1. In a word
The invention of compass is the product of China people's continuous exploration in the practice of determining orientation for nearly a thousand years since the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year), which is closely related to the development and evolution of orientation culture in China. Compass is a magnetic positioning device made of the finger polarity of a magnet, but before it appeared, the ancients used non-magnetic astronomical positioning methods to determine the orientation.
2. The second statement
It is difficult to date the invention of the compass after the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127, the dynasties after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms).
Wang Zhenduo's invention of the compass did not surpass the relevant views of the Song Dynasty as soon as possible, which was reflected in his series of research results. As stated in the article SiNa, Compass and Compass (I): "From the weekend to Li Tang, the so-called SiNa or guide of the ancients is an instrument to identify the direction, which is easy to carry and check, just like a compass. Wang Zhenduo believes that in the Tang Dynasty, portable instruments similar to compasses have appeared, but they are by no means compasses. Wang Zhenduo regards this object as a transitional form of compass. Wang Zhenduo did not clearly judge the specific time when the compass was invented. Due to the lack of materials and scientific rigor, he did not make a judgment easily. In Sina Compass and Compass (I), he said: "The fish method is about half a century earlier than the needle method, but the relationship between them remains to be discovered and explained by historical evidence. "It is in this case that I said. In addition, the same paper also said: "In ancient China, the magnetic field was transmitted manually by sewing steel needles, but no historical evidence of adults making magnetic compasses was found before the eleventh century." This is based on Meng Qian Bitan Magazine of Shen Kuo and Meng Qian Bitan Supplement of Northern Song Dynasty. These two articles record this kind of artificial magnetic compass. In addition, in this article, Wang Zhenduo criticized the misunderstanding that the monk and his party in the Tang Dynasty had noticed that the direction pointed by the magnetic needle was different from that of the North Pole in The Study of China by Alexander Willi. Finally, the thesis is solemnly put forward: "According to the record of China's magnetic needle deviation, there is no historical evidence earlier than Meng Qianbitan, so it is recorded as' slightly east' and Kou Zongshuang as' east', which means the magnetic needle deviation angle. "This is because due to the so-called material limitation, Wang Zhenduo can't have an exact understanding of the discovery time of China magnetic declination. Regarding the invention of the compass, Wang Zhenduo only gave a rough guess. In Sina Compass and Compass (I), Wang Zhenduo said: "In the era of the invention of the compass, people thought that the magnetic needle used by Zhou Ping Cotan at sea and the magnetic needle made in Shen Kuo would be established very early. "The invention of the compass should be the result of gradual improvement over a long period of time, and the forms of different periods should also appear in different forms, and Mr. Wang Can only gave a time interval.
Needham's point of view, the magnetic declination of the sequence, first east and then west, is reflected in the concentric circles designed by China Kanyu compass, and these concentric circles have been preserved until now. Needless to say, the magnetic compass was used for navigation long after it was used for geomantic purposes in China. However, the navigation compass was invented by China people, and it may have happened some time before 1 1 century or earlier. "Needham in this paragraph on the compass, magnetic declination, compass and other issues discussed very clearly, although some judgments are too arbitrary, but the invention of China's compass, made a summative judgment.
Mr. Pan Jixing summarized the research of Mr. Wang Zhenduo and Mr. Needham, but obviously he agreed with Mr. Li's point of view, and elaborated several materials mentioned by Mr. Needham in his book four great inventions of ancient china-Origin and World Influence. But at the same time, like Mr. Needham, he is too arbitrary on some issues and obviously lacks evidence, which is unbelievable.
As he said in the book: "But there have been several technical changes from Sina instrument to compass, which occurred in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Tang Dynasty." His conclusion is not supported by much material. But this conclusion is generally correct. Mr. Pan Jixing, like Mr. Needham, put the words "tadpole, frog, frog" in Cui Bao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times, a garter st and a abstruse fish. As a transition from spoon to needle. He said: "The combination of the magnetic needle in the air and the azimuth disk was used in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which really played a guiding role, thus realizing the transformation from spoon to needle as Mr. Needham said." In the same book, Mr. Pan Jixing also made a judgment on the appearance of the water compass. He said: "There is evidence that the maker of the Kanyu compass in the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century A.D. has taken this decisive step." On the same page, he once again stressed: "The Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties began to improve Sina's technology, but by the end of the Tang Dynasty, Sina had completed its transformation into a compass. People in the Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed these scientific and technological achievements and carried them forward. This should be the context of historical development. " The development of compass is further expounded. On the basis of Mr. Needham's research, Pan Jixing absorbed some views of Mr. Wang Zhenduo and redefined the time and process of the invention of the compass. Although there are still some shortcomings, on the whole, this is a progress in the history of science and technology. There are also some scholars who either make amazing conclusions without new materials or lack of materials, and make new conclusions based on a certain material, but in general, they fail to convince everyone and have little influence. "And the origin of the compass was in the Tang Dynasty. Whether this assertion is correct or not, it is impossible to draw such an assertion only from this material.
3. Statement 3
In the collection of Chengdu folk collectors, a jade (stone) vessel with great academic research value was found. It consists of seven jade (stone) boards, with figures on the front and ancient Chinese characters on the back. Especially in the middle of the fourth jade (stone) board, there is a circular pattern with something similar to half "earth" on it. The top (North Pole) of this "Earth" is a small hole with a diameter of 4 cm. A jade (stone) compass is inserted in the hole, and there are four ancient words "East", "South", "West" and "North" on the circular pattern. According to the analysis of the professional knowledge of existing disciplines, these four ancient Chinese characters are the same as the azimuth characters "East", "South", "West" and "North" in the compass we use in geological mapping today, but the other three characters "South", "West" and "North" are different from those in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It is very important to find the compass on the jade (stone) in Sanxingdui, and the view that the compass first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period will be completely overthrown. The discovery of the compass on Sanxingdui jade (stone) pushed the discovery history of China compass to Fuxi era. The compass found in Sanxingdui is jade (stone) and cannot be rotated. It is symbolic, and there may have been something that can be rotated at that time.
See: /link? URL = htnxfsva 2 f 9 ul 15 erpqneg 6 ufqladpcbl 0 ykuewxzyocwwja 4-235 qfpebdbs _ vubc 8 jbc 0 pdhzojiz 9 ptn 8 kb 43 eudig 6 ctyjepwlhgd 3 q