Friedrich nietzsche Nietzsche was born in Loken (R? The town of cken was then part of Saxony, Prussia. His name comes from King Frederick William IV, when he was 49th birthday. This coincidence was regarded as a good omen by parents, but Nietzsche later gave up the name "William" [1]. Nietzsche's father Karl Ludwig (18 13- 1849) was a Lutheran priest and teacher, and his mother was Francesca Aurel (1826- 1897). His parents got married on 1843. His older sister Elizabeth was born in 1846, and his younger brother Ludwig Joseph was born in 1848. Nietzsche's father died of encephalomalacia in 1849, and his younger brother died two years later. /kloc-in 0/850, Nietzsche's family moved to Naumburg-sur-Salle to live with Nietzsche's grandmother and his father's two unmarried sisters. Because his mother didn't remarry, Nietzsche grew up almost in an all-female environment. 1856 After my grandmother died, the Nietzsches moved out.

Friedrich nietzsche, 186 1 year. Nietzsche studied in a private boys' school, where he met Gustav Krueger and William Pidl, who were born in famous families, and became close friends with them. At this time, Nietzsche hoped to follow his father's example and become a priest, so he often recited some chapters of the Bible to his friends, so he was called a little priest. He also met some local musicians and started his hobby of music. 14 years old and entered Pufuta Middle School. His courses were mainly classical education, and he was famous for his strict training, which made Nietzsche uncomfortable at first. Nietzsche also met Paul Dusen and Karl von Gelsdorf at school. Nietzsche also focused on writing poetry and music during this period. Nietzsche received the training of ancient Greek and Roman literature in Pufuda Middle School, which was the first time that he was exposed to a completely different environment from Christian education at home.

1864 After graduation, Nietzsche entered Bonn University and began to study theology and classical philosophy. After a semester of research (also out of dissatisfaction with his mother), Nietzsche lost his belief in Christianity and stopped studying religion [2]. One of the reasons for Nietzsche's transformation may be reading the book The Life of Jesus written by theologian David Strauss, which greatly shocked the young Nietzsche at that time [2]. Nietzsche then devoted himself to philosophy, accepted the guidance of Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Rischler, and followed him to Leipzig University the next year. There, he also met Irving Rhodes, whose classmate later became a classicist and published his first linguistic study.

1865, Nietzsche studied many works of Arthur Schopenhauer, 1866, he read Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism. He soon fell in love with the philosophical views in these two books, which prompted him to expand his research field beyond philology and decided to continue his in-depth research. 1867, Nietzsche volunteered to join the Prussian army and served in the artillery unit of Fort Nau for one year. However, a car accident in March 1868 prevented him from continuing his service. Nietzsche then continued his research, and in the year when the research came to an end, he also met Richard Wagner.

[Editor] Professorship (1869— 1879)

187 1 year 65438+ mid-October, from left to right: friends Owen Rhodes, Karl von Gelsdorf, friedrich nietzsche. With the help of Professor Ritschl, Nietzsche can easily get the position of Professor of Classical Philosophy offered by university of basel, without obtaining a doctorate or teaching certificate first. After moving to Basel, Nietzsche gave up his Prussian citizenship and remained stateless until his death. Nevertheless, he joined the Prussian army as a military doctor in the Franco-Prussian War from 1870 to 187 1. The short military career brought him great shock and made him see the damage caused by the war. During his military service, he also contracted dysentery and diphtheria. 1870 After returning to Basel, Nietzsche witnessed the establishment of the German Empire as a bystander, and then the rule of otto von bismarck. Nietzsche took "Homer and Classical Philosophy" as the theme of his teaching. In college, he met Franz Overbeck, a professor of theology, and they became lifelong friends. Nietzsche also met with the unknown Russian philosopher Avrikan Speer [4] and his colleague, historian Jacob Buckhart. Nietzsche often attended Buckhart's lectures, and both of them had a great influence on Nietzsche. Nietzsche also kept in touch with Richard Wagner and his wife Cosima, whom he met in Leipzig. Nietzsche admired Wagner and his wife and often went to Wagner's residence in Lucerne. The Wagners introduced Nietzsche into their social circle and invited him to attend the opening performance of Reuters Festival Theatre. 1870, he also gave the manuscript of The Birth of Tragedy to Kosima as a birthday present. Nietzsche officially published The Birth of Tragedy in 1872. However, other classical philosophy professors, including Ritschl, are not interested in Nietzsche's new book, because Nietzsche gave up the precise research method of philology in this book and discussed it in the way of philosophical deduction. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, another linguist, published a severely critical article, which further tarnished the reputation of this book. Nietzsche's young friends Irving Rhodes (then a professor at Kiel) and Wagner all stood up to defend him. Nietzsche admitted that he was isolated in the field of philosophy, and tried to get the position of professor of philosophy in university of basel, although he failed in the end.

Nietzsche is in Basel, probably 1875. From 1873 to 1876, Nietzsche published four long papers: David Strauss: Confessor and Writer, Advantages and Disadvantages of History to Life, Schopenhauer the Educator, and Richard Wagner of Bayrut (these four papers were later included in an untimely investigation). All four papers are full of cultural criticism, absorbing the ideas of Schopenhauer and Wagner, and challenging the rapidly developing German culture at that time. From 1873, Nietzsche also wrote some short articles, which were published after his death under the name of "Philosophy in the Greek Tragedy Age". During this period, Nietzsche was active in Wagner's social circle, and he got to know Ms. Marvida von Mei Sen Bouguer and Hans von Biaro, and also got to know Paul Ré e. Lei1876, which had a great influence on Nietzsche and made him break away from the pessimistic writing style in his early works. However, Nietzsche was greatly disappointed by 1876' s Bayreuther concert. Angered by the mediocrity of his performance and the vulgar reaction of the public, he began to keep his distance from Wagner.

Nietzsche then published "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" in 1878, and discussed various topics from metaphysics to religion and even gender in the form of aphorisms. It is also in this book that Nietzsche explicitly abandoned the philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer. Nietzsche's friendship with Owen Rhodes and others also began to be cold at this time. During this period, Nietzsche has been looking for a suitable marriage partner, but he has never decided. Nietzsche, who suffered from various chronic diseases since he was a child, was getting worse and worse in health. Severe myopia caused him blindness, migraine and severe stomach trouble. The car accident in 1868 and a serious illness in 1870 further worsened his health, forcing him to apply for longer and longer sick leave while teaching in Basel. Finally, 1879, Nietzsche had to resign as a professor in Basel, and normal teaching activities were completely suspended.

[Editor] The lonely philosopher (1879-1888) suffered from illness, and Nietzsche began to travel around, looking for areas with ideal climate to settle down, and then traveled to many cities in his private capacity until 1889. He spent several summers in Groton, Switzerland, and many winters in Genoa, Turin, Italy and Nice, France. 188 1 year, when the French occupied Tunisia, he planned to go to Tunisia from Africa to see the scenery of the European continent, but later he gave up the idea (probably for health reasons) [5]. Nietzsche occasionally went back to Fort Nau to visit his relatives. During this period, Nietzsche and his sister often had arguments, but in the end they usually made up. Nietzsche lived on his pension from university of basel, but he also got financial support from some friends. Peter Gast, a former student of Nietzsche, also volunteered to be Nietzsche's private secretary. Until Nietzsche's death, Franz Overbeck and Peter Gass maintained close relations with Nietzsche. Even after leaving Wagner's circle, Ms. Mabhida Mosenbu still plays a mother-like role in Nietzsche's life. Nietzsche soon came into contact with music critic Karl fuchs. This period is the golden age of Nietzsche's creation. From the book Human Nature published in 1878, Nietzsche published a book (or a collection of works) every year until 1888. In the past year, Nietzsche finished five books.

Lu Salome, Paul Rey and Nietzsche, 1882. 1882, Nietzsche published the first part of The Science of Happiness. That year, he also met Lou Salome, a female writer, through Mabhida Mosenbu and Paul Rey. Nietzsche and Salome spent the summer together in Thuringia, and their sister Elizabeth often accompanied them. Nietzsche finally fell in love with Salome and began to pursue her with the help of Paul Ray, but when Nietzsche proposed to her, Salome refused him. Nietzsche's close relationship with Salome and Ray finally broke down in the winter of 1882/1883, partly due to the obstruction and alienation of his sister Elizabeth. Under the pain of lovelorn love, Nietzsche's illness relapsed, and his relationship with his mother and sister almost broke down because of Salome, and even had suicidal thoughts several times. Nietzsche then hid in Liguria, Italy, where he wrote the first part of Zarathustra, which took only ten days.

After completely cutting off the philosophical connection with Schopenhauer and the friendship with Wagner, Nietzsche has few friends left. The uniqueness of Zarathustra's style made him more alienated from the mainstream at that time, and the sales of his works were pitiful. Nietzsche was indifferent to this and continued to live a lonely life, although he often complained about it. Nietzsche's books are published at his own expense, and most of them sell only a few hundred copies, at most less than two thousand. 1885, he only printed 40 copies of Zarathustra, and only distributed them to his close friends.

1886, Nietzsche broke off cooperation with his assistant editor Ernst Schmeitzner and was disgusted with his anti-Semitic thoughts. Nietzsche wrote that his works were "completely buried in the anti-Semitic garbage dump", and even linked him with activities that "should be despised by all rational human beings". Later, he published The Other Side of Good and Evil at his own expense, and reprinted his previous works (Birth of Tragedy, Humanity, Too Humanity, Sunglow, Happy Science) on 1886-87, with new introductions and reinterpretations of these early works. At this time, Nietzsche thought that his works had been largely completed and expected to attract new readers. In fact, the interest in Nietzsche's thought did increase during this period, although Nietzsche himself did not find it. It was also in these years that Nietzsche got to know the writer carl spitteler and others. 1886, Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth married an anti-semite and went to Paraguay to try to create a pure German colony. Their plan was greatly laughed at by Nietzsche. Nietzsche and Elizabeth have been in constant conflict for many years, and most of them ended in reconciliation, but this division will not be reconciled until Nietzsche is crazy. At this time, Nietzsche's health is deteriorating, which makes it impossible for him to make some long-term writing plans. 1887, Nietzsche published the book Moral Genealogy, which caused quite a controversy.

In recent years, Nietzsche has kept in touch with Dostoevsky's works, and he was soon influenced by these works [6]. He also kept in touch with Park Jung-soo Dolf Danner of Ipoh, and later met the Danish writer brandes. /kloc-in the 1970s, brandes, who mainly taught Kierkegaard's philosophy, invited Nietzsche to study Kierkegaard's works together. Nietzsche promised in his reply that he would take time to visit him in Copenhagen, but before he could fulfill this promise, he was already troubled by illness. 1888 At the beginning of the year, brandes formally taught Nietzsche's philosophy for the first time at the University of Copenhagen, but that was the eve of his madness.

Although Nietzsche announced in 1886 (in the conclusion of The Other Side of Good and Evil) that he would start writing a new book called Will to Power, he finally gave up this plan and compiled two other works with unfinished manuscripts: Twilight of Idol and Antichrist (both of which were completed in1888).

At this time, Nietzsche's health improved slightly, and he kept vigorous writing energy in the summer of 1888. His works and letters in the autumn of that year showed that he had begun to have higher expectations for his position and "destiny", and he began to overestimate the reputation and affirmation of his works in society, especially the book Wagner Incident, which caused quite a controversy at that time. After completing two books, Twilight of Idol and Antichrist, Nietzsche decided to write an autobiography for himself on his 44th birthday. In this autobiography, Nietzsche wants readers to realize their unique side: "Listen to me! I am such a unique and excellent person. Don't confuse me with anyone. " (Kaufman's English translation) In February of 65438+, Nietzsche began to correspond with playwright August Strindberg. Because he felt that his works lacked international attention, Nietzsche bought back the copyright of his works from some previous publishing houses in an attempt to translate them into other European languages and publish them abroad. In addition, he began to write Nietzsche against Wagner.

[Editor] Madness and Death (1889— 1900)

One of a series of photos called "Sick Nietzsche" taken by Hans Alder,1summer of 899. 1889+65438 On June 3rd, Nietzsche began to show some signs of mental instability. One day, Nietzsche was brought back by the Italian police after causing public disturbance in the streets of Turin, Italy. What happened that day is still unknown. It is often said that Nietzsche saw a horse whipped by a groom in Carlo alberto Square, and suddenly stepped forward to embrace the horse's neck and cried, "My suffering brother!" (Coincidentally, in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, the protagonist Raskolnikov saw the horse being whipped. Nietzsche also praised Dostoevsky as "the only psychologist who benefited me a lot").

In the next few days, Nietzsche sent several short messages to several of his friends (including Buckhart and Wagner's wife, Kosima)-these letters were called "Wahnbriefe" ("crazy letters").

In a letter to Buckhart, Nietzsche wrote: "I have been bound by Caiaphas (the priest who framed Jesus Christ in the New Testament). Last year, I was tortured by those German doctors for a long time. Emperor William, Bismarck, and those anti-Semitic elements have all been abolished! " [8]

1889+65438 On June 6th, Buckhart showed Overbeck Nietzsche's letter, and Overbeck received a similar letter from Nietzsche the next day. They decided that they must find a way to bring Nietzsche back to Basel. Soon, Overbeck rushed to Turin and escorted Nietzsche back to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. At that time, Nietzsche was obviously completely crazy, and Nietzsche's mother decided to transfer him to Jena for treatment by the psychiatrist Otto Binswanger. From 1889 1 1 to1February 890, Julius Longbourne also tried to treat Nietzsche. He criticized that this way of seeing a doctor was not effective in Nietzsche's case. Longbourne's control over Nietzsche seems to be getting deeper and deeper until his bad motives are exposed. 1at the beginning of 890, Nietzsche's mother took him back to Nuremberg from a mental hospital to recuperate. During this period, Overbeck and Peter Gass also discussed how to deal with Nietzsche's unfinished works. Nietzsche's Twilight of Idol was published in June 1889 and June 1 as originally planned. They ordered 50 copies of Nietzsche against Wagner in February, but the publishing house secretly printed 100 copies. Overbeck and geist decided to suspend antichrist, and look! This man was published because these two books contain more radical moral theories. At this time, Nietzsche's reputation began the first wave of recovery.

After Nietzsche's mental breakdown, his former assistant Peter Gast began to "revise" Nietzsche's manuscript without Nietzsche's consent. This series of tampering has been severely criticized by scholars who study Nietzsche today. 1893, Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth returned to Germany from Paraguay. The colonial plan ended in complete failure, and her husband committed suicide there. After returning to Germany, Elizabeth began to read Nietzsche's works and gradually controlled these works and their publication. Overbeck was finally driven away by Elizabeth, but Peter Gaster chose to cooperate with her. 1897 After his mother died, Nietzsche moved to Weimar and was taken care of by Elizabeth. Elizabeth also allowed some visitors, including rudolf steiner, to visit Nietzsche, who had been unable to communicate with others normally.

Some people often cite syphilis as the reason for Nietzsche's madness. However, many of Nietzsche's symptoms and his health for a long time before madness seem to be different from traditional syphilis infection. Although most people think that Nietzsche's madness has nothing to do with his philosophical thoughts, some people think that his madness is caused by psychological obstacles brought by his own philosophical thoughts.

1900 On August 25th, Nietzsche died of pneumonia, and Elizabeth buried him next to his father's grave. His friend Gaster made a eulogy at the funeral: "May your sacred name be revealed by all future generations!" " [9] (Although Nietzsche once wrote "Look! The man said that he didn't want to be called "sacred".

Shortly after Nietzsche's death, his sister Elizabeth sorted out some of his notes and published them as The Will to Power. Because this book was compiled by his sister, scholars generally think that this book does not reflect Nietzsche's true thoughts. Mazzino Montinari, a scholar who studies Nietzsche, said that the book Will to Power was "fundamentally wrong". Elizabeth tampered with and deleted many paragraphs in Nietzsche's manuscript. For example, in section 35 of The Antichrist, Elizabeth deleted a satire on the Bible written by Nietzsche.