As far as the articles in the textbook are concerned, according to my understanding, feelings and more than ten years of teaching experience, there are mainly the following angles and methods that can be adopted:
1 can guide students to pay attention to the overall writing ideas and styles of textbook editors. The compilation of teaching materials is the same as the compilation of general works, and they all revolve around a basic idea and framework. There will be internal relations between the parts, which can help students grasp the overall content and characteristics of a text in a certain part (such as units and article types). ).
2. Grasp the content (type) of the text as a whole according to its genre. Narrative, for example, mainly describes the characters' personality characteristics and inner world, the cause, process, result, influence and significance of important events. For example, an argumentative essay mainly demonstrates a certain viewpoint and shows a certain attitude tendency, such as prose, which mainly describes the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, or expresses the emotions and spiritual thoughts of characters, or deeply analyzes social phenomena and thoughts. Expressing profound thoughts and understanding, such as expository writing, mainly explains (introduces) the characteristics of things, such as classical Chinese, which can be compared according to its general categories.
3. Knowing people and discussing the world, contact the author's family background, life experience, social thought and life experience, and even contact the author's creative process to grasp the content of the article. This is the background of the times and society. )
4. Understand and analyze the creative background of the article, involving the author's life experience, ideological characteristics, creative intention, etc. This is a small background of the times and society. )
5. Combined with the author's creative style and subjective ideological tendency, this paper is especially suitable for those writers with obvious problem characteristics, such as Shen Congwen's Border Town, Xiao Hong's Biography of Hulan River, Ba Jin's Home, Wang Zengqi's Hutong Culture, Shi Tiesheng's Me and Ditan, Gao Xiaosheng's Chen Huansheng's Entering the City, and Lu Xun's novels.
The following is a grasp of the main content of a specific article, which of course also applies to articles in textbooks.
For extracurricular articles, including newspaper articles and papers reading articles, as far as my understanding, feelings and more than ten years of teaching experience are concerned, there are mainly the following angles and methods that can be adopted:
1, title of the article.
Especially the reading articles in the examination papers, especially the reading articles in the college entrance examination questions, are generally carefully selected and designed, including the titles of the articles, which are very standardized and standard. Of course, the titles of such articles have certain prompting functions, such as prompting the genre of the article, prompting the content scope of the article, prompting questions, and even directly revealing the theme of the article.
The articles I'm talking about here also include (ancient) poetry. For example, this year's Shandong college entrance examination volume is entitled "Farewell" by Du Mu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty. There are two versions of this poem. One version is In the Middle of Nanling Road. Looking up relevant anthologies and categories, we can find that this version of In the Middle of Nanling Road is widely circulated, but the author's title is Farewell. If the examinee can pay attention to the function of the topic, it can reduce the difficulty of examining the topic and grasping the content of the poem, and then contact Zhang Jiuling's masterpiece "Looking at the Moon and Thinking about a Distance", which most elementary schools can recite, so it can be clear that the "far" here refers to relatives far away from home. In this way, it is easy to grasp the theme of the poem, and there will be no particularly big deviation in analyzing, understanding and judging the writing techniques.
Of course, articles in newspapers and magazines, or articles reading general simulated test questions, may be poorly designed and may not always work.
2, the author.
The author's situation is divided into several situations. One is a well-known writer, everyone is familiar with it, and so are you. One is the general author, unfamiliar; The third is a well-known writer, who may be familiar to many people, but you are not; Fourth, not a well-known writer, maybe few people are familiar with it, but you are.
If a writer is familiar to most people, there may be some hints or hints, or the content and theme of the article may be implied in some background of the author. If students can mobilize their own reserves, combined with their own understanding and grasp of the theme of the article, it will also have good results.
If you are a writer that most people are not familiar with, it may be less suggestive or suggestive (especially in the test questions), but there must be a connection between the author and the topic of the article. So if you are familiar with it yourself, you can still contact the author's relevant information and explore the world.
3. The genre of the article.
As for the articles in the examination questions, they are mainly scientific and technological articles, social science articles (mainly explaining and introducing the situation, mainly using the way of explanation or explanation with strong colors), literary works mainly based on argumentative papers, and practical articles mainly based on feature stories, news abstracts, interviews and biographies. These different genres of articles have their own characteristics in grasping the main content and theme of the articles, which can be used.
For example, argumentative essays or lyric prose require special attention to argumentative essays and lyric sentences, including words with strong speculative and emotional colors. For example, articles on science and technology and social sciences need to pay special attention to the main concepts in the article, the different viewpoints of different characters, and the logical relationship (especially causality) between the previous viewpoints or sentences.
4. The idea and structure of the article.
The conception of the article reveals the development process and result of the author's thought (that is, emotion or viewpoint). Structure is the external form of conception, which is very important to grasp the theme of the article. Any unclear thinking in an article shows that the author's feelings are not calm and profound, his thoughts are immature and his views are not clear. This is the law of death in writing an article. However, a clever writer will not have such a situation, so the idea of a good article is very clear. We can grasp the content and theme of the article safely by combing the ideas of the article. All the articles in the test questions, especially the articles in the college entrance examination questions, should have this condition.
It should be noted that this method needs to be combined with the genre of the article. Different genres of articles have different characteristics of writing ideas. Only by combining the two can we grasp the content and theme of the article more quickly and accurately.
For example, the thinking of argumentative writing generally follows the basic modes of "total-sub-total", "total-sub-total" and "sub-total", so once the basic genre of the article is determined, we can pay special attention to the first and last paragraphs of the article. Generally speaking, this should basically grasp the basic theme of the article. Moreover, a clever writer doesn't just think about the whole article.
For example, Zhou's Remember the Way Home was chosen as the first big reading article in the college entrance examination this year. The first paragraph of the article points out the main idea: "You might as well travel around the world, achieve your career and explore courtship, but don't forget the way home." This home is your self and your own inner world. " And, first, I described my habit of wandering around every time I go to a strange city. Then I turned to the trend and said, "I think life is the same." Then I put forward my basic point of view: people should work hard to start a business, but they should not ignore the maintenance and pursuit of their inner world. So it is not difficult to understand and master the main idea of the article.
(and this article meets the requirements of expert articles, so the title of the article can also be considered. The key word in the title of this article is "home", which is a symbol in this article. In the first paragraph, the author made a very clear explanation of its symbolic meaning: "This home is your self, your own spiritual world." "Return" means return. "Remember" means.
5. Lyric or argumentative words.
It is natural for lyrical or argumentative articles. In fact, no matter what genre the article is, lyrical or argumentative words are important signs to reveal the theme of the article. For the author, this is the method; For readers, this is also a method. In addition, words full of emotional color or obvious emotional tendency are also a very reliable standard. For example, in narrative, lyrical or argumentative essays, words expressing colors often have special charm.
6. Sentences using figures of speech.
In narrative and lyric articles, some rhetorical devices are used more or less. These sentences often contain profound meanings and need to be studied in depth, which will certainly play an important role in grasping the content and theme of the article. Moreover, as far as the examination method is concerned, many questions are directly combined with words and phrases in the article, especially metaphors. In argumentation, metaphor is not a figure of speech, but it is often used as an argument.
7. Similar words or sentences.
Especially some lyrical or argumentative words, because they often have the function of suggesting or revealing the main idea of the article, words similar to these words or sentences also play such a role, perhaps for specific explanation or emphasis.
In view of the topic design in the test questions, one of the most important test points in the big reading test questions is "understanding the meaning of important sentences in the text". Specifically, in the design of test questions, candidates are generally directly required to analyze the meaning of two or three sentences in the text. Since the proposer takes this sentence as a topic, it must be "important", and its importance is reflected in its close connection with the main idea of the article. This requires an analysis of these sentences first. Find out the key words (the so-called key words are words that reveal the main content of a sentence, a paragraph or an article), and then restore this sentence to the original text, analyze the idea of the article in connection with the context, and analyze its accurate meaning in connection with the main idea of the full text (since it is a key word, the article is likely to appear repeatedly, or words similar to this key word will appear repeatedly). According to my experience, this method is basically tried and tested.
Of course, there must be many angles and methods to grasp the content and theme of the article. These are just some superficial methods that I have gradually explored, refined and accumulated in my own teaching practice. I hope to learn from my colleagues and improve together.