First, the interpretation of knowledge.

In fact, the monograph we are talking about refers to the summary articles written by students after observing, analyzing and discussing some interesting and meaningful issues in the fields of study, life or science and culture. Its manifestations are various: it can be a view after careful observation and deep thinking about something; It can be the opinion obtained from the analysis after hands-on experiments; It can also be a summary after a survey in a certain place, and a conclusion can be drawn through logical reasoning ... The "special topic" here means that an article only discusses a certain phenomenon or problem, and it is aimless to write about this problem for a while and that problem for a while. What we call "small papers" is different from highly specialized research papers written by professional researchers. Its topic is small, its content is shallow and its length should not be too long. There is no uniform requirement in terms of format, as long as it can explain the problem.

The writing of monographs can be roughly divided into several steps: selecting topics, collecting materials, refining opinions, arranging structures, and drafting revisions.

1, scientific topic selection

The first step in writing a short paper is to determine the research object and consider what problems to study. This is the topic. Some people say that choosing a good topic is equivalent to completing half of a small paper, which shows the importance of choosing a topic for a small paper.

Pay attention to practicality, feasibility, creativity and interest when choosing a topic.

"Practicality" means that the topic should have certain practical value in production, life or science, that is, the research results may be transplanted and applied to serve mankind and have certain practical significance to people's production and life.

"Feasibility" means proceeding from reality, according to one's usual observation and research on a certain problem or phenomenon, choosing a subject whose research scope and depth are suitable for one's own level and conditions, which is a goal that can be achieved through hard work. The topic should be "small", not "big", but "complete" Avoid covering everything and generalizing, which is conducive to deepening the essence of the problem.

"Creativity" means that the topic should be novel and innovative. The main points of the composition of "Beautiful Autumn" should have their own new discoveries and original opinions. Research methods should be innovative, and don't simply repeat experiments done by others. This is conducive to writing your own new discoveries, new understandings and new achievements.

"Interesting" refers to choosing a topic of interest in combination with one's own specialties, which is conducive to giving full play to one's subjective initiative and doing what one wants and is willing to do, often with twice the result with half the effort.

In short, in our study and life, we should always observe various phenomena around us, find new valuable problems in time, try our best to find solutions to problems, and conduct creative thinking and research. Choosing the right topic is the guarantee of doing a good job of research and writing high-quality small papers.

2, comprehensive collection of materials

There are many ways to collect information: either go to the library to look up information, or visit and interview on the spot, or search the required information on the Internet. Either way, we should pay attention to the accuracy of the materials. It is necessary to verify the information and examples obtained by consulting newspapers and books; Verify the factual information obtained through observation, experiment, investigation and inspection; Verify all kinds of information found on the Internet. Eliminate the false and keep the true, so as to avoid errors in the materials and affect the scientific nature of the paper. Also pay attention to the freshness of materials and try to collect the first-hand materials related to the research topic that can be found. To master the materials comprehensively, it is necessary to collect as many materials as possible according to the research object and scope determined by the topic. Only by ensuring sufficient selection of materials can we write a high-level paper.

3. Refine opinions accurately.

Refinement advice is to put forward your own opinions after analyzing, comparing and summarizing the materials, which can be the summary of new discoveries and creations in observation and experiment, the analysis and discussion of new situations and problems found in investigation and investigation, and the creative opinions formed in the process of studying and researching a certain subject. It is necessary to classify and compare the collected materials, carefully screen them, analyze and summarize them realistically, study their similarities and differences and their relationships, find out regular things, and form a correct and scientific view. Views should be expressed accurately, clearly and concisely, and should not be vague or confused.

4. Reasonable arrangement of structure

After sorting out the materials and refining the opinions, the next step is to arrange the structure and start writing the paper. The arrangement structure should be flexibly mastered according to different types of theme compositions. Although there is no fixed format for writing, an ordinary essay generally consists of three parts:

(l) At the beginning (or "introduction"), ask questions or give a general introduction to the full text closely related to the topic.

(2) The main part, which is the core part of the paper, analyzes the problems, explains the relevant observations, experiments, investigations, tests, production and assumptions, and prepares for the induction of scientific conclusions. Attention should be paid to writing: the research steps should be detailed and appropriate, the experimental process, data sources and various phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness.

(3) The last part (or "conclusion") solves the problem and draws a conclusion. The conclusions should have their own unique opinions, and the words should be concise, vivid, hierarchical and clear. The structure of the essay can be in the form of "total-sub-total", or it can be discussed in layers first and then summarized, or it can be discussed in layers first and then divided.

This structure is used to organize materials properly and present opinions clearly. No matter how you arrange it, you should pay attention to clear organization, consistent viewpoints and materials, reflect the process of scientific argumentation, and make the paper convincing. The materials used to prove the point of view should be typical, that is, the selected materials should be able to explain the problem, not too much, but precise, and the materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it should be resolutely abandoned. In order to make the structure reasonable, it is necessary to draw up a detailed writing outline.

5. Carefully draft and revise

Drafting and revising, writing the first draft according to the outline, and then revising are not only detailed language expressions, but also a process of in-depth research and careful thinking, which should be accurate and rigorous. Compared with writing general expository and argumentative papers, the expression and revision in writing special papers are more important. Because special research activities are very complicated and subtle, we can't be careless when reflecting the process and achievements of special research. It should be carefully drafted, carefully pondered, revised repeatedly and meticulously. See whether the beginning is concise and to the point, and whether the viewpoint is correct and reliable; See whether the arguments are typical and true, and whether the data and quotations are accurate; See whether the structure is reasonable and whether the paragraphs are naturally connected; See whether the viewpoints and materials are unified and whether the argument is logical; See whether the language is accurate, smooth, concise, coherent and standardized, and whether the chart is clear and applicable. All aspects should be carefully examined, carefully scrutinized and gradually improved.