1905, a small political party organization was established.
After several revolutions, many elites died.
19 1 1 year1October 10, which lit the fire of the national revolution.
19 12 years, it quickly burned down the weak and corrupt ruling kingdom.
But it can't burn deep-rooted warlords, unequal treaties, big country leasing, corruption and cowardice. ...
Internationally, no one recognizes the change in the ruling power of this country.
He, a man who devoted his life to morality and politics,
First of all, it recognized this new country-the Republic of China.
19 13 years, Yuan Shikai borrowed10.25 billion dollars from six major countries.
Nominally to build a railway,
In fact, it is against Sun Yat-sen's government in the south.
The US Senate and House of Representatives quickly passed the loan case.
He stubbornly believes that he is a vessel put by God in politics.
Less than fifteen days after the presidency, he voted no;
It just changed the "six-country loan case" in China's modern history into a "five-country loan case".
1920, China was still weak and surrounded by foreign powers.
He insisted on practicing Jesus' lesson in politics that "a leader should be like a servant",
There is an international desire to "respect China's sovereignty".
It set a precedent for the great powers to abandon unequal treaties and concessions.
He is regarded as one of the six most outstanding presidents in American history.
In modern history, he is a politician with a moral mission.
Founder of the United Nations, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize,
Even the golf he later liked to play has become the imitation of presidents all over the world;
But his thoughts were gradually forgotten at the low political level.
In this paper, President Wilson, a Christian politician, was re-disclosed.
Steel platform man
The early morning sun shines gently on the maple trees in Virginia, and the robin jumps on the frosty grass in early spring. Pastor Wilson of Si Tong Town, wearing an old coat, walked to the carriage outside the house, patted his good horse and started a day's trip to the pastoral area. A passerby quipped, "Pastor, your horse looks much neater and more beautiful than yourself." Reverend Wilson replied, "I take care of my horse and my church takes care of myself."
Reverend Wilson is an immigrant from Ireland. After receiving theological education, he spent many years in the Presbyterian church in the southern United States. He lived a simple life, was honest and preached forcefully. When he was young, he was not knocked down by the harsh environment, and later he was not knocked down by the church deacon elder who mistreated him.
One day, he said to his child Woodrow Wilson, "Son! Don't be a narrow-minded person. Narrow-minded people, what they say is just a bunch of nonsense. A good message is that the preacher has a correct heart before God, then he can have a correct concept, and then he can say the word with accurate words and accurate pronunciation! "
"How can a person have an upright heart before God?" The child asked. "Read the Bible every day. Reading the Bible every day is a good habit worth developing in one's life. " "What does reading the Bible have to do with a correct heart?" Father replied: "Everyone should be the manager of his own mind, not responsible to others, not to the government, but to the Lord God who created him. When reading the Bible, you can gain the power of God to protect your mind. It is through the revelation of the Holy Spirit that you can cross time and space and thoroughly understand human nature, far exceeding any man-made philosophy. "
Debate-loving person
Woodrow Wilson (hereinafter referred to as Wilson) wrote in his Bible: "Man is guilty and selfish. God's rules are accurately written here, so that everyone's conscience must be responsible to God and the only creator."
1873, 18-year-old Wilson entered Dai Weixun College in North Carolina, a small Presbyterian school. At school, he joined the debate club. He wrote: "Debate is an art, and debate can deeply awaken people's hearts." He read many books about law, history, speeches, poems and rhymes at school.
Wilson admires two people most, one is Calvin, a religious reformer, who Wilson called "the most outstanding Christian spokesman in the reform period"; The other is a politician, Gladstone. Wilson praised the British Prime Minister who insisted on peace all his life. "He walked towards power and truth all his life." 1In September, 875, Wilson entered Princeton University. He didn't get good grades in general subjects, but he called himself "Senator Virginia" in the debate club.
1879 10, Wilson entered the law department of the university of Virginia. He wrote: "I am not interested in the problems of a few people. My burden is to find the principle of * * * on the problems of many people." The sesame law about debt repayment, bankruptcy and personal disputes in the law makes me suffocate. I am a person looking for higher principles. "He also wrote:" The first purpose of studying law is to enable me to influence people and even my country one day. Being a politician always faces the temptation to sacrifice the rights and interests of others for his own liking. As for me, I believe it is a vessel that God put in the political circle, first according to his personal revelation, and then educating the public. I don't believe in any political philosophy or legal views. These man-made things will not become my belief. The Bible is my only criterion. "
Going deep into politics is not politics.
1882 In June, he passed the bar exam and opened a law firm in Atlanta, Georgia. Wilson thinks that being a lawyer is a waste of life. "On the bookshelf, the mountain of precedents is actually a pile of garbage, and court debate is the ultimate goal, just for money; All I think about all day is to lead my country and influence this generation with the macro of history, the methodology of politics and the reflection of literature. Being a lawyer gives me the greatest benefit, just temporarily being a bystander outside the political circle. "
Six months later, he applied to enter Johns Hopkins University to study for a doctorate in political science. He studies the procedure of the formation of national laws, the function of the legislature, the role of decision makers and the implementation of political power. 1885, he wrote the book Politics of Congress, arguing that efficient politics should be based on a full-time and responsible administrative system, and criticized the improper legislative procedure of Congress. This book caused considerable repercussions in the political circles at that time. 1886, Wilson received his doctorate.
After graduation, Wilson married Miss Exxon; Wilson wrote in a love letter: In Me Before You, I have never been in love, because I only know how to live for myself. However, from the moment I met you, I knew that I would no longer live for myself in this life; This is the beginning of my love. "Wilson succeeded in choosing a wife that suits him best. Later, in the face of overwhelming opposition, when the political office did not have a trustworthy partner, Exxon was his most loyal partner until his death.
A political science professor who doesn't believe in any political science theory.
After graduation, Wilson wanted to work as a "political science writer", but there was no such position, so he had to work in a university. He once criticized the university professors in law school as "a group of guys who wear exquisite suits and stand on their high academic qualifications and think they are superior." In fact, they just know a little more about the theory and want everyone to agree with them. "
When Wilson was a teacher in law school, he held high: "Every class I take is a debate" and "The essence of politics is an open debate". When he teaches jurisprudence, political economy, historical economics, comparative politics and other courses, he is very popular with students because of his clear analysis and beautiful debate words.
He has served as an associate professor in the history department of Blummar College, a professor at Wesleyan University and a professor at Princeton University. 1902 10, all 37 directors voted to elect Wilson as President of Princeton University.
Outstanding university president
At that time, the paradox of academic freedom appeared in the whole education circle. This view still dominates the gospel view of university teachers. Wilson is different. He openly said: "If students don't know the real God in college, they will lack the correct motivation to put what they have learned into practice after graduation." "I believe that university is not only the improvement of students' rationality, but also the spiritual recovery. For Wilson, becoming the president of a Christian university means "becoming the architect of the university's policies". Every time in class, he always prays in class first.
Wilson opened a "Christian education course" at Prince's University, and he also held regular discussions with graduate students. He pays attention to students' general education, so he didn't divide the department until his junior year. He implements the flexibility of departments, and can adjust the teachers in different departments according to the special needs of students to form a harmonious learning; He established a tutorial system in the university, inviting young or energetic teachers to be tutors for students and encouraging them to study. Wilson said: "Higher education is a challenge to students, not a burden." In addition, Wilson also set up a club where all teachers and students eat together to increase the interaction between teachers and students; He also meets with professors regularly, encourages their efforts in teaching and research, promotes the research atmosphere in the school, and invites internationally renowned scholars to teach in the school. Wilson said: "The purpose of the university is to serve his country. From the country's demand for university talents, we can see the Excellence of our university. "
Under Wilson's reform, Princeton University became a world-renowned first-class institution. Wilson also gradually became the spokesman of the national university education policy.
The opportunity of democracy lies in morality.
Reform and resistance are born of * * *; Wilson's greatest resistance to reform in Princeton came from Weist, director of the Institute. From the location of the graduate building, the appointment of professors to administrative decision-making, we must quarrel! Wilson has the love of all the teachers and students, while Weist has a large number of donation channels outside the school.
19 10, Wilson wrote: "Administration is a war, and the persevering person wins. ...... I think university administrative decisions should be in the hands of people who really understand education, not in the hands of the rich. " This war made him think that when the power of "money" is in the hands of criminals, the evil generated needs someone to intervene. Wilson believes that this kind of intervention cannot come from any administrative system, nor is it irrational abuse, but: "In the temple of democracy, a group of democratic priests who conform to God's will need to stand, and the country can become a land of milk and honey that conforms to God's will. The problem of democracy lies in morality; If a person's heart is biased towards evil, no matter how good the administration, no matter how large the government organization and no matter how many legislative requirements, it will not help him. How to improve democratic morality? At the expense of leadership. The leader of a country should not only be the leader of administrative power, but also be a real substantive leader. His sacrifice will bring an atmosphere of self-sacrifice to the country ... When a politician accepts a job, he accepts a life that needs his dedication. A good politician is almost engaged in a suicide mission. " Wilson wrote this.
19 10 September 15, the Democratic Party nominated him as a candidate for the governor of New Jersey. 10. In October, he resigned as the headmaster and joined the campaign. Wilson read that the whole constituency was full of dissatisfaction with anti-government corruption; He declared on the platform: "Reorganize the economy, politics and morality of New Jersey!" In the same year 1 1 8th of the month, he was elected governor. Although the state legislature was led by the party, he immediately began to reform the basic law, promoted the Anti-corruption Act for Public Officials, the Law on Employers' Obligations to Protect Employees' Welfare, set up a public utility committee to supervise the management efficiency of railway power companies, and legislated to prohibit joint operation of large enterprises to avoid exploiting consumers' rights and interests.
Many local people are against him. Some people call him a "conservative". Wilson retorted: "Conservative morality is the renewal of freedom." Someone labeled him "extreme Bolshevik". Wilson calmly replied, "I am a progressive with brakes."
What's the use of winning without glory?
Wilson's promotion of anti-monopoly was the biggest protest; Political opponents attacked him as a "self-righteous" person and held high that "having money is not a crime". Wilson replied: "Who said that it is not a crime to control most of the wealth of society without caring about social welfare?" Who said that it is not a crime to master most of the market and monopolize most of the capital, asking the government to give them more protection, expanding their credit in vain, and attacking and annexing weak opponents? If the government doesn't care, it's corruption! Why is the government corrupt? It is obvious that corruption comes from the submission of human beings to evil. The justice of government laws is based on the protection of people who really work hard. To realize this function, the government should be like a constantly updating machine. ..... A person with power and wealth should regard the acquisition of power and wealth as only a kind of "probability", so he has the responsibility to spread it out. Always check your inner motivation! "
Wilson added: "Politics is a winding road. Many people walking on this road are just puppets, and political parties and consortia are manipulating him. Some legislators are prostitutes in disguise, soliciting customers for the benefit; Some politicians are like performers, constantly changing his political tone; Some are even more powerful, such as a hypnotist, who constantly hypnotizes voters by using propaganda media; There is only one purpose: to win! This is the vulgarity of politics. As long as you win the bill or the election, all your shortcomings and sins can be forgiven, and money, applause and fashion will follow. As for me: I want glory, real glory, not victory. "
Wilson's moral integrity has brought the revival of virtue to the whole country. Like a long-buried bamboo shoot, his supporters have emerged from all directions and gradually merged into a clean stream. 19 12 In June, Wilson was elected as the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party, and even broke through the Democratic Party conference controlled by the consortium. Wilson stood up and said, "I believe that social problems can be solved." I am confident that with the help of God, I can find a just answer, bring fresh breath to the earth, find a correct direction through the country, and make all people believe that what we insist on and move forward is correct. "
campaign tactics
From the16th President Lincoln to the 27th President Tahoe, among the twelve presidents, only two are party member, the other ten are * * * and party member, and the other ten are * * * and party member; The Democratic Party is almost an opposition party.
Wilson saw at a glance that the critical mentality of the opposition party was negative for the road to governance. From the beginning, he set up a non-partisan assistant, who can join as long as he has the same ideas and ambitions. He decided to hold a non-partisan election. Second, Wilson's political charm lies in his enthusiasm and full of hope. The whole campaign team is lively and powerful, and moves like the wind. Thirdly, Wilson insisted that his political views were fair and just, which also affected his campaign attempt not to push people to the wall; He said: "My campaign principle is that when we quickly unite with those who oppose it, I will fight against them. When we have stood on the side of justice, I will stop fighting immediately. "
The acquisition of power is not a victory, but a dedication.
Wilson is right, the acquisition of political power is like a probability. That year, * * * and the party split. * * * and there are two presidents in the party, Roosevelt (26th President) and Tahutu (27th President) both running for the presidency; Together, they surpassed Wilson, but Wilson entered the White House with 4 1% of the votes.
When Wilson took office, the venue was as simple as possible. He said, "This is not a day of victory, it is a day of deeper dedication. What our country wants to unite is not the strength of a political party or the support of a certain class, but the conscience, humanity and fair judgment of the people in the depths of the country. May this cohesion ignite the fire of rejuvenation and enhance the country's virtue. I pray here that all honest, patriotic and far-sighted people will come to me and become my advisor and support. I am willing to go to school to help me, and I will not let them down. "
Subsequently, Wilson held a press conference to allow journalists to distribute freely; In political history, he was the first person to answer questions from the president and media reporters face to face. The purpose of his doing this is not to please the media, but to use the media to convey the president's forward-looking views to the public in the most efficient way.
Wilson's speeches and press conferences chilled many politicians and angered many political lobbying groups. Because, in modern political history, the word "justice" is rarely mentioned in political, economic and legal issues. In particular, "people's conscience" and "the revival of virtue" simply disappeared in the ideological framework of law and politics. "God's help", my God, is this a word that has disappeared in politics? . Wilson often uses these words.
How to put God's justice into the political structure?
Wilson didn't know China, but his first decision as president was: 19 13 March 18, and rejected Yuan Shikai's loan case in China. His reason is: "The international economy should not be used to interfere in other countries' internal affairs. "This practice is completely different from the imperialist style of European powers in the19th century. On May 2 of the same year, it took the lead in recognizing the "Republic of China" in the world; He went on to say: "International friendship needs to be cultivated with care, and the laws of other countries should be respected, not conquered by force at will. "
19 14 On April 6, he shouted in the parliament: pay Colombia $25 million for the use of the Panama Canal in the past ten years. In the past, only weak countries paid reparations to powerful countries. I've never heard of a powerful country taking the initiative to pay reparations to a weak country and claiming an apology.
19 13 At the end of the year, Holt, the Mexican military dictatorship, killed different people. Wilson immediately announced "no recognition of bad government"; American investment in Mexico was immediately confiscated, and more than 70 Americans were killed in Mexico. There is a lot of pressure in the United States to recognize the Hall government as long as the investment is preserved; Wilson was unmoved and did not send troops to intervene. Brazil, Chile and Argentina immediately followed suit. International isolation led to the collapse of Holt dictatorship. This is a very famous diplomatic strategy of "vigilance and waiting".
In terms of internal affairs, Wilson promoted the Basic Tariff Act, which reduced the tax rate of articles for people's livelihood to benefit consumers. The passage of this bill reduced the average annual price by 1 1%. On the contrary, he raised the tax rates of steel, electricity and transportation to balance government taxes; This caused a strong protest from the big consortia. Wilson said, "High-income earners should have paid higher taxes." The consortium stopped lobbying to stop the bill. Wilson strongly criticized: "The lobby of the consortium is a stealth meeting of the country. In democratic institutions, the most undemocratic things are going on, which brings an unbearable burden to the government ... Public opinion is the best way to deal with lobbying groups; Even if their organization is as strong as the wall of Jericho, the voice of the people can shout this wall down! "
As soon as the Basic Tariff Act was passed, Wilson launched an attack on finance and banking. "Finance is based on justice, not profit. Bankers should avoid class mentality and give the rich or those who have the means lower loan interest and wider credit line, but have higher interest and strict requirements for the poor. Banks should not be institutions that please the rich ... Therefore, the federal government is obliged to intervene in the tax rate of monetary loans and intervene in transactions, increase the credit line for small and medium-sized enterprises and lend money to farmers. "
19 131February 23rd, the Federal Reserve System Act was passed. 19 14 10, Wilson said passionately in congress: "consortium monopoly is the biggest enemy of free competition." Almost no antitrust law was passed, but the "US Federal Trade Commission" was set up to control unfair trading practices.
19 16 in July, the federal agricultural loan law was passed and agricultural loan banks were established in various places. Wilson helps the weak, but opposes extreme trade union organizations, arguing that "extreme trade union organizations deprive individual workers of interaction with employers when facing problems." He did not sympathize with the radicalism of some vulnerable groups fighting for social welfare at that time, and warned them: "The sorrow of social vulnerable groups made politicians get the last aura, not vulnerable groups." All struggles should aim at establishing just laws and enforcing them. He believes: "As a president, only by moderately using power can we effectively exercise power."
Wilson firmly believes that to be an excellent politician is to open a blessed road for the country; He said: "I believe that in God's predestination, there is a blessed road in politics that people can find. Although people are guilty, they have an instinct to transcend nature and seek a reasonable order in politics, such as salt to prevent corruption, antiviral serum to fight diseases and maintain harmony between people. There are constant storms in the society, but there is always a wonderful pipeline to calm the storms. "
A war for peace only.
Soon, Wilson faced the storm of World War I. 19 14 On July 28th, World War I broke out. In August, Germany declared war on Russia and France; Soon, Britain was also involved in the battlefield. Wilson said: "This war is the inevitable killing brought by European powers and colonialism." He is strictly neutral among China people.
19 15, Germany declared unrestricted sea areas and submarine attack missions, and American merchant ships and oil tankers were continuously sunk. 19 17, when the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, Wilson gave a speech to Congress: "A mature democracy is that when necessary, Congress gives the government emergency decision-making power to bring about the final victory of the country."
19 17 On April 6th, the United States officially declared war on Germany. Wilson hated war, but it became the only way to stop it. He put forward in the parliament: This is a "peace without victory", fighting only for peace, not for aggression, plunder, revenge or destruction, as long as the other side lays down its weapons and stops fighting immediately. Wilson's view of war is unprecedented, which gives a new opportunity for world peace. He said: "I firmly believe that peace is based on the strength of the people, not the strength of the government. When everyone in the world enjoys the same freedom, security and equal opportunities, there will be peace. "
The Wilson government immediately issued an amazing mobilization order. In a very short period of time, there were 24 million standing soldiers, a large number of planes and cannons, and 5 billion dollars in loans to the Allies. Supplies, food and oil are flowing to the allies. 19 18 years 1 month,1100,000 troops have quickly entered the battlefield.
How can Wilson's mobilization be so efficient? He surpassed the party and only used talents. For example, * * * and Hoover within the Party (later the 3rd1president of the United States) were reused to manage the national agriculture and production system; He trusts his profession and authorizes the other party to be responsible, such as supporting the independence of General Pershing. He also rebuilt the cowardly democracy hall and tried to educate the people about the necessity of war. At that time, the socialists refused to take part in the war because they only fought for socialism and were immediately arrested. Many Christians only use one or two sentences in the Bible to oppose war. Wilson retorted, "If we don't go to war, we will support each other's aggression." He used electric inspection to control wartime cooperation, nationalized railway transportation and integrated national production.
Lonely hero in the forest of desire
19 18 years 1 1 month/1day, and World War I ended. 1On February 4th, Wilson led a team to attend the Paris Peace Conference. The five giants attending the meeting at that time: the Italian representative Orlando, a stubborn lawyer, insisted on a large piece of land in the Austro-Hungarian Empire; The French representative is Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau, known as the "revenge tiger". He insisted on burning Berlin, hanging each other's generals, and advocating large areas of land on the Rhine; George, the representative of the British side, claims to be the politician who knows the business best and knows how to squeeze each other dry; Konoha, the representative of Japan, is an enigmatic old fox who insists on inheriting all German colonies in Asia, including China's Shandong Peninsula.
These people think that occupation is a fact, which is much more practical than the "fourteen principles of world peace" put forward by Wilson. International negotiation is selfish. Who cares about Wilson's League of Nations organization? The only thing that Wilson can influence them is American loans to other countries. Wilson emphasized six points during the meeting: giving the weak countries in the world the opportunity of self-determination; Use the League of Nations to supervise the reconstruction of Germany, instead of sending troops; Before independence, the colony was entrusted to the League of Nations. Replacing armed war with economic sanctions; Respect the territorial and sovereign integrity of all countries in the world; Invite defeated countries to the meeting. Finally, under the opposition, frustration and compromise of big countries, an agreement was finally reached. Wilson believes that this conference only decides the big principles, and the details will be discussed later; However, he lost his chance and Congress opposed him.
19 19, Wilson returned to China to give speeches everywhere, hoping to win the support of the Senate and the House of Representatives. As a result, the word was rejected in the Senate. 1920, the reconsideration was rejected again; There are three reasons against him: the United States has not gained any substantial benefits; Without participating in the decision-making, the legislator was robbed by Wilson alone; There has never been an international organization without military power in history. How do you know this is feasible?
Wilson can't explain anything anymore! 19 19 10/2 October, he suffered a stroke and fell to the ground. Wilson is too tired to deal with this group of people with such strong desires. Until 1924 died on February 3rd, he was never heard again.
Wilson was right. Being a good president is a suicide mission.