Literary criticism is different from general ideological criticism. The object of ideological criticism is social life and various ideological problems expressed by people in their life and work, with the aim of helping people improve their ideological understanding and distinguish right from wrong; It can be demonstrated through various materials, as long as it is closely related to the point you want to clarify.
The object of literary criticism is literary works (novels, poems, essays, plays, paintings, movies and television, etc.). ); The purpose of comments is to improve reading and appreciation by discussing and evaluating its ideological content, creative style and artistic characteristics. Of course, all kinds of materials can be quoted in comments, but all kinds of materials quoted in comments should be related to literary works, and the materials used in literary criticism basically come from literary works themselves.
In addition, literary criticism is different from the general analysis of works. Of course, from a certain point of view, literary criticism should first be based on the analysis of works, without which there is no comment; The analysis itself naturally includes the evaluation of the work. But there is still a difference between the two. The key point of analyzing the works is to say "this is the case"; The focus of the review is to talk about the works "why" and "is this good?"
Literary criticism should have a general evaluation of the works, and there is a certain argumentation process for your evaluation, but the analysis of the works may not necessarily have a general evaluation of the works.
In addition, when writing literary criticism, you don't need to quote large paragraphs of raw materials, which will crowd out your discussion of using raw materials; Comments should be focused and clear. Don't comment from a big angle. For example, when writing such a grand classic as A Dream of Red Mansions, where do you start to comment? It's hard to write. If you simplify it to "comment on the dialogue between characters in A Dream of Red Mansions" and then reduce it to "comment on the language characteristics of Feng Chili in A Dream of Red Mansions", it will be easier to write.
The viewpoint should be clear-cut, and the viewpoint should be supported by the analysis of conclusive materials. The quoted materials must first come from the work itself, and of course they can also be quoted by others. Material analysis and viewpoint should always be consistent. For works that readers don't know much about, we should explain some related aspects before commenting.
Nowadays, a variety of literary works have been added to the new Chinese teaching materials, and the selected works are basically masterpieces at all times and in all countries. In addition, film and television programs are also quite rich. Students should pick up the pen and choose the literary works they are interested in to write literary criticism. It can not only improve reading and appreciation ability, but also improve written expression ability. The following are some comments on "My Mom and Dad" written by Class 0/0, Grade 3, Middle School Attached to Peking University. Several articles written by them have been shown. Compare the examples before and after, and then talk about the similarities and differences between reading and literary criticism.
Second, practice examples and notes:
Exercise example ①
Montage means, wonderful!
On Montage in My Father and Mother
Wang Class 3, National Science Experimental Class, Middle School Affiliated to Peking University (10)
My Mom and Dad is a touching film. In addition to the vivid story, its artistic expression is also very clever, especially the use of montage.
Two things impressed me the most. The first place is Zhao Di's action of getting up while waiting for the primary school teacher. When the primary school teacher sent the children home, he passed the path in front of the village. Zhao Di sat on the hillside beside the path, looking forward to the arrival of the last class. But when she really saw the figure of the primary school teacher, Zhao Di got up awkwardly and hid in the Woods, watching silently. This move and this plot are very consistent with the psychology of the characters and the social background at that time. In the film, Zhao Di doesn't have much to show people when he is with the primary school teacher, but the focus is on Zhao Di's action of getting up. In fact, it is the repetition of this scene that shows Zhao Di's sincerity, enthusiasm and somewhat shyness towards primary school teachers more deeply and implicitly. It has left a rich imagination space for people, which is memorable!
The second place is at the end of the film. Zhao Di's son teaches the children in the village in the classroom where his father once taught, in order to fulfill his father's last wish. An elderly Zhao Di is listening to the sound of reading outside the classroom. How familiar the sound is! Decades ago, she fell in love with the primary school teacher there. Zhao Di was attracted by the sound of books and stayed outside the classroom for a long time. These two pictures are so similar, but time flies, things are different and people's hearts are different. From this, we seem to see the inner world of teenagers recruiting younger brothers: love for primary school teachers and yearning for a happy life. At the same time, we are deeply aware that today's Zhao Di misses the past and her dead husband.
The application of the above two montage means is very clever.
After talking for a long time, what is a montage? The so-called montage is the switching combination between multiple groups of shots. As one of the director's basic techniques of expression, its application can not only make the whole film complete and coherent, but also achieve unexpected artistic expression effects if it is treated with some special methods. Because the audience's life experiences are different, their understanding of the film is also different. If a movie wants to attract the attention of the audience, it must be montaged.
Exercise example ②
The shock of human beauty
-comment on the delicate plot arrangement of mom and dad.
Jiang Yi, Class 3 10 of the National Science Class attached to Peking University.
Zhang Yimou's life experience has a lot to do with his style of directing Chengde movies. He was born as a farmer, and the simple and honest quality in his life made his films unique and interesting. He portrayed the inner world of the hero, and vividly portrayed their emotions, which made people scream!
There are bright and dark clues in the movie. The love of two young people is a bright line, and the hopes and concerns of two hearts are a dark line. Therefore, the subject is not personal deeds or social events, but people's inner activities. A teenage girl is waiting and looking for the persistent action of her beloved. The essence of movies is to describe people's mood.
There are always several important scenes in the movie.
The first one is that a girl wearing this red cotton-padded jacket and a red headscarf suddenly turned around outside the wall of the primary school campus, wondering and anxious to see a smiling face, and the reciting sound in her ear raised the smiling face of the people behind her.
The second is that girls do the same thing in different seasons. Although it snowed heavily and the wind was strong, I stood tirelessly under the Bai Ye tree on an ordinary roadside between the country and the county seat. She is sad because she can't wait. But he still waited hard, which made him very anxious and worried, because she gave her heart to the young man in the county, and when the young man left, she also took the girl's heart away. She is not only waiting for the young man, but also his happy mood.
Third, at the beginning and end of the film, after a long 40 years, the girl still sits in front of the loom and weaves for her beloved. From the agility and flexibility of young people to the steadiness and stumbling, from red cloth to black cloth and white cloth, she has never seen a young man send his wife away and never stopped. In fact, she has always supported her and made her have deep feelings for her beloved.
Just like a sentence repeatedly written by the author in Butterfly Forever: "She ran to the middle of the road, so the butterfly flew away and never came again." Movies and articles have the same touching effect, because they describe unforgettable moments, and they are also the most touching pictures of people's inner emotional world and indelible memories!
Zhang Yimou gives full play to his special skills, and shows the simplicity and kindness of rural people with details such as their dialects and customs, so that the audience can enjoy the live video broadcast of real life.
In addition, the concentration and dispersion of social scenes in the scene are natural and flexible. The protagonists look like ordinary people, but they make people feel different and shine at the moment. Every ordinary little thing on the screen is worrying. In other words, the protagonists are completely integrated into the natural environment and social environment in which they live, showing the necessity of interdependence and contrast between the environment and the central task.
In a word, Zhang Yimou's artistic technique of depicting details with great fanfare is refreshing and deeply recognized. Because although his films have no novelty and sensational shock brought by advanced technology, no stimulation brought by twists and turns of big winds and waves, no sensationalism brought by gorgeous scenes, and no perfection created by fantasy, he shows the essence of China people, showing everyone the character of China people, a unique elegance and charm of orientals, and the simplicity and kindness of rural people in China. What finally moved the audience was the film she showed to everyone, which was the most beautiful influence of human beings on society and human beings.
Exercise example ③
Where is the way out?
Gao dida, a science experimental class in the middle school affiliated to Peking University.
For the film My Father and Mother, I just think it avoids too many questions. China has a population of1200 million, and more than 800 million people live in rural areas. Despite the impact of 19 and western civilization in the 20th century, the changes in the vast rural areas are still minimal. The Peach Blossom Garden says, "The traffic between buildings is like a bird's ear", and so is the rural area in China. Despite tractors, fertilizers and pesticides, some things have not changed. Old customs that have been circulating for thousands of years are still widely popular. In the eyes of local writers like Hardy or Shen Congwen, there must be many beautiful things, but I believe that there are still more unreasonable than reasonable, and ignorance than civilization. So why doesn't the play "I" involve these problems? If Zhang Yimou wants to show the face of the countryside, he is only deceiving the audience. If he wants to tell a love story, is the poor and backward countryside also a paradise for romance? I don't know whether Zhang Yimou lived in the countryside. If so, he can only be blamed for his mediocre knowledge and failure to recognize the crux of the problem. Movies like "Me" can be shown to people in the city, but if they are seen by people who are familiar with rural life, it is another matter. What this era needs is not a relief work like Me, but a work that can truly show the rural areas of China to the fullest.
I remember that the most common scene in me is the smiling face of the heroine in the golden autumn sunshine. Zhang Yimou seems to be trying to create an aesthetic atmosphere. But his way is too artificial, and everything seems to be fake. Personally, the mainland has not made any good movies. Having seen some Korean and Japanese movies, I can't help but say that they are more attractive and profound than China movies. Zhang's rural movies may be better in the mainland film industry, but that's only the gap between 50 steps and 100 steps. Zhang's personal accomplishment limits his creative scope and skills. He can only make films like me, which are neither awesome nor good-looking.
Exercise example ④
On the Authenticity of My Father and Mother
Li Pengfei, a science experimental class in the middle school affiliated to Peking University.
My Mom and Dad directed by Zhang Yimou is really a touching story. I am rarely touched by stories, but after reading my parents' stories, I still can't help being touched by this touching story. But the story is a story after all, and it can be very touching, but as long as it is a story, it must have a certain distance from reality, and my parents are no exception.
First of all, I feel the most untrue story. Of course, some people will say that "art comes from life, but it is higher than life." That's true, but being above life does not mean being out of life. The story happened in the early period of "anti-Rightists". Judging from the material conditions and natural environment at that time, it was a miracle that this was a remote and isolated northern countryside, but free love took place. According to the tradition in China, young people can't take the initiative to take care of their marriage. Most of them are arranged by parents. Even if there are no arrangements, parents or some elders should take care of them. This custom continued in rural areas until the 1970s and 1980s of 19, and even today. But isn't it a miracle that such a touching story happened in the remote rural areas in the north at that time? Even if the story happens, to say the least, the development of the story has no truth. Influenced by the unique culture, oriental women are generally introverted or reserved, but the heroine in the film, so lively and active, is not like a rural girl in China at all, but is arranged in a remote rural area, and it was decades ago, which can be said to be another miracle!
Secondly, in some details of the film, it is not difficult to find the poor carving traces of modern artists.
There is a detail of shoveling a bowl in the film. I don't know if you have noticed. In the play, the craftsman once said a word to the effect that the cost of shoveling bowls is more expensive than buying new ones. Perhaps, Mr. Zhang Lao wanted to use this sentence to highlight the special value of this bowl, but it was a joke. Mr. Zhang must have never seen a shovel bowl. Craftsmen have to support their families with the income from shoveling bowls. If the price is so expensive (only three pieces of that bowl are broken, and a few more pieces are priceless), how much work can they do in a day?
At the end of the play, many people came back from afar the next day after it was agreed to carry the body home. I can't help asking, is this possible? Combined with the plot of the film and rural customs, it can be seen that the coffin was carried the next morning. And it only takes one night to return to the small mountain village in the north from Guangdong? ! Do you know how they came back when China was poor? By train? By plane? Even now, this is impossible, let alone decades ago.
And my mother's beautiful skin when she was young, and her every move was hypocritical and artificial. You know, in that environment, even if you pump a bucket of water every day, you will grind a thick cocoon on your hands, let alone weave, cook and do housework. From the mother's every move, we can also see that this is a nondescript move made by a city dweller who has a rough understanding of farmers but is eager to imitate them.
In a word, my parents are very vivid and touching. But it is a story after all, and every move in the story can't stand scrutiny, and the whole story shows traces of fiction everywhere.
Comments:
Several film critics have a general evaluation of the film and clearly put forward their own views; In addition, it is certain that several articles have chosen a smaller starting point for comments; Exercise ① Talk about the art of focal plane switching and assembling, that is, the main means of film performance, montage, in other words, the "editing" technique of commenting on the "picture" of the film. Homework 2 comments on the arrangement of plot clues; Exercise ③ ④ Comment on the authenticity of movie content. I think middle school students should not cover everything when practicing writing and evaluating a work. If they cover everything, they won't cover everything. Because an article of several hundred words can't contain so much content, we can only talk about ideological value, artistic means and performance skills. However, we can only wade briefly and can't talk about any of them in depth, so we chose a smaller entry point, such as minimally invasive surgery in medicine, which is extremely small and deep. Moreover, middle school students are not good at writing. Therefore, choosing a smaller incision point is the requirement of this review, and the students have basically done it.
Several students choose different angles and have their own characteristics. We often say that the angle should be new, but if we deliberately seek novelty, we will often get twice the result with half the effort, or hurt the meaning of the text and be self-defeating. The choice angle of literary criticism should be based on personal appreciation, and choose the point that you have the most to say and the deepest experience. For example, in Exercise 4, Li Pengfei is a classmate from the countryside. He came to the middle school attached to Peking University in high school and began to understand the city. So after watching this movie, he talked to me a lot about the situation in the countryside and felt that my parents lacked a real life foundation. He was quite angry when he said this. His understanding comes from his life experience. I told him that movies are art, but he still can't accept the original ecology of life. Later, he wrote this comment and expressed his very real views. Frankly speaking, I don't agree with his point of view, but what he said was his idea, and no one followed suit. It is better to choose one aspect that you feel most naturally and truly than to deliberately seek novelty, grandstanding or follow suit.
The selected example ① ② is praise; ③ ④ Criticism. Personally, I disagree with the analysis of exercise ③ and ④. The key point is to tell students that "there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand audiences". Students should be allowed to express their different opinions boldly, and comments should not be centralized. Only on the basis of full discussion can we improve our artistic appreciation, aesthetic comprehension and spirituality.
The structure and level of several exercises are relatively clear, with different methods of beginning and end, each with its own advantages and not rigid writing. I hope you appreciate it carefully. As for the language (revised once), it is generally fluent and decent. However, we should think about it carefully. Some sentences can't stand scrutiny. For example, the sentence "But I believe it is still more unreasonable than reasonable, and ignorance is more civilized" underlined in the sixth line of Exercise Example 3 is not clear. Does it mean the content of Hardy's works or the old customs in rural areas? Another example is the last sentence in the first paragraph of this article: "It is a work that can truly show the rural areas in China", and the connotation and extension of "rural areas in China" are too great. Do you want to specify whether it is a "custom" of "rural China" or what? The meaning should be clear.
Would you please be language doctors, find out your own problems and give me feedback online? Please also put forward suggestions for revision. I think the netizens will understand my intention.
There are still many opinions about the comments made by Class 3 10 on my parents. For example, some people think that this film has distinctive national characteristics and unique local flavor in Zhang Yimou; Other students talked about "the art of film is always different from real life." Plain life, after artistic processing, will always shine. Zhang Yimou said,' This film has my personal shadow, but it is definitely not completely true.' We might as well call it' realistic romance', which is close to life and allows us to rediscover and feel that pure feeling. " ; When it comes to character language, some people say that "there is relatively little dialogue in the whole film." This is because the director is deeply aware that any language is powerless in the face of the complex feelings of the characters, and the film only connects several close-ups to replace a thousand words in the hearts of the characters. This is the success of this film and one of the characteristics of Zhang Yimou's films.
As for my evaluation of this film, I'd better quote the director Zhang Yimou, who said that he wanted to make a film of love poems and essays and impress people with simple romance. It should be said that he did it, and he did it well. My father and mother are really a love prose poem. This beautiful and poetic story shows us the true feelings and the beauty of life and love. I really disagree with the ideas in Exercise 3 and Exercise 4. Some words in those two articles are extreme, monopolizing rural life excessively and arbitrarily, and some viewpoints also violate the law of artistic creation. I forget where I read such a passage: "When you walk into the cinema ... open the emotional door and follow the story to find long-lost purity, dreams and feelings." In a word, this is a movie worth seeing.
Three. Similarities and differences between literary criticism and post-reading;
Literary criticism in a broad sense is also a kind of post-reading, because they all have specific evaluation objects, and comments and feelings are inspired by the works themselves. However, literary criticism is different from the general feeling of reading, and it is a special feeling of reading. The former emphasizes the feeling after reading or the feeling after reading, focusing on the inspiration and feeling caused by the work, generating and expanding the association, and connecting with oneself or social reality; Literary criticism focuses on the evaluation of the content, artistic characteristics, expression skills and the author's creative style of the work itself, and always takes the original as the center and draws conclusions from the analysis. From the comparison of two examples, we can find the law.
Defendant: Wang Adams-probationary period level 1 July 23, 20091
I have read this book for a long time, even making me feel bored. Not because it is not exciting enough or simply because it is long, but because it is too dense. Intensive emotions, intensive language, and intensive psychological curve fluctuations. When the protagonist Lvov found his 13-year-old daughter Meili Chengri reading those socialist theories, he described his impression of those works like this: "Reading these things is like diving in the deep sea, like wearing Aquarone scuba diving, with the frame pressed against your face and the trachea stuffed in your mouth. Nowhere to go, nowhere to move, you can get on the crowbar and escape. "
I must say, reading philip roth, I feel the same way: there is no place to go, move and escape.
This novel, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 1998, can be regarded as philip roth's later masterpiece. Later, because in the masterpiece Goodbye Columbus Thirty Years ago, philip roth laid the foundation of his own style: autobiography of American Jewish immigrants, reaction to politics and tradition, and dialysis of human nature. However, at least in those short stories, young Ross still retains hope, whether it is Neil in Goodbye Columbus or the Jewish soldier in Defender of Faith. While mocking the absurdity and anxiety brought by traditional rationality, he also left some illusions and expectations pinned on political improvement to create a new world. Even in Portno's Accusation, which made him famous, this seemingly ingenious sarcasm still more or less concealed his direct insight into human nature and darkness. Anthony Burgess commented on Porto's complaint: "It takes extraordinary literary skills to write such a hilarious comedy with strong contradictory themes." There is no doubt that Portno's complaints are more likely to remind people of "fun" and "skill" at first, but "the study of masturbation is as thorough as Melville's study of whales". This writer who is good at telling pornographic jokes!
Therefore, philip roth's position in the history of American literature is very high, but not too high. However, in the past ten years, this orientation has been refreshed by Ross with his creative strength. With the increasing age and decreasing passion of john updike and Thomas Pynchon, the recognized leaders of American literature, the 70-year-old Ross became stronger and stronger, with high morale. His exuberant energy and creativity are like waterfalls, which are inexhaustible and cannot be suppressed. 1995: Sabbath Theatre won the National Book Award. American Pastoral won the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 1997. 1998, I married a producer, in 2000, the filth of human nature, in 200 1 year, the dying body. Sun Ganlu said in the preface to the Chinese translation of Ross's Dying Body, "philip roth should be between Saul Bellow and john updike. This is not based on some kind of commercial or academic criticism order, but they stand side by side. " Connor Rowe, chairman of Guggenheim Literature Foundation, said: "10 years ago, I thought that either Updike or Ross would win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Today I believe that Ross is the most promising. I put him with Bellow, Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Faulkner. Maybe I went too far. However, no one can compare with him in terms of creative output and quality today. "
Philip roth is not only profitable, but also valuable. His high yield also ensures high quality. 1989 After undergoing heart surgery, Ross began to rethink the form and value of life. He changed the comedy style that mocked humor before, turned his eyes to the Jewish circle, and hinged his personal reflection on personal life history and social and political history into the same chain. In this chain, the fate of small people, emotional turmoil of families, religious conflicts and complex social changes are all swept by the roaring power of a gust of wind. You see, "America", the symbol he keeps writing, is like a monster, sucking up his people, sucking up the soul, pulse and blood of Jewish immigrants with Ross as the endorsement. The United States, a country that claims to represent freedom and dreams, has unequivocally branded its generation, and these people who are constantly cherished by pain and destruction, Ross wrote without mercy in his novels.
All novels are Ross's autobiography, and the protagonists of all novels are limited novels based on Ross's autobiography. No other writer has ever confused the distance between himself and his creation like this. Zuckerman is a famous figure in his novels, and has become a striking image in American literary galleries. So far, there are 8 books featuring Zuckerman by Ross, 3 books featuring Kepesh and 4 books featuring Ross. Even if there is no person with the same name, there are many self-reference elements of Ross. This American Pastoral is no exception.
The hero is from Newark, New Jersey, the birthplace of philip roth. The story takes the fate of four generations of a Jewish family who made sheepskin gloves as an overview of American history. However, the novel is different from the standard family novel mode, but focuses on the third generation, namely Seymor Lviv, a middle-class child of Jewish immigrants who is contemporary with Ross. Lvov is an idealized man, handsome, tall, strong, versatile and good-natured. He has shown superhuman perfection since he was young. He is a school baseball star, an athlete and an enviable idol in the eyes of many boys and girls. /kloc-joined the army in the 0/940 s and was a soldier in World War II. Take over the family business after leaving the army. Dedicated efforts, married the Miss New Jersey beauty pageant champion, gave birth to a daughter, and the family settled in the beautiful Limlock village, a typical leisure and wealthy middle class lifestyle. However, is this perfection? Who knows where fate awaits him? Who knows when chaos will start to breed?
As her daughter grew up day by day, the disaster fell on the head of this Jew who easily started a business in the United States and settled down, and fell on the head of the biggest small word: "home." From then on, Lviv took it to the endless abyss, to the uncontrollable collapse and destruction. My daughter is almost the embodiment of America. She sneaked into an ordinary innocent family like a prank. She put all the assets paid in the operation of American social and political history on this undisputed father, just like an explosion made by herself: cruel, bloody and cold. Poor Lviv looks at life in the whirlpool of pain like this: "A person is like a deck of cards stacked together. After unfolding, it is completely different, and there is no way to prepare for the blow he will get." Although he is careful and nice everywhere, how can he know that a quiet life requires such a high stake? People's obedience is nothing more than to reduce gambling money. "
"People are not born to cope with adversity in life, what's more, it is impossible. But who is born to handle the impossible that will happen? Who was born to cope with the impossible tragedy and suffering? No one will. Tragedy often comes when people are unprepared. This is everyone's tragedy. "
"History, the history of the United States, is what you learned in books and schools, but you walked all the way to the quiet and inconvenient old Limlock, New Jersey, and came to the countryside. Because Washington's troops were stationed in nearby Morristown twice in winter, there is nothing worth mentioning in history. Historically, after the war of independence, it did not have much impact on the daily life of the local people. This time, it returned to these isolated hilly areas. Incredibly, with foreseeable contingency, it stumbled into the simple life of Seymor Lviv, and then walked away, leaving a ruin. People often look at history from a long-term perspective, but in fact history is a sudden thing. "
I am willing to take pains to quote insightful words from the novel, and at the same time feel that the story is secondary. For philip roth, one story after another is actually the repeated reinforcement of the same complex. From these words, we can get a glimpse of philip roth's unique narrative method: broad vision and endless conversation. Ross's endless inner monologue has become a beautiful bookmark in the history of contemporary American literature. Large-scale intensive psychological analysis has brought the greatest amount of information and language pressure to reading, and also brought a Jewish writer the depth of perspective on fate and situation. This book about scars and rupture is ironically named American Pastoral, which shows a serious and deformed sense of despair. This despair is not a person's despair, or even the Jews' despair of self-identity alienation, but despair of dreams, history and human history, and despair of a bubble-like spiritual home in a free country.
American Pastoral is one of philip roth's American trilogy, and the last two are I Married a Producer and The Filth of Human Nature.
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