1898, French physicist AntoineHenriBecquerel discovered that uranium-containing substances can emit a mysterious ray, but failed to reveal the mystery of this ray. Mary and her husband Pierrecurie)*** * * undertook the work of studying this kind of radiation. They separated and analyzed pitchblende under extremely difficult conditions, and finally found two new elements in July 1898 and February 12.
To commemorate her native Poland, she named one element polonium and the other element radium, which means "radioactive substance". In order to prepare pure radium compounds, it took Madame Curie another four years (MarieCuI7e, 1867- 1934) to extract1o0mg of radium chloride from several tons of pitchblende residue, and the relative atomic mass of radium was preliminarily determined to be 225. This simple figure embodies the hard work and sweat of the Curie couple.
1In June, 903, Madame Curie took "Research on Radioactive Substances" as her doctoral thesis and obtained a doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In June165438+1October of the same year, the Curies were awarded the David Gold Medal by the Royal Society. In February 65438, together with Bekkerel, they won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.
1906, pierre curie died in a car accident. This heavy blow did not make her give up her persistent pursuit. She fought back her grief and redoubled her efforts to complete their beloved scientific career. She continued her husband's lecture at the University of Paris and became the first female professor at the university. 19 10, her famous book on radioactivity was published. She cooperated with Mou and others to analyze pure metal radium and measure its properties. She also measured the half-lives of oxygen and other elements and published a series of important works on radioactivity. In view of the above great achievements, she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry at 19 1 1, becoming the first great scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice in history.
The founder of radiation science, who suffered from scientific hardships, died unfortunately on July 4, 1934 on/kloc-0 because of years of efforts. She devoted her glorious life to the scientific cause of mankind.
Dr Benjamin Franklin is a famous American politician and scientist, publisher, printer, journalist, writer, philanthropist, diplomat and inventor. One of the important leaders in the American revolution, he participated in drafting many important documents and served as the American ambassador to France, successfully winning France's support for American independence. Invented. His inventions include bifocal glasses, frog shoes, lightning rods and so on. Franklin, member of the Royal Society. He was also the first postmaster general in the United States.
Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (1706- 1790) was an American industrialist, scientist, social activist, thinker and diplomat in the 8th century.
He was born in poverty. 65,438+00 years old dropped out of school and went home to work. Since the age of 65,438+02, I have worked as an apprentice and helper in a printing factory. However, he is diligent and studious. In addition to mastering printing technology, he also extensively read works on literature, history and philosophy, taught himself mathematics and four foreign languages, and devoted himself to writing. All these laid a solid foundation for his achievements in many aspects in his life.
In order to gain a foothold in the society at that time, he set up his own enterprise-printing house. Thanks to his efforts, reputation and management, he not only stood firm in the fierce competition in the printing industry, but also expanded his business to neighboring States and the West Indies, becoming a leader in the printing and publishing industry in North America.
He pays attention to observing natural phenomena and studying scientific problems. Starting from practice, he engaged in scientific experiments and observations, answered the question of "what is electricity" in electricity, called electricity in different states "positive electricity" and "negative electricity", put forward the "first theory" in electricity, and revealed the essence of lightning phenomenon in atmospheric electricity. Known as "the second Prometheus", these epoch-making electrical research achievements have made him a world-famous first-class scientist. He also has research in optics, heat, acoustics, mathematics, oceanography and botany. And there are a series of inventions, such as new stoves, lightning rods, electric wheels, three-wheeled clocks, bifocal glasses, automatic barbecue ovens, glass musical instruments, overhead book readers, new street lamps and so on. Therefore,
After Franklin became famous, he did a lot of work in cultural exchange and social welfare in North American colonies. He has successively organized and established academic, cultural, medical and health, fire protection, public security and other organizations and institutions such as Reading Club, American Philosophy Club, North American Association for the Advancement of Science, newspapers, libraries, bookstores, hospitals, universities, fire brigades and local militia organizations. He also reformed the postal system in North American colonies and established a unified postal system in North American colonies. He was an outstanding social activist and became an influential figure in the North American colonies.
He is not only good at solving special problems in natural science and practical problems in social and political activities, but also often explores many philosophical and social problems. He believes that the reason of social poverty is that workers must feed parasites; He loves freedom and peace, opposes war, hates racial discrimination and slavery, and advocates safeguarding the interests of blacks and Indians. He was one of the most profound bourgeois liberal thinkers at that time.
Franklin lived in the United States and was at a major turning point from a colony to an independent bourgeois country. He took an active part in the revolutionary movement and made great contributions to the victory of the War of Independence and the initial construction of the American national system.
At the Albany Conference attended by the leaders of North American colonies in 1754, he put forward the famous Albany Alliance plan, which was adopted by the conference and became the first person to instill the idea of the grand alliance of the United States of America into the colonial people.
In Pennsylvania, he always fought against the lawlessness of the owners' groups with the colonial people. 1757, he went to London to petition the king on behalf of the state legislature, demanding that the owners pay taxes, which was successful. 1764, he went to London for the second time and asked the British king to protect the interests of the colony, but it was fruitless. Later, the British government strengthened its repression of the North American colonies, which inspired the colonial people to struggle more strongly. Franklin's position turned completely to revolution.
Pennsylvania was originally a colony of owners, and the British King charles ii granted it to william penn on 168 1. Later, william penn's two sons inherited the property. Owners have the privilege of appointing officials, including the governor, vetoing parliamentary bills and being exempt from paying taxes.
1775 In May, he returned to the United States and immediately joined the revolutionary struggle. He served as the chairman of the Pennsylvania Public Security Committee, presided over the local military Committee, and drafted the state constitution with Paine. As a representative of Pennsylvania, he attended the Second Continental Congress and became one of the drafters of the American Declaration of Independence. He served as the US Postal Secretary and made great achievements in organizing postal services during the war. In the case of repeated setbacks in American military operations, as a member of the three-member Committee, he consulted with Washington and decided to mobilize North America 13, which made the War of Independence last for six years.
Under the situation that Britain is strong and the United States is weak, the colonial people have to fight for foreign aid. Franklin was ordered by the continental congress to go to France to win the alliance between the United States and France and fight against Britain. At that time, in a complicated diplomatic environment that was not conducive to the United States, he took advantage of the contradictions of European countries, seized the favorable opportunity, concluded an alliance agreement between the United States and France, and wooed manpower, material resources and financial resources. It ensured the victory of the war of independence. In the later period of the war, he participated in and presided over the negotiations between the United States and Britain, signed an Anglo-American peace treaty in favor of the United States, and successfully completed the arduous wartime diplomatic mission. After the war, he became the first new American ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to France, and stayed in France until 1885.
After returning home, he was elected governor of Pennsylvania for four consecutive years. He is a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee of the American Constitutional Convention. He proposed a bicameral parliamentary system to mediate the differences of opinions among delegates, which became one of the basic national systems in the United States.
1788 no longer holds public office, but still publishes political articles for the government to choose from, and is committed to promoting the abolition of slavery.
17 On April 7, 1990, Franklin died. On the day of his funeral, as many as 20 thousand people mourned for him, fully expressing the condolences of the American people. At the same time, not only the US Congress decided to mourn for him for one month, but also the French National Assembly decided to mourn for him, indicating that he belongs not only to the United States, but also to the whole world.
Qian Xuesen, a world famous aerodynamicist.
Qian Xuesen is a world-famous aerodynamicist, winner of "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal" and academician of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering. As early as 1930s and 1940s, Qian Xuesen made many pioneering contributions to aviation engineering theory. Qian Xuesen1956 February 17 put forward "Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry" to the China Municipal Government, in which an extremely important implementation plan for developing China's rocket and missile technology was put forward for the first time. Qian Xuesen has served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time, and has made outstanding contributions to China's rocket, missile and space undertakings.
Relativity, quantum mechanics and cybernetics are three great scientific achievements in the 20th century. 1948 American scientist Vino put forward cybernetics. Qian Xuesen made a comprehensive observation on the rapid development of control and guidance engineering practice after World War II, found and refined the concepts, principles, theories and methods of guiding the design of control and guidance system with a sharper eye than others, and established engineering cybernetics in the early 1950s. The monograph on engineering cybernetics from 65438 to 0954 was published in the United States, and the rotating machine was translated into many languages. The establishment of engineering cybernetics has promoted the development of "two bombs and one satellite" in China, as well as the development of computer, nuclear energy, aerospace and photoelectric technology.
Qian Xuesen 1957 won the first prize in natural science of China Academy of Sciences, 19 1 won the Rockville Medal and the title of world-class science and engineering celebrity, and was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class English Model Medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission.