Cultural Techniques of Edible Fungi 1: Cultural Techniques of Edible Fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) in Greenhouse
The growth and development of edible fungi are influenced by their growth habits and environment, thus affecting the yield and quality of edible fungi. With the rapid development of the national economy, people's material life is extremely rich, which leads to a substantial increase in people's consumption demand, and thus the demand for food has changed from the original pursuit of full to eating well, and most of them pay attention to nutritional balance. Edible fungi are becoming more and more popular because of their delicious taste and high nutritional value. In order to obtain more economic benefits and meet people's growing diversified needs, edible fungi production enterprises began to cultivate edible fungi in greenhouses. Taking Pleurotus ostreatus as the representative, starting from the basic situation of Pleurotus ostreatus and the climatic and geographical conditions of Wang Zhen, Dalate Banner, Ordos City, this paper comprehensively discussed the technical requirements and benefits of greenhouse cultivation of edible fungi.
1 Basic situation of Pleurotus ostreatus
1. 1 Pleurotus ostreatus can be divided into three types: Agaricus blazei, Tricholoma, and Pleurotus ostreatus.
Besides Pleurotus ostreatus, many varieties of 1.2 can be planted, such as Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus.
1.3 Nutritional Pleurotus ostreatus is nutritious and delicious. The research shows that Pleurotus ostreatus contains many trace elements and rich vitamins, which can supplement rich nutrition for people after eating, and has high nutritional value and edible value.
1.4 Pleurotus ostreatus with high medicinal value has high medicinal value, for example, Pleurotus ostreatus can inhibit the generation and development of cancer cells in human body; Reduce the concentration of blood lipids, cholesterol and other substances in the blood; Promote human gastrointestinal peristalsis, thus helping digestion; It can improve human physiological function and promote metabolism.
2 Overview of Wang Zhen, Dalat Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia
2. 1 Location Wang Dalate Banner Town, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia is located in the northern part of Ordos Plateau and the south bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Golden triangle? The center of an economic center; Moreover, the types of terrain areas crossed by the local area are complex, which leads to large relative height difference, which in turn leads to large temperature difference. In addition, Wangzhaoai Town, Dalate Banner, Erdos, Inner Mongolia, has a developed economy, which can well meet the temperature, moisture, transportation, economy and other factors needed for the cultivation of edible fungi in greenhouse, which is very conducive to the sales and circulation of edible fungi.
2.2 Climatic Conditions Wang Dalate Banner Town, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia is a typical temperate continental climate, with the climatic characteristics of hot Leng Xia in winter, large temperature difference between day and night, dry and little rain all year round, precipitation mainly concentrated in summer, long sunshine time and so on. Especially in winter, the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is more conducive to the division and differentiation of fruiting bodies and promotes the growth and development of edible fungi.
2.3 Population Factors Wang Dalate Banner Town, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia is rich in soil resources and convenient for irrigation. It is a famous grain producing area and agricultural development zone in China. But also the center of economic development, with a large population. With a large population, there is a great demand for edible fungi.
3 Selection criteria for greenhouse cultivation of edible fungi
3. 1 location requires that in winter, greenhouse cultivation is the most effective cultivation method, and the greenhouse should be located in a relatively cold place. Pipeline, central heating or artificial heating can be used in cold areas, and the most suitable heating method should be adopted. Alternate cold and warm, promote the growth and development of fruiting bodies, and realize low-cost and high-efficiency cultivation. Moreover, the edible fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in winter have few pests and diseases, high yield, good quality and high nutritional value.
3.2 Raw material requirements Raw material cultivation is the first choice for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus in greenhouse. The Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated by treating nutrients in a proper proportion and under appropriate conditions. Let Pleurotus ostreatus grow rapidly at high temperature.
3.3 Management Measures Mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus should adopt the method of locating mushrooms, and holes should be reserved in advance when bagging to provide oxygen for the growth of edible fungi. In addition, the mushroom positioning method can reduce the evaporation of water and the quality damage of Pleurotus ostreatus, and the application of this method effectively improves the quality of edible fungi.
Technical requirements for greenhouse cultivation of edible fungi
4. 1 Nutritional requirements The nutrients that need to be absorbed by the growth and development of edible fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus include: organic acids, enzymes, inorganic salts, nitrogen, carbon and other trace elements (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, etc. ).
4.2 Temperature Requirements The growth and development of edible fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus need to be within a suitable temperature range. In Wang Zhen, Dalate Banner, Erdos, Inner Mongolia, a large temperature difference between day and night can promote the rapid differentiation of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body, but it should be noted that the temperature should be kept within the tolerance threshold of Pleurotus ostreatus.
4.3 Moisture Moisture requires that water is the source of life, and so are mushrooms. The growth of Pleurotus ostreatus needs high moisture and humidity, and the moisture and humidity in the greenhouse should be controlled within a suitable range during cultivation. Wang Zhen in Dalat Banner is located in the south of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It is rich in water resources and easy to irrigate, which is extremely beneficial to the cultivation and growth of Pleurotus ostreatus.
4.4 The air requires Pleurotus ostreatus to be aerobic. To ensure the oxygen content in the air, the oxygen concentration should be high. You should choose a place with good ventilation conditions, which is conducive to air circulation and regular ventilation. If the carbon dioxide content in the air is too high, it will inhibit the respiratory activity of the fruiting body, thus affecting its growth and development.
4.5 The illumination requires moderate illumination, which is extremely important for the growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus. Strong light will affect the growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus, so the light should be adjusted to a darker state in the greenhouse. Because strong light will stimulate the division and growth of fruiting bodies.
4.6 Management requirements should be devoted to the pursuit of standardization and refined management. In the growth and development stage of edible fungi, it is necessary to monitor and record the humidity, moisture, light intensity and other indicators, and strictly control them in the best range of edible fungi growth to ensure the healthy growth of edible fungi.
4.7 Sowing requires laying the proportioned culture materials according to strict standards, reasonably planning the width interval between them, and finally covering the planting with plastic wrap.
4.8 Picking requires that the picking of edible fungi after maturity is also a technical activity, which should be carried out in strict accordance with the picking standards. Whether edible fungi are mature or not should be judged correctly. When the color of the mushroom cap changes from dark to light, and the spores are not yet radiated, it is mature, and this is the best time to pick them.
Five Benefits of Mushroom Cultivation in Greenhouse
Edible fungi have high nutritional value and medicinal value, which will bring great benefits to people's health after eating. Cultivation of edible fungi in greenhouse can meet the requirements of high yield and high quality. By adjusting the light, temperature, humidity, moisture and other conditions in the greenhouse, the optimal growth range of edible fungi can be achieved, thus promoting the growth and development of edible fungi. This is a way to promote the growth of edible fungi by artificially adjusting the factors that affect the growth of edible fungi. This method not only improves the yield and quality of edible fungi, but also increases people's income, improves people's living standards and promotes the development of national economy. In addition, the way of cultivating edible fungi in greenhouse also breaks the restriction of seasons and people's demand for fresh vegetables, so that people can eat fresh and delicious edible fungi all year round and avoid the influence of natural factors.
6 conclusion
The greenhouse cultivation technology of edible fungi has effectively improved the restriction of natural factors on the cultivation of edible fungi, and transformed the environment for the growth and development of edible fungi by using the greenhouse, which not only met people's eating requirements, but also allowed people to eat high-quality and nutritious edible fungi. It also meets the market demand, makes large-scale production possible, increases people's income and drives the rapid development of local economy. It can be seen that the cultivation technology of edible fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) in greenhouse is worth learning and popularizing.
Cultivation techniques of edible fungi Part II: Cultivation techniques of interplanting edible fungi in orchard
The cultivation techniques of interplanting edible fungi in orchards, including Auricularia auricula, Tricholoma lobata and Pleurotus ostreatus, were summarized for reference.
Intercropping orchard; Auricularia auricula; Golden mushroom; Agaricus blazei murill; cultivation techniques
Orchard has high air humidity, low light intensity and rich oxygen, which is in line with the growth of edible fungi. A large amount of carbon dioxide released by the growth of edible fungi can strengthen the photosynthesis of fruit trees and promote their growth. Edible fungus residue can be applied as organic fertilizer to orchard, which can effectively improve the soil structure of orchard, and excess water can be reused in the process of edible fungus management in dry season. Cultivation of edible fungi in greenhouses can inhibit the growth of weeds in orchards, reduce soil erosion, improve land utilization, and promote production development and increase production. In recent years, Guigang Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been engaged in the research on the cultivation technology of interplanting edible fungi in orchards, and explored an innovative agricultural planting mode combining fruits and fungi, which realized the growth of fruits on trees and mushrooms under trees and achieved good economic and social benefits. The specific cultivation techniques are summarized as follows.
1 Selection of Edible Fungi Cultivation Base and Construction of Greenhouse
Choose an orchard with older trees and better shade to build a shed. Generally 1 arched shed is 30 ~ 40 m long, 4.2~4.5 m wide and 2.0~2.2 m high, and it is arched with iron pipes. The periphery (except the door) above the ground 1 m height is surrounded by a 60-mesh insect-proof net, and the roof is covered with a film.
2 Auricularia cultivation techniques
Auricularia auricula is a saprophytic edible fungus. The main nutrients needed for its growth and development are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, as well as protein, vitamins and inorganic salts. The optimum temperature of mycelium is 20 ~ 28℃, and the optimum temperature of fruiting body growth is 15 ~ 25℃. According to the climate characteristics in Guigang, the fruit season is arranged in April-May, and bagging is 50-60 days ahead of schedule.
2. 1 preparation of culture medium
The formula of the medium used is corncob 20%, mulberry branch 30%, cottonseed hull 4 1.8%, wheat husk 5%, lime 2%, gypsum 1% and mildew inhibitor 0.2%.
2.2 raw material processing
According to the formula, the crushed corncob and mulberry branches are soaked and then spread on the soaked cottonseed hull, and placed for 65438±0d days to let the excess water flow away, and then the required lime and gypsum are sprinkled, and fully stirred by a blender and piled up.
2.3 bagging, sterilization and inoculation
Materials can be bagged after being stacked for 3-4 days. Firstly, adjust the humidity to make the dry material on the surface of the material pile wet, so that the water content of the material reaches the material-water ratio1.00: (1.10 ~1.25), add the mildew inhibitor and wheat bran required by the formula, stir evenly with a blender, and then bag, and bag with polyethylene plastic bags. General 1 wet material weight of bag 1.9 ~ 2.0 kg. After the bags are packed, tie them tightly with a rope and put them in an iron frame, with 9 bags in each frame. Immediately after bagging, it is put into a furnace for sterilization. Sterilization is carried out at normal pressure, and the pressure is kept for 9 h when the temperature reaches 100℃. After sterilization, when the furnace temperature drops to 60 ~ 70℃, bend the furnace, and move the bacterial bag into the culture rack of the inoculated culture room after cleaning and disinfection. When the temperature of the bag drops below 30℃, the bag is inoculated with 8 ~ 10 g seeds, and the culture room is cleaned after inoculation [3-4].
2.4 outbreak management
The humidity of the culture room is only 50% ~ 70%, and the temperature is low in spring. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, attention should be paid to heating, so that the temperature of the culture room is 20 ~ 25℃, and when the temperature is higher than 30℃, attention should be paid to ventilation to facilitate the growth of mycelium.
2.5 mushroom management
45 ~ 60 d after inoculation, the mycelium of the fungus bag eats through the material, and when some fungus bags have ear buds, they can be moved into the mushroom shed to produce mushrooms. Before the mushroom bags are put into the shed, the weeds around the mushroom shed should be removed, the leaves should be cleaned and burned, and the mushroom shed and its surroundings should be killed 1 time. After some lime powder is sprinkled in the shed, the mushroom bags can be moved into the mushroom shed for packaging. When putting bags, 1 has a 1 vertical sidewalk in the shed for spraying water and picking mushrooms. The bags are tied tightly with ropes and placed in rows, and the row spacing is generally 20 ~ 24 cm. After the bags are arranged, use a knife with a length of 10 cm and a depth of 1.0 ~ 65438 to cut 3 ~ 4 bags on each bag. After putting the bag away, sprinkle water on the ground to increase the air humidity. After 5 ~ 7 days of bag cutting, auricularia auricula buds gradually appeared. In the meantime, attention should be paid to strengthening water management. With the increase of auricularia auricula, the amount of water spraying and ventilation should be gradually increased. The amount of water sprayed should be changed according to the weather, with more spraying on sunny days and less spraying on rainy days. Conducive to the normal growth of auricularia auricula.
2.6 Harvest and Tidal Management
When the ear is fully spread and the edge is wrinkled, it can be harvested. The principle of harvesting is to pick the big ones and leave the small ones without hurting the small ears. Generally, all the auricularia auricula in one tide are harvested for 2 ~ 3 times. After one tide, take out the residual ear roots in the fungus bag, clean the ear bed, kill insects and mites 1 time, and stop water for 2 ~ 3 days to facilitate the recovery of hyphae. After 4 ~ 5 days, Auricularia auricula germinated in the second spring tide, and was managed according to 1 spring tide. Generally, auricularia auricula is harvested for 3 ~ 4 times, and the biotransformation rate can reach 88% ~ 94%.
3 cultivation techniques of Tricholoma lobata
Jin Fu mushrooms are big, thick and tender, rich in nutrition, slightly sweet and fresh in taste, resistant to storage and suitable for fresh eating. The mycelium growth temperature is 15 ~ 38℃, the optimum temperature is 27 ~ 30℃, the fruiting body formation temperature is 18 ~ 30℃, and the optimum temperature is 20 ~ 28℃. Jinfu mushroom is sensitive to low temperature, and it is not conducive to fruiting when the temperature difference between day and night is large. Generally, the materials are wetted, bagged and inoculated in early April, and covered with soil in early July. After covering with soil, mushrooms germinate in 10 ~ 15 days.
3. 1 preparation of culture medium
The formula of the medium used is corn cob 36.8%, cottonseed hull 55%, wheat bran 5%, lime 2%, 1% gypsum and mildew inhibitor 0.2%.
3.2 Raw material treatment
The method is the same as the raw material treatment of auricularia auricula.
3.3 Bagging, sterilization and inoculation
Except that the sterilization time is 6 h, the other methods are the same as that of bagging auricularia auricula.
3.4 Hair fungus management
In the process of bacterial growth, pay attention to ventilation when the temperature is high, and remove the bacterial bag infected by miscellaneous bacteria in time.
3.5 Mushroom management
After 60 ~ 65 d of mycelium culture, the mycelium can take off the bag and cover the soil after eating through the material. The best soil for covering soil is pond soil, which has good air permeability and is rich in organic matter. Before covering the soil, the pond mud should be humidified and disinfected. Before covering the soil, the soil particles should be crushed into particles with the size of 0.5~3.0 cm, adjusted to the water content of 20% ~ 30%, sprayed with 5% formalin solution, stacked, sealed with film for 24 h, and then uncovered to volatilize formalin smell, and the soil can be covered after 2 d. Before covering the soil, all the films of the fungus bags should be taken off and spread on the side, leaving/between the fungus sticks. After covering the soil, a large amount of water can be sprayed to make the soil water content saturated. After 6 ~ 8 d, the white hyphae climbed out of the ground, and after 12 ~ 14 d, the hyphae twisted to keep the water content in the space at 80% ~ 90%, so as to strengthen ventilation and promote the formation of primordia. Mushroom buds formed in 15 ~ 17d. Mushroom buds grow in microclimate and generally do not spray water. When drying, spray water in the space to make the relative humidity of the air reach 80% ~ 90%. When the mushrooms grow to a height of 3 cm, spray water 1 ~ 2 times a day. When spraying water, spray more where there are many mushrooms, and spray less or not where there are few mushrooms.
3.6 Harvest and Tidal Management
It usually takes 5 ~ 7 days from the formation of mushroom buds to mature harvesting, and the harvesting quality is the best when the mushroom cover is thick and tight and the mushroom membrane has not been broken. The harvest is too late, the maturity is too high, and the quality declines; If the harvest is too small, it will affect the yield. When harvesting, pull up clusters, separate the mushrooms, and cut off the soil on the mushrooms with a knife. After harvesting the mushrooms in the first tide, remove the stalks, feet and dead mushroom buds left on the material surface, fill the edge of the exposed mushroom bag with soil, stop water for 2-3 days to cultivate mushrooms, and then manage according to 1 tide to form the second batch of primordia within 2 weeks. Generally, 2 ~ 3 tides can be collected, and the biotransformation rate reaches 50% ~ 70%.
4 Cultivation techniques of Pleurotus eryngii
Mushroom hat is shell-shaped or fan-shaped, lateral, fresh and delicious, and it is a good product on the table of the people. Storage and transportation resistance, less investment, quick effect, high income and good market prospect. The mycelium growth temperature is 6 ~ 28℃, and the optimum temperature is 20 ~ 26℃. When the temperature is higher than 32℃, the mycelium will not grow well. The fruiting temperature is 4 ~ 26℃, and the optimum temperature is 6 ~ 20℃. Mushrooms do not grow in hot summer, and it is not easy to form primordium below 4℃ [1]. According to the climate and market sales in Guigang, mushroom bags are generally arranged from the middle and late September of 165438+ to the early October of 10, and from the middle and late September of 10 to the end of the next March.
4. 1 medium formula
The formula of the medium used is cottonseed hull 47.06%, corncob 44.76%, corn flour 5%, lime 3% and mildew inhibitor 0.2%.
4.2 Raw material treatment
The method is the same as auricularia auricula.
4.3 Bagging, Sterilization, Inoculation and Fungus Management
Materials can be bagged after being stacked for 2-3 days. Firstly, adjust the humidity, wet the dry material on the surface of the material pile to make the water content of the material1.0: (1.2 ~1.4), add the mildew inhibitor and corn flour required by the formula, mix the material evenly with a blender, and then use a 36 cm? 13/23 cm polyethylene plastic bags should be bagged. When bagging, the culture material should be moderately elastic, even up and down, and full around without gaps. General 1 bag of wet material weighs 2.0~2.2 kg. After the bags are packed, tie them tightly with a rope and put them in an iron frame, with 9 bags in each frame. Immediately after bagging, it is put into a furnace for sterilization. Sterilization is carried out at normal pressure, and the pressure is maintained for 6 h when the temperature reaches 100℃. After sterilization, the furnace temperature is lowered to 60-70℃, and the fungus bags are moved into the sterilized orchard mushroom shed. When the temperature of the fungus bag drops below 30℃, inoculate the fungus bag, 1 8 8- 10/0g of seeds for the fungus bag, then put on a collar, tie the sterilized newspaper tightly outside the collar with a rubber band and seal it, and then seal the fungus bag. In the meantime, it should be noted that if the temperature is too high, the insect-proof net in the mushroom shed can be lifted to cool down.
4.4 Mushroom Production Management
The mycelium of the fungus bag is cultured for about 3~4 d, and when a few fungus bags appear buds, the newspaper can be folded and released. When folded, there is a 1 sidewalk in the middle of the mushroom shed, which is convenient for watering and picking mushrooms. On both sides of the sidewalk, 4 ~ 6 fungus bags are stacked in single row or double row, and the newspaper at the mouth of the fungus bag is immediately watered and enters the mushroom management work in 1 spring tide. The air humidity in the mushroom shed is maintained at 85% ~ 95%, and the frequency and amount of water spraying should be determined according to the weather, the number of mushrooms and the size of mushrooms. Water spraying should be used, but it is not suitable to spray water directly on mushrooms during coral period [2].
4.5 Harvest and Tidal Management
When the cap diameter of most fruiting bodies in a cluster of mushrooms is 2 ~ 3 cm, and the stalk length is 4 ~ 5 cm, harvest them in time, hold the base of the whole cluster of mushrooms by hand, pull down the whole cluster of mushrooms, carefully put them into the frame to avoid damage, then cut off the base of the stalk at a distance of 3 ~ 4 cm from the cap, divide the connected mushrooms into individual ones, remove the small mushrooms, and vacuum package them in stages, each bag is 2.5 kg. After picking a tide, clean the mushroom feet, stop water for 2 ~ 3 days to let the mycelium rest, and then turn to tide for 5 ~ 7 days, and manage it like 1 tide. Agaricus blazei can generally collect 5 ~ 7 tides, and the biotransformation rate can reach 90% ~ 1 10%.
5 references
[1] Chu, Yu Tianhua. Cultivation techniques of Agaricus blazei Murill [J]. Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology, 2007 (6): 92-93.
[2] Chen Jianhui. Cultivation Techniques of Rare Edible Fungi in hypsizygus marmoreus [J]. Guide to Getting Rich through Science and Technology, 2004 (9): 34-35.
[3] Liu Yanyan, Sharla Cheung and Song Ying. Cultivation techniques of Auricularia auricula in northern forest [J]. Modern agricultural science and technology, 2014 (2):130-131.
Rong. Biological characteristics and cultivation techniques of Auricularia auricula Li Sen 26 1 strain [J]. Edible fungi, 20 14 (1): 23-24.
[5] Shen Yuan, Yao Mingjun, Shen Xinfen. Preliminary study on cultivation techniques of strawberry-Tricholoma matsutake in greenhouse [J]. Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology, 2014 (1):144-145.
Lai Yubin, Guo Ming, Wu Shifen, et al. High-yield cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus [J]. Modern Horticulture, 2013 (15): 41.
Cultivation Techniques of Edible Fungi Part III: High-yield Cultivation Techniques of Edible Fungi
Abstract: Edible fungi are not only rich in protein needed by human life, but also widely used in medicine and other fields. At present, the cultivation technology of edible fungi in China is in the stage of rapid development, and how to cultivate edible fungi scientifically and reasonably has become an important topic in developing white agriculture.
Keywords: edible fungi; cultivation techniques
Edible fungi are large fungi eaten by human beings. In 2000, there were 938 kinds of edible fungi in China, and more than 50 kinds were cultivated artificially. There are seven kinds of edible fungi widely cultivated in China, such as mushroom, shiitake mushroom, straw mushroom, auricularia auricula, tremella, Pleurotus ostreatus and so on, which grow in different regions and different ecological environments. Edible fungi industry is a rural economic development project that integrates economic, ecological and social benefits. Edible fungi is an organic, nutritious and health-care green food. Developing edible fungi industry meets the needs of people's consumption growth and sustainable development of agriculture, and is an effective way for farmers to get rich quickly. Therefore, as an industry adapting to the social market economy, the edible fungi industry is growing stronger and stronger, and people are also studying more and more edible fungi cultivation techniques, which should not only achieve the goal of green, natural and pollution-free, but also meet the requirements of quality and quantity.
First, the configuration of culture materials.
The following problems should be paid attention to in the preparation of edible fungi culture materials: firstly, the dry materials of raw materials should be fully stirred and mixed according to the proportion, and some trace elements to be added should be hydrated before being mixed into the materials, and then stirred repeatedly to break up the existing particles as much as possible to ensure the uniformity of the dry and wet degree of the materials; Secondly, another important factor affecting mycelium growth is the water content of the culture medium. The water content of general culture medium is about 55%, which is very suitable for the growth of edible fungi. If the water content of the culture medium is low, the yield of mushrooms will be greatly reduced. If the water content of the culture medium is high, the lower hyphae are anoxic and cannot eat normally, resulting in the waste of raw materials. Therefore, it is necessary to flexibly adjust the water content according to the sawdust of the culture material. In this process, it is mainly necessary to pay attention to the specific conditions such as the thickness of sawdust, the hardness of texture and the humidity of air to match the water content; Finally, after the culture material is ready, it should be bagged as soon as possible. Generally, the bagging time should not exceed 7 hours after the preparation of culture materials, and attention should be paid to timely sterilization after bagging. When sterilizing, put the bagged culture material into a pot, quickly heat it to 100℃ with a big fire, then cool it to 0℃ with a cold air valve, and then reheat it to about 100℃. During sterilization, it is necessary to ensure strong fire heating and warm fire insulation, and regularly check the temperature in the sterilization pot to prevent air leakage, otherwise the effective sterilization effect cannot be achieved. After these stages, the preparation of culture materials has been initially completed, which is of great significance to improve the yield of edible fungi and reduce the production cost.
Second, select high-quality strains and inoculate them.
To select high-quality strains for cultivation, according to the growth characteristics and suitable growth environment of edible fungi to be cultivated, select excellent strains with high quality, high yield and high resistance suitable for local growth. Selective bacteria
When planting, we must strictly check the strains to ensure that there is no impurity pollution and no pests, which is suitable for planting and breeding. Edible fungi to be cultivated must be inoculated according to scientific and rigorous inoculation procedures. After inoculation, bags containing strains should be put into pollution-free and air-friendly culture rooms in time for fungus growth and culture.
Third, the requirements of the culture environment.
After several months of growth, the fungus bags will be moved into the mushroom shed for cultivation. However, due to the influence of cultivation environment and other factors, the fruiting time of mushroom bags is not the same. Only by maintaining a culture environment suitable for the growth of fungus bags can we ensure the normal growth of fungus bags within a certain time range. The time to move the fungus bags into the mushroom shed should be avoided when the temperature is high at noon, because the temperature is too high, which will easily affect the fruiting time; The time to enter the shed is generally chosen in the morning and evening of sunny days to prevent the fungus bags from being rained in the shed. The bacterial bags behind the shed should be placed according to certain specifications, and the bacterial bags should be placed side by side neatly, leaving a gap of about 5 cm between them to keep the bacteria breathing normally. Only by creating an environment conducive to mushroom production can we ensure the high quality and high yield of mushrooms.
(1) air humidity. As an important factor affecting the growth of fruiting body, if the air humidity in the cultivation environment is too low, it will accelerate the evaporation of water on the surface of fruiting body and greatly reduce the water content in its substrate, thus affecting the yield of edible fungi; On the contrary, if the air humidity is high, the evaporation of water on the surface of fruiting body is not obvious, and the transport of nutrients in bacteria is blocked, resulting in the inability of fruiting body to breathe and stop growing. If the air humidity in the cultivation environment is in a high state for a long time, the fruiting body will rot because of absorbing back the moisture in the air, and even cause a wide range of bacterial infections in severe cases.
(2) Keep ventilation. The growth and development of edible fungi need enough oxygen. Just as we need to breathe, edible fungi can breathe. They absorb oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide. Although moderate carbon dioxide is beneficial to the mycelium growth of some special kinds of edible fungi, many edible fungi are likely to stop growing if exposed to too much carbon dioxide for a long time, and high concentration of carbon dioxide may even kill the mycelium. Therefore, the mushroom shed must be ventilated, and the concentration of carbon dioxide should be controlled within a suitable range to ensure air circulation.
(3) Lighting environment. Most edible fungi need scattered light to stimulate their growth, and only a few varieties need strong scattered light. Usually, the stronger the light, the darker the color of the fruiting body, and the lighter the color of the fruiting body when the light is weak. Cultivation personnel need to adjust the illumination of mushroom shed according to different kinds of edible fungi, such as using sunshade nets, grass curtains and other items to adjust the indoor illumination.
Fourth, use pollution-free fertilizer to fertilize edible fungi.
(1) Spray yeast extract, peptone and other solutions. Spraying 0.3% yeast extract and 0. 1% peptone on the surface of edible fungi can make the fruiting body of edible fungi thicker and fatter, and promote water transfer, with the best effect at14℃ ~ l6℃.
(2) Spraying human excrement or urine. Pay attention to the heating of human excrement when spraying it. The most suitable human feces and urine should be boiled for 20 minutes, and then sprayed with water according to the ratio of 1: 10 or 1: 20, or fresh cow and animal urine with or without foam, with the ratio of l0 times ~.
(3) spraying rice vinegar
300 times of rice vinegar can be sprayed in the middle and late growth period of edible fungi, and it must be sprayed once a day 1 ~ 3 days before picking. Usually, the yield of edible fungi can be increased by 6%, and the color will be clean.
(4) spraying soybean milk water
One kilogram of soybean, ground into soybean milk, added with 75-200 kilograms of water, sprayed on the surface of edible fungi, and sprayed with clear water again after spraying.
Five, scientific and reasonable management methods
In the management of cultivated edible fungi, we should strictly follow the scientific management methods. According to the previous cultivation experience and actual cultivation situation, the most suitable and scientific cultivation management method of edible fungi was studied. Under the premise of pollution-free, green and healthy, adopt pest control measures without pesticide hazards, and clean and disinfect breeding tools and personnel when they enter and leave. According to the actual growth of edible fungi, the surrounding environment is timely
Treatment, adjust the ventilation, ventilation and lighting conditions in the culture room, and control the temperature and humidity for 7 days. When you take it after cultivation, you should also do a good job of disinfection and harvest it in the right way and at the right time.
Conclusion of intransitive verbs
Edible fungi have become an indispensable edible product in people's daily life. Edible fungi industry is also a market economy development project that can not be ignored in the social market. The cultivation technology of pollution-free and high-yield edible fungi is the need of the current social market development, a part of promoting the development of social market economy, and also the demand of people's high-quality daily life, which will be vigorously promoted and applied.
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