Manichaeism is a worldwide religion that rose in Babylon in the 3rd century. Due to the discovery of the copy of Moni in Cologne, Greece, the academic circles have mastered the first-hand information about Moni's early thoughts. It is generally believed that Mani mainly absorbed Judaism-Christianity and other doctrines to form his own beliefs, and at the same time adopted many Zoroastrian elements. After it spread to the east, it was infected with some Buddhist colors. Its main teachings are two San Ji teachings, and it has its own precepts and temple system. Manichaeism has spread widely in the old Eurasian continent from North Africa to China and Fujian for more than a thousand years (from the 3rd century to the 15th century). More than ten languages such as Syrian, medieval Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Chinese, Uygur, Greek, Latin and Coptic were used in literature, and in-depth ideological dialogues were held with other major religions. If we want to study Europe and Asia in the Middle Ages,
Manichaeism document Mani himself clearly realized that one of the differences between his religion and Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Buddhism is that the founders of other religions did not write classics in person, so that their successors could not agree with them, but he wrote classics in his lifetime, which left the successors at a loss. The Chinese version of An Introduction to Manichaeism Buddhism unearthed in Dunhuang lists seven classics and pictures of Manichaeism. It can be confirmed by the records in Manichaean literature in Coptic language, such as Preaching Scriptures, that is, Exhausting All the Wisdom of Dharma Roots (the Gospel of Life or the Great Gospel), Pure Life Treasure Scriptures (the Treasure of Life), Law Tibetan Scriptures or Medicine Tibetan Scriptures (Letters) and Secret Law Tibetan Scriptures. The above seven classics were written by Mani himself in ancient Syrian, and now most of them have been lost, and some can still find some fragments. There are many fragments in the Hercules Sutra, which can be seen to be related to the Book of Enoch in the Dead Sea Scrolls. In addition, among Arab historical materials, Chabrat Gan written by Mani in medieval Persian and dedicated to Shapur I is also listed as a classic, which should be the second classic introduced to China in the first year of Yan Zai (694), and the part about the end of the world is relatively complete.
In addition to the above-mentioned classics written by Manichaeism, Manichaeism has a large number of documents, which can be roughly divided into five categories.
The first category is religious historical documents, similar to Christian gospels, acts and believers' books, which contain records of miracles, but still contain elements of faith in history. Pocket edition's "Cologne Mani Scroll" has been published 192 pages, compiled from the biographical data of Mani relayed by Mani's disciples, which basically reviews the process of Mani's early life in a Baptist school, being inspired by God, leaving them and starting to preach in the first person. The Coptic sermon has been published on 96 pages, of which pages 42-85 are about the suffering of the enlightened person (Mani), and pages 7-42 are war notes, similar to Chabrat's fragments, telling Manichaeism's teachings about the doomsday war. Because of the retention of these two documents, we have a better understanding of Mani's early and late life. Among a large number of Manichaean Coptic documents discovered in Madi, Medina, Egypt in 1930s, there is a book about the life and early history of Manichaeism, but unfortunately it was lost in the chaos after World War II (only two pages left). Today, we can learn more about Mani's last persecution and the spread of Manichaeism through some Iranian and Uighur fragments unearthed in Turpan, including the Apostles and Letters of Mou Yu Khan, the Coptic Letters recently unearthed in Keilis, Egypt, and the inscription of Manichaeism in Quanzhou, China.
The second category is doctrinal interpretation. Annotation of Coptic Gospel of Life unearthed in Medina-Madi, Egypt (Synaxes (Annotation? "The Gospel of Living" and "The Wisdom of My Lord Mani" Kephalaia have been published, and there are still some introductions to be interpreted by Coptic experts. The teacher's kephalaia has been read for 295 pages and translated into German and English. Kefreya means outline, chapters and essence. According to "Yi Lue", during his other 60 years in Mani, he preached Dharma and recorded his disciples. G freya is obviously the most important record of this kind. In western historical materials, it is often listed as a Manichaean classic. What we can see today is chapter 122, which is usually a dialogue, that is, Manichaeism disciples ask one or several questions and Manichaeism answers them, covering almost all aspects of Manichaeism. Similarly, the Chinese "The Remnants of Manichaeism I" unearthed in Dunhuang is also a dialogue record to explain the doctrine, with 345 lines so far. Mani disciple Artu asked a question and Mani answered it. Starting from the creation of the world by the gods and the creation of the human body by the greedy devil, it is described that the greedy devil is forbidden in the body with five senses, and the wise envoys fight against it, so that the five senses can be freed, even if the old friends are transformed into new people. This is similar to the teacher's "Calea" Chapter 38. Another main part of Manichaeism I tells the story of three bright days and two dark nights of ignorance by Hui Ming, which is similar to the fourth chapter of Maitreya by the tutor. Chinese Manichaeism I has been translated into French and German. Some Buddhist scriptures in Parthian, Sogdian and Uyghur have been published and translated into German (some into English) for comparative study.
The third category is poetry. The map of Coptic poetry unearthed in Medina-Madi has been published, and the well-preserved second part ***234 pages has been interpreted and translated into English. There are 423 lines of Chinese "A Praise of Manichaeism" unearthed in Dunhuang, which has been translated into English and German. There are many fragments of Iranian and Uighur poems unearthed in Turpan, among which there are older ones, such as Huwidagman (the first chapter of Tang Dynasty has been translated into ancient Chinese, that is, Manichaeism praised the sigh of China and Ming Dynasty 262-338), Angad Rosnan, Uighur and so on. Manichaean poetry can be roughly divided into: Bema poetry, poems praising various gods, especially Jesus, poems praising Mani and other religious leaders, etc. By comparing and studying these poems, we can observe how some identical or similar religious symbols are spread, translated, borrowed and integrated among different civilizations.
The fourth category is the literature about missionary organizations and regulations. At the beginning of this century, a Latin document on the difference between Manichaean voters (monks) and listeners (ordinary believers) was found in Tebesa, Algeria, North Africa, and has now been translated into English. Confessions of Uighur Manichaeism unearthed in Dunhuang include fifteen confessions, which have been translated into German, Russian, English and Chinese. The document plate of Mani Temple, a Uighur monk unearthed in jiaohe city, Turpan, was published in 1954 and has been translated into Chinese, German (partially), English and Japanese. A Brief Introduction to Mani's life, religious creation, image, main classics, organizational structure of religious organizations, temple system and basic teachings was made in The Book of Elegies unearthed in Dunhuang. There are already English, French and German translators. "Yi Lue" may not be directly translated from Central Asian languages, but written by monks who are proficient in Manichaeism literature in Central Asia.
The fifth category is literature sermon. Manichaeism makes great use of the stories inherent in various civilizations, transforms them and publicizes its own teachings. There are many such examples in the stories of the Sogdians: the stories of religion and the world's oceans obviously come from Buddhist scriptures such as Bahaid Sutra, in which Manichaeism is compared and praised with the ocean. The story of the pearl piercer originated in Persia, Ibn-Mugfa (? -757) There are similar stories in the Arabic translations of Kelly Lai and Dimunai. The story of three fish is similar to one in the Five Classics of India. The Story of the Merchant and the Elf is adapted from the story about Idomanus, the king of Crete, in Chapter 1 1 of Judges (Jephthah's daughter) and Virgil's epic Aeneas (70- 19 BC). The story of the monkey and the fox comes from Aesop's fable. The story of Job comes from the Bible Book of Job. There are many similar examples in Uighur stories: there are also stories from Aesop's Fables. When the Buddha was a prince, he went out of the city to see the old, the weak and the sick, thus realizing the truth. The story of Uighurs may have been translated into Sogdian, and the translation of Sogdian may be the embryonic form of the story Peace between Brahm and Safaat, which was widely circulated in medieval Europe. The story of The Drunk and the Dead is reminiscent of a similar plot in the Christian apocryphal Biography of John. The story of the Three Princes originated in Persia, while Brahman astronomy books originated in India.
Extracurricular historical materials
In addition to the Manichaean literature itself, a considerable number of non-religious authors have the opportunity to contact or read Manichaean literature, and they have left their own records. Some records are objective, while others are obviously biased. These records can be roughly divided into Syrian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Chinese historical materials according to the languages used.
Two authors can be cited as examples of Syrian historical materials. One is Ephraim (Syrus, Saint, 303-373), a prolific writer of Eastern Christianity, who left Mani relatively recently and wrote a book refuting Mani, Masan and Pasteur in about 340 years, with English translation. The book aims to criticize Manichaeism and other heresies, but it still records some characteristics of early Manichaeism. Theodore buckner (8/9). ) is the bishop of Nestorianism in Mesopotamia. He wrote Liber scholiorum around 790, which was originally intended to expose Manichaeism, but objectively and briefly quoted many Manichaeism documents, which became an important overview of Manichaeism and was translated into many European languages. Because Mani's original language is Syrian, these quotations are closer to the original.
There are many kinds of Greek historical materials. Alexander, from Lycopolis, wrote an article criticizing Manichaeism about 300 years ago, reiterating two doctrines of Manichaeism. Acta Archelai, written by Haggman Nias (in the first half of the 4th century), was originally written in Greek, but now only fragments are left. The Latin translation of the full text has been handed down to this day, with German and English versions. This book records a debate between Alcor Routh, Bishop of Mesopotamia, and Mani. Modern Archilaus thinks this is a fictional story, but they still keep a lot of useful historical materials, and most other Greek historical materials in the future refer to this book. Eusebius (Caesarea, Bishop of Caesarea, California. 260-ca。 340), the prolific Bishop Caesarea criticized Mani in his masterpiece A History of the Christian Church, which shows the vigilance of the Christian church at that time. Serrapi Aung of Simouis, Egypt, is the author of Anti-Manichaeism. Christian leaders in Syria taught Titus (? The anti-Manichaeism book written by -370 has some independent materials. Epifa news of Salamis wrote "The Treasure House of Anti-heresy" (Chapter 66) 374-376-376 specifically refutes Manichaeism, and most of the information comes from the biographies of Ditos and Aki. In addition, in the early Byzantine Empire, when Manichaeans were forced to convert to Christianity, they had to swear to condemn Manichaeism. Several official versions of Greek teachings used at that time have been preserved to this day, and they are also valuable materials for studying Manichaeism.
Among the Latin historical materials, the most prominent is the works of Saint Augustine (354-430). He listened to Manichaeism for nine years and then converted to Christianity. 39 1 Before becoming a priest, he wrote five works against Manichaeism, including Free Will, On the Morality of the Catholic Church and On the Morality and True Religion of Manichaeism. After becoming a priest, he published a short article "The Benefits of Faith" on 39 1, and then wrote a short article "Two Souls". The following year, he published Debate with Fortunatus, and later published anti-Manichaeism works such as Refuting Manichaeism Letters, entitled Basic Principles, Anti-Forster and Theory of Good Nature. In addition, in Confessions, Letters No.79 and No.236, 1 2, 12, 50, 153, 182, 237, abstinence and other works, Mo Ye is involved. Most of Augustine's works have been translated into English. Emperor Diocletian of the Roman Empire (243? -3 16? ) sent a letter to Julian slave, the governor of Africa, asking him to be alert to the danger of Manichaeism. Valentine I (364-375), the Western Roman emperor who converted to Christianity, issued an imperial edict against Manichaeism in 372. These letters and the Roman emperor Theodosius I (346? -395) is also an important historical material.
Arabic historical materials can be exemplified by two authors. Naidin's famous book Qunshu, with German and English translations, outlines Mani's life (some details are proved to be correct by Manichaeism's own literature), the origin of ideas, teachings, commandments, inheritance issues, sects, Mani's works catalogue, religious leaders after Mani, etc. Another important author is biruni (973- 1048), who analyzed the ideological origin of Mani, introduced Mani's precepts and concepts, his date and place of birth, his major works and his death among ancient relics. He also talked about Mani in some places in the Indian Examination, pointing out that Mani's reincarnation thought came from Hinduism. Biruni's two works are both in English.
China's historical materials are scattered and varied. The introduction of Manichaeism into China, its activities, persecution and prohibition are recorded in Yuan Gui, Tang Shu, Tong Dian, Tang Yaohui, Tong Jian, History of the Five Dynasties, History of the Song Dynasty, Records of Ming Taizu, and Collection of Daming Laws. Most of them are brief descriptions of major events. A document in the second year of the Criminal Law of the Song Dynasty (1 120) records the scriptures and portraits used by Manichaeism in the Song Dynasty. Chinese inscriptions, such as Nine-surname Uighur Khan Monument, are important historical materials for the introduction of Manichaeism into Uighur. The inscription "Managing Southern Roads such as Zoroastrianism and Qinjiao" unearthed in Quanzhou is the evidence of the legal existence of Manichaeism in Yuan Dynasty. Personal collections, such as Bai Juyi's Collection of Changqing, Li Deyu's Collection of Huichang Yipin, and Japanese monk Renyuan's Record of Seeking Dharma in the Tang Dynasty, involve the handling of Uighur and Manichaeism affairs in the Tang Dynasty, and have preserved some materials that have never been seen in official history. The Collection of Zhou Pan written by Shi Hong in the Northern Song Dynasty records two cases of San Ji classics tried by his father Hong Hao when he was in the main book of Ninghai County, Taizhou. Lu You's Collected Works in Weinan and Notes on the Old Learning Temple in Southern Song Dynasty left the situation of Zoroastrianism activities at that time. Huang Zhen recorded his correspondence with Zhang Xisheng, a Manichaean Taoist, in "Gong Ji for Longevity" in Huang's Richao. In Yuan Dynasty, Gao Chen's Collection of Fishing Without a Boat recorded the situation of the Hidden Light House in Wenzhou Zoroastrianism Temple. Song Lian's Zhi Yuan Xu in the Ming Dynasty revealed the inside story of the prohibition of Zoroastrianism in Wenzhou during the Hongwu period. Buddhist classics, such as A Brief History of Monks, Orthodox Buddhism and Chronicles of Buddha, are meant to reject fallacies, but objectively preserve some Manichaean historical materials. In Taoist classics, such as Old Zi Hua Hu Jing unearthed in Dunhuang, there is a saying that Laozi turned into Mani. Bai Yuchan (real name Ge Changgeng), a Taoist in the Song Dynasty, wrote The Quotations of Hai Qiongbai, but denied that Manichaeism was the legacy of Laozi. Local chronicles such as Shu Min in the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty recorded in detail the origin of Manichaeism and its introduction into Fujian. The author He seems to have read the classic Manichaeism in China handed down from the Tang Dynasty, which is more credible. Most of these historical materials have been translated into French and English.
religious doctrine
The basic teachings of Manichaeism are two examples of San Ji. The second refers to light and shade, representing good and evil. San Ji refers to the beginning, the middle and the back. In the beginning, light and shade were separated. In the middle period, darkness invaded light, and light and darkness struggled, and the two were mixed. In the later period, light and shadow separated again.
When there is no heaven and earth, there are only two situations: good and evil. Good religion is a kingdom of light, and the highest God is called the great father (China Mani is called the great loving father and the respect of wisdom). He has five glories of feeling, reason, thinking, imagination and will (five aspects of phase, mind, thinking and meaning), and five spirits of kindness, faith, loyalty, kindness and wisdom (sadness, sincerity, sufficiency and shame). He is a combination of light, strength and wisdom (purity, light, strength and wisdom). There are twelve gods living around him, three on each side (twelve always live in King Baoguang). The evil faction is called the king of darkness (the devil) and lives in dark kingdom.
At the beginning and end, the king of darkness looked up at the country of light, and the five glories trembled for it. The great father didn't want Wu Rong to fight against the king of darkness, so he called the mother of life (the good mother Buddha), and the mother of life called the first person (the first Buddha). The first man summoned his five sons (five Ming Buddhas: pure gas, wonderful wind, bright power, wonderful water and wonderful fire) as his armor to drive away darkness. But the early people were defeated, and five children were swallowed up by five Parademons. When people woke up, they called for help from their father seven times, so the father called for help for the second time. First, they called the Friends of Light (Le Ming Buddha), and the Friends of Light called the Giant Buddha (Buddha-making). Big (the god of architecture) calls out a living spirit (pure wind Buddha). The living spirit summoned his five sons: the guardian of glory (the ambassador of the world), the honorable king (the ten-day king), Adams (the ambassador of demon conquest), the glorious king (the ambassador of light) and the ambassador of the earth (the ambassador of the earth). They came to dark kingdom together, and the living spirits summoned the primitive people, who answered. This call should have produced two gods, one is to call God (speaking and listening) and the other is to respond to God (calling and responding), which became the six sons of living spirits and primitive people respectively. "Pure wind and good mother, two bright messengers, into the dark pit of ignorance", to save the initial heart. But "five sticks and five bright bodies, such as flies with honey, birds with plums and fish with hooks." Wu cannot be saved.
Since then, the center of the doctrine has been how to save five sons of the Ming Dynasty who were swallowed up by five Parademons. This requires the establishment of the universe. "Five Parademons and five Ming bodies together, creating a world of ten days and eight places. If so, this world is the medicine hall of the Ming people and the prison of the dark devil. " The world is governed by five sons of living souls. The living spirit also purifies the swallowed light, resulting in the sun, the moon and the stars. Then, the mother of life, the first person and the living spirit prayed to the great father, and the great father called for the third time, calling out the third messenger (Sunlight Buddha), and the third messenger called out twelve girls (China Mani was called the electro-optic Buddha). The third messenger "or today's virgins are delicate, and there are five kinds of female demons", while the twelve virgins are "or today's virgins are strict and crazy, and there are five kinds of male demons", so that the light absorbed by the five Parademons is released and falls to the ground to become various animals and plants. Plants contain more bright molecules than animals.
Pure wind makes the world a prison for dark demons. "So the greedy devil saw what had happened and revived the evil plan in his evil heart, that is, Lu Yi (Syrian Ashkelon) and Namrell changed in the middle, like pure wind and kind mother, creating a person, forbidding prisoners from being bright and releasing (= imitating) the world. If it is an evil and greedy body, although it is small, it imitates the world of heaven and earth. ..... Yu Ruojin, touching (= mode) white pictogram, written in the ring, in its image, no increase. So is the human world. ..... His five-bright body was so deliberately forbidden that he forgot his nature and was intoxicated. " The human beings created by greedy demons are Adam and Eve, the ancestors of human beings. Adam Root didn't realize that his soul was a bright molecule and belonged to the kingdom of light. When the five angels saw this, they asked the mother of life, the first man and the living soul to send God to save Adam. So they sent light to Jesus (called light and Buddha in Mani, China) to inspire Adam. The light of Jesus revealed Adam's own nature and the pain of being imprisoned in the body, and made Adam taste the tree of life (evergreen tree) and learn mysterious gnosis. Only by mastering the north can mankind be saved, which is the main idea of Gnosticism, and Manichaeism is no exception. In fact, the bright Jesus saved Adam, which is the blueprint for future generations to save mankind. Therefore, the bright Jesus has a special position among Manichaean gods, and there are many poems dedicated to him. In Zanyi Wen Shu, he praised him as "a wise and compassionate mother, a wise and compassionate mother, a wise and compassionate mother". Although Adam gained the North, he was still tempted by Eve and gave birth to his first child, Seth. Because Adam has more bright elements than Eve, Seth is regarded as an alien by the devil. Thanks to the blessings of the gods and Adam's upbringing, he was able to grow up and do good all his life. Humans are descendants of Seth.
In order to save the souls of generations of righteous people, "the wind will rebuild two Ming boats (today and this month), and the good son will live and die by sea, reaching this world and making Ming Le." The soul of the righteous passes through the luminous pillars from the moon to the sun, and then enters the new music garden. Zhu Guangyao is not only a god (called Lushenao Buddha by borrowing Buddhist terms in Mani, China), but also the realm through which the soul reaches the Sun Moon Palace and finally returns to the world of nirvana (called Lushenao realm in Mani, China). Hate the devil and be greedy for the clean wind to build two boats. "I am angry with Gou Jian, that is, I made two ships, male and female, with the same shape, so as to release (imitate) the two bright ships of the sun and the moon, confuse the bright light, make it rise to the dark ship and send it to the dungeon. I have suffered a lot, and it is difficult for me to get rid of them. " The great father's struggle to save Ming from the devil's control has not yet won, and another god is needed to help mankind get rid of it.
"If there are wise envoys, the world will prosper, educate all beings and get rid of all kinds of sufferings ... just as a king breaks his hatred of the enemy, decorates his throne in it, and even drives away all good and evil people, so will his interests (wisdom) and wise messengers." Ambassador Huiming is also called Huiming Buddha, that is, Big Nous. He was called by Jesus Light, the father of all messengers and the leader of all churches. The incarnation of the Huiming emissary in the world is first of all some descendants of Adam, the ancestor of mankind recorded in the Old Testament of Judaism: Seth, Noah, Abraham, Shem, Enoch and Enoch; Then there are the founders of true religion: Buddha, Zoroaster and Messiah Jesus. Ambassador Huiming's last and most perfect incarnation is Mani. The remnants of Manichaeism eulogize the Ming Dynasty: "The exclusive respect of the three realms is the compassionate parents of all beings, the great guidance of the three realms, and the spiritual doctor ... This is also the tolerance of heaven, and this is also a field that can bear fruit ... It is also the neutrality of all beings, and it is also the door for all three realms to get rid of prison." This is not only a tribute to Huiming, but also a tribute to Mani.
When Manichaeism gained the belief of most human beings, the liberation of light elements was almost completed. At this time, the holy light of Jesus will come for the second time, and he will be called the God of the wisdom world. He will set up a court to judge himself and separate good from evil. After that, the glowing pillars and living spirits that support the world will leave, heaven and earth will collapse, and a fire will break out, which will last for 1468 years. The thought of life (that is, the word "vigilance" in China Manichae Sutra) will appear with the appearance of the last days (that is, the "original appearance" in China Manichae Sutra), collect all the remaining light molecules, and rise to a new paradise. The dark Lord and other demons will be imprisoned, and the new paradise will be merged into the kingdom of light again. This is the afterlife.
From the above brief description, we can see that the dualism of light and darkness, San Ji's past-present-future theory, the last war and other theories may have originated from Zoroastrianism. The great ancestor of Manichaeism, the supreme god, is highly abstract, unlike the Jewish god who interferes in human affairs. In the Old Testament, the role of the Lord who created the world was reduced to being played by pure wind in Manichaeism, and pure wind was called the creator in Coptic language in Manichaeism historical materials. The image of Jesus in Christianity has become diversified in Manichaeism, mainly manifested in the great god Jesus and the messenger of light Messiah Jesus. Mani pretends to be an apostle of Jesus. All these places can see the great influence of Judaism-Christianity.
Fatwas and temple system
According to the Introduction to Manichaeism Buddhism, there are usually five teaching levels in Manichaeism: one is Twelve Muxi, who are followers (apostles) of Buddhism; Second, seventy-two Sabesai, translated into law enforcement, also known as Fu Duosheng (Bishop); Three hundred and sixty Merseyside, master of cloud translation (predecessor); Fourth, the arrow means all good people (voters are monks and nuns); Fifth, Yan Yan of Yiyun believes all listeners (ordinary believers). The transliteration of these names comes from Persian in the Middle Ages, and these fatwas can also be confirmed in Greek and Latin historical materials. The practice of Magnisi's Twelve Apostles clearly imitated the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Believers are divided into monks and nuns and ordinary secular believers, which may be influenced by Buddhism.
According to the Introduction to Manichaeism Buddhism, there are "Pure Land Hall I, Zhai Lecture Hall I, Professor Hall I and Sick Monk Hall I" in Manichaeism temples. ..... a private kitchen must be built. Fast food every day is like waiting to be given; If you don't give it, the beggar will fill it out. Only listen to people's orders, and don't keep illegal tools such as handmaiden and six animals. The temples respected the head and released three people: one was Yin Fusa, who translated the cloud to praise the head and knew the law; Second, called Lu, translated the first word of Yunjiao, specializing in rewarding and persuading; Third, stop changing the plug, literally translate the cloud and the moon, and specialize in giving. "We must obey our orders, not our wishes." This temple system may have been formed after Mani observed and imitated Buddhist temples in India. Monks live a simple life, mainly by begging and begging. They have no private property such as handmaiden and livestock, live together, and have no private rooms, kitchens and warehouses.
According to the fragments of Parthia's Manichaeism missionary history, Artu once established several Manichaeism monasteries in the Roman Empire. Some scholars believe that the establishment of Manichaean monasteries stimulated the development of Christian monasteries.
After Manichaeism was introduced into Uighur, it developed with its influence. In the third year of Tang Dali (768), a temple was built in the capital Chang 'an. Later, temples were established in Jing, Yang, Hong, Yue, Henan, Taiyuan and other places until it was banned in Huichang three years (843). As soon as the ban came out, the Tang government confiscated the money and materials of Mani Temple and strictly guarded it to prevent "people of all colors and rich people from occupying it". This shows that these monasteries already have quite a lot of property, which may be used as warehouses and banks by Sogdians or Uighur merchants. Manichaeism, persecuted in the Tang Dynasty, became a secret religion, spread to South China and established some monasteries. For example, during the Song and Shaoxing Dynasties (12nd century), there was a Manichaean temple in Shidaoshan, Quanzhou, Fujian. /kloc-There was one in Siming, Zhejiang Province in the 0/3rd century, which was later renamed Chongshou Palace. It looks like a Taoist temple, but it still recognizes the precepts of Manichaeism asceticism. In the Yuan Dynasty, a grass temple was built in Huabiao Mountain, Jinjiang County, Quanzhou Prefecture, Fujian Province, to worship Manifo. There is a hidden light courtyard in Pingyang, Wenzhou, which is a Zoroastrianism temple.
Three monasteries, Gaochang, Jiaohe and Solimi, are mentioned in the literature of Uighur monasteries published by 1954. Ai Wuchi (in charge), Mu She, Yi and the Governor manage the distribution of temple income. The temple has a solid economic foundation, owns land, collects rent, cloth, grain and fruit, raises livestock and uses all kinds of labor. Senior monks are well-fed and privileged, don't live in the same room, subordinates can't meet casually, and they can be punished when they are served at meals. These are quite different from the provisions of Yilue. Manichaeism has never been the dominant religion. The only exception is that under the rule of Uighurs, they have achieved lofty political status and economic privileges, so profound changes are inevitable.
well-behaved
"confessions of crossing the sand" in the following praise wrote: "if you don't practice the seven laws, the ten commandments and the three seals, you may be wiped out by the whole army." There is a similar sentence in "This is a confession with the listener until tomorrow". Three seals and ten commandments are the basic commandments of Manichaeism. Three seals refer to oral seal, handprint and chest seal (sometimes satisfactory seal in oriental literature), and three seals are related to the Ten Commandments. According to the Bible, the Ten Commandments are: no idolatry, no nonsense, no greed, no killing, no adultery, no stealing, no fraud, no witchcraft, no second opinion (doubt religion) and no laziness. Oral impression is not false.