Wolfgang e pauli (1900 ~ 1958) was born in a family of medical doctors in Vienna, Austria on April 25th, 2000. Influenced by science since childhood, he taught himself physics in middle school. 19 18 After graduating from high school, Pauli went to Munich University with his father's letter of introduction to visit the famous physicist A. Sommerfeld and asked him to be a graduate student of Sommerfeld instead of going to college. Sommerfeld didn't refuse at that time, but he was inevitably uneasy, but he soon discovered Pauli's talent, so Pauli became the youngest graduate student at the University of Munich. 19 18 years old Pauli published his first paper, which was about the energy component in the gravitational field. 19 19, Pauli pointed out a mistake in H.Wegl's theory of gravity in two papers and made a critical comment on H. Wegl's theory. Its clear arguments and mature thinking make it hard to believe that it was written by a young man under 20 years old. 192 1 year, Pauli received his doctorate with a paper on the molecular model of hydrogen. In the same year, he wrote a 237-page entry on special and general relativity for the German Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences, which is still one of the classic documents in this field. Einstein once commented: "No expert in this field would believe that this article was written by a young man who was only 2 1 year old. The author's understanding of this field, skillful mathematical deduction ability, profound insight into physics, ability to explain the problem clearly, systematic expression, mastery of language, and complete handling and evaluation of this problem will make anyone feel envious. " 1922, Pauli served as a teaching assistant of Max Born at the University of G? ttingen, and jointly published a paper on the application of celestial perturbation theory in atomic physics with Born. Born invited the famous Danish physicist niels bohr to give a lecture in G? ttingen. During the discussion, Bohr learned about Pauli's talent and talked extensively with him, starting their long-term cooperation. That autumn, Pauli went to the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen to do research. In Copenhagen, Pauli first studied the energy band theory with Kramers, and then focused on the anomalous Zeeman effect. Pauli put forward the Rand factor according to the research results of Rand. From 1923 to 1928, Pauli is a lecturer at the University of Hamburg. Among them, from June 65438 to June 65438 of 0925, Pauli put forward the most important principle discovered in his life-Pauli exclusion principle, which laid an important foundation for the development of atomic physics. From 65438 to 0928, he became a professor of theoretical physics at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. 1935, in order to escape fascism, he moved to the United States. 1940 was hired as a visiting professor of theoretical physics at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. 1945, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science awarded Pauli the Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his previously discovered incompatible principle. 1946, Pauli returned to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 1958 15 February 15, Pauli died in Zurich at the age of 58. Pauli is rigorous and knowledgeable. Although he is mean and sharp in language, it does not affect his position in the minds of contemporary physicists. In the most glorious era in the history of physics, Pauli is still one of the brightest stars in the night sky.

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Pauli's most important achievement is the Pauli exclusion principle (also called Pauli exclusion principle), which means that electrons with the same motion state cannot be accommodated in atoms. It is impossible for an atom to have two electrons with the same electron shell, electron sublayer, electron cloud extension direction and spin direction. For example, the two electrons of helium atom are in the first layer (K layer), and the shape of the electron cloud is spherically symmetric, with only one extension direction, and the spin direction must be opposite. Each orbit can only accommodate two electrons with opposite spins. The number of possible orbits in each electron layer is n, and the maximum number of electrons in each layer is 2n.

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Fate gave Pauli a good living and learning environment, and he also proved that he was not spoiled by fate. In middle school, Pauli became interested in Einstein's general theory of relativity, which was little known at that time, and often buried himself in research. 19 18 After graduating from high school, he became a graduate student of Professor Sommerfeld of Munich University. His physics teacher, the famous Professor Sommerfeld, asked him to write an article on relativity for the encyclopedia to be published in Germany. Pauli actually finished a 250-page monograph, which surprised the professor greatly. 192 1 year, Pauli received a doctorate from the University of Munich. Later, after reading Pauli's works, Einstein said: "Anyone who sees such a mature and imaginative work can't believe that the author is only a student of 2 1 year." Pauli showed outstanding scientific talent when he was a student, which attracted the attention of some famous physicists. After graduating from college, Pauli became Max Born and niels bohr's assistant. These two scientists who were at the forefront of world physics at that time and later won the Nobel Prize remembered Pauli's meticulous research spirit and his flashing and sensitive ideological spark. Paulie always has different opinions and will never be easily persuaded by others. He likes to argue, but he is never exclusive. When he verified an academic point of view and came to a correct conclusion, whether it was his own or others', he was so excited that he forgot all about the red face in the debate. It is his scientific attitude of being far away from the world and attaching importance to the truth that won the love of Sommerfeld, Born and Bohr. He also learned enlightening thinking methods and experimental skills from these famous teachers, which laid a solid foundation for his later scientific research climb, and finally entered the ranks of world-famous physicists by discovering the principle of quantum incompatibility. 1925 In the spring, a news that attracted the attention of the world physics community came from the University of Hamburg: a new physics principle-the incompatibility principle was born. It was put forward by Pauli, a 25-year-old young scholar who was teaching in this university at that time. Pauli exclusion principle can be expressed as follows: in an atom, the four quantum numbers of any two orbital electrons cannot be exactly the same. The principle of incompatibility did not immediately show its value, but Pauli's talent was recognized by the society. 1928 was appointed as a professor at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich; 1935, invited to give lectures in the United States. 1940 works at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. Here, he also predicted the existence of neutrinos with scientific foresight and won the Planck Medal. It was not until 1945, 20 years after Pauli put forward the theory of incompatibility, that the correctness of this theory and its extensive and far-reaching influence were confirmed. Incompatibility principle, known as one of the main pillars of quantum mechanics, is the basic law of nature, which makes a lot of knowledge about atomic structure known at that time organized. People can make use of the fourth quantum number introduced by Pauli, which represents the spin of electrons, to arrange the electrons of various elements according to the shell and the shell. According to the theory that the properties of elements mainly depend on the outermost electron number (valence electron number), Mendeleev's periodic law of elements is scientifically explained. He devoted his life to scientific research and didn't get married until he was 34. 1945, Pauli won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the "incompatibility principle" at the age of 25, and died unfortunately. Pauli 1946 became an American citizen and was one of the founders of the American Association for the Development of Science. Pauli's main achievements are in quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and elementary particle theory, especially the establishment of Pauli's incompatibility principle and beta decay neutrino hypothesis, which have made important contributions to the development of theoretical physics.

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First, the godfather of genius

Pauli was born in the home of a professor who studied colloidal chemistry in Vienna. His godfather is the famous Mr. Mach. Mr. Mach was called the pioneer of relativity by Einstein-although Mr. Mach did not give Einstein this face, claiming that he believed in relativity as much as he believed in molecular theory. As we all know, Mr. Mach is extremely opposed to molecular theory, and this opposition is also one of the reasons why Boltzmann, a genius of statistical physics, finally committed suicide in despair.

Second, outstanding contributions.

A few young people think that the name of the prince of physics is only associated with the principle of incompatibility, and even they think that this principle is only an inference of quantum mechanics. In fact, this principle was put forward in 1925, even before Heisenberg put forward quantum mechanics. Pauli is an incompatible principle derived from massive spectral data with his genius insight, which is more difficult than Kepler's sorting out planetary orbit data. Pauli's contribution covered all fields of physics at that time. He participated in the basic construction of quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and relativity ... In the field of physics, Pauli seems to be a conqueror rather than a colonist, and a lot of his work has not been published, but left in private letters. In the letters that can be found today, we found a lot of such examples. His equivalence proof of matrix mechanics and wave mechanics is written in a letter to Jordan. The uncertainty principle first appeared in his letter to Heisenberg. Dirac's poisson bracket quantization was independently discovered by Hendrick Kramers, who pointed out that Pauli had pointed out the representation of reciprocity. Maybe some geniuses' lives are doomed to be short. Pauli was born in 1900 and died in 1958, only three years later than the emperor in his heart (Einstein 1879- 1955). His only regret is that he didn't do as great as his king in his life.

Third, sharp eyes.

As a physicist, Pauli has a keen eye. For example, in Feynman's story, Pauli predicted that Wheeler would never summarize the quantum mechanics of advanced delay potential (as expected, he didn't), and Feynman was really shocked by Pauli's eyes afterwards. Paulie was probably the best when he was young. When he met Heisenberg, although he was not of the same age, Heisenberg really obeyed him and seemed to worship him. Heisenberg just wants to work in the direction of relativity. Pauli, who is already a small expert on relativity, told Heisenberg that he felt that the recent progress of relativity was hopeless, but there was a great opportunity for atomic physics. If Heisenberg had made the theory of relativity, it wouldn't be like this.

Fourth, unique personality.

Pauli is famous for his preciseness and erudition, and also for his sharpness and picky. 1. When Paulie was twenty years old, she once went to Einstein's lecture and sat in the last row of seats. He asked Einstein some questions, and the firepower was so fierce that even Einstein could not stand it. It is said that when Einstein gave a speech, he had to scan the last row to see if there were any familiar figures. There are also rumors that Einstein made a report at an international conference. After that, Pauli stood up and said, "I don't think Einstein is completely stupid." 2. On one occasion, after listening to a report by Italian physicist segre (who later discovered antiprotons), Pauli said, "I have never heard such a bad report as yours." Segre didn't say anything. Pauli thought for a moment, then turned to his colleague, Swiss physical chemist Brescher, and said, "If you make a report, the situation will be even worse. Of course, except for your opening remarks in Zurich last time. " Once, Paulie wanted to go to a place, but he didn't know how to get there. A colleague told him. Later, colleagues asked him if he had found it. He said: "When you don't talk about physics, you should think clearly." He once criticized the students' papers. "Even mistakes are not counted." His best comment on an article is: "There is almost nothing wrong with this chapter." Kronig first put forward the concept of electron spin, but he took the paper to see Pauli and was scolded because Pauli pointed out that the calculation did not conform to the theory of relativity. So they dare not publish this article, which is very tragic. Pauli was called "the conscience of physics" by Bohr, because of his sensitivity, caution and criticism, he could find mistakes at a glance. There is a "Pauli effect" in physics-where Pauli appears, people there will make mistakes in both theoretical derivation and experimental operation. 6. Feynman, a physicist who is famous for his bohemian views on others, often puts on a look of "you care what others say", but when someone mentions Pauli's criticism of contemporary physicists, Feynman can't wait to know what kind of judgment Pauli has made on him. As a result, Paulie always said sharply, "Feynman, that guy talks like a gangster in new york.". Feynman can only laugh. 7. Paulie said, "Oh, that's right." This usually shows a high degree of recognition. Someone made up a joke: Paulie went to see God after he died, and God showed him his own design plan for the world. Paulie shrugged and said, "You could have done better ..." Another version of this joke is: Paulie went to heaven to see God after he died. God showed Paulie his design for the universe. Paulie looked at it for a long time, scratched his head and said, "I can't find anything wrong." Finally, although Pauli is bitter, it does not affect his position in the minds of contemporary physicists. In the most glorious era in the history of physics, talented people came forth in large numbers. Pauli, who died young, is still one of the most dazzling stars in the night sky, so that long after his death, when there is new progress in physics, people often think of him: "I wonder if Pauli is still alive, what do you think?"

Pauli and experiment

Paulie may not be born for cooperative experiments. It is said that no matter where he appears, the laboratory instruments there will break down. Once, a boss's laboratory instrument suddenly failed. They joked that Paulie was not here today. Not long after that, Pauli told them that the train he took that day stopped in their city for a short time at that moment.

Six, about the status of Pauli and Einstein.

For all people who love science, Einstein was simply God in the last century. Bonn once thought Pauli might be a better scientist than Einstein, but he added that Pauli was a completely different kind of person. "In my opinion, he can't be as great as Einstein." So what did Pauli think of Einstein? 1945, after Pauli finally got the Nobel Prize that he thought he should have got 20 years ago, Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies held a celebration for Pauli, and Einstein delivered a speech at the meeting to congratulate him. Pauli later wrote to Bonn to recall this passage, saying that "the scene at that time was that Rainbow of physics was passed on to his successor." Paulie is not polite at all. She thinks she is the successor.

Seven, the regret of genius

The most regrettable thing about Pauli's life is that he was recognized as the smartest physicist of that era, but he didn't make an epoch-making discovery. He likes to comment on other people's things all his life, and often hits the nail on the head, but unfortunately, he opposes the two most important things in his life, an electron spin and [1] parity non-conservation. Maybe a person is too keen and has an instinctive resistance to some unconventional ideas.