very interesting now, and there are flying saucers.
As he himself said, painting is only a small part of his talent.
Amy is also a poet, architect, sculptor and painter.
He personally dissected several bodies and four bodies, of course, at that time, when Christianity was very strong.
It's dangerous, and it's not allowed to dissect an animal.
And list the relationships!
Da is a nobleman with a certain economic foundation.
This provided a necessary prerequisite for his artistic research at that time.
You don't have to estimate your livelihood. Like Beethoven and Van Gogh, he never married. These conditions are certain prerequisites.
And there is a very quiet way to think about problems one by one (see part of the painting theory has been lost)
I care about my painting (I can't hear him say that painting is just part of my talent). Mona Lisa painted it.
Four years!
Very exploratory, try to paint with different materials!