2 auxiliary fonts
The cursive script corresponding to Han Li is called Cao Zhang, and the cursive script corresponding to regular script is called Cao Cao. Now Cao Cao is also the evolution of Cao Zhang. In the Tang Dynasty, this kind of grass developed into weeds. Running script is a font between regular script and cursive script, which adds the characteristics of cursive script on the basis of regular script and retains many components of regular script, and is called Xing Kai. What is closer to cursive script is called cursive script. The development process of auxiliary font cursive script and running script is a tributary of China font evolution.
3 the characteristics of the evolution of Chinese characters:
The evolution of Chinese characters is characterized by the gradual standardization and stability of Chinese characters.
Small seal script makes the number of strokes of each word fixed; The official script forms a new pen system, and the font gradually becomes flat and square; After the birth of regular script, the font of Chinese characters has tended to be stable: the basic strokes of "horizontal, vertical, left, point, holding, picking, jun and folding" have been determined, the stroke shape has been further standardized, and the number and order of strokes of each character have been fixed; Because multi-line writing requires orderly arrangement, the font changes, the length and thickness of strokes are constrained to extend in the frame, the position and density of stroke distribution are also constrained, and the font structure pays attention to balance and symmetry. In a word, with the appearance of regular script, the square of Chinese characters has been finalized and the font of Chinese characters has evolved and matured. For more than a thousand years, regular script has been the standard font of Chinese characters.
4 radical:
According to the traditional Chinese character structure theory, people call the constituent unit of compound words "radicals". The concept of "radical" is used to explain "integration" and "combination", that is to say, radicals cannot be separated from words, and the radicals combined with them are compound words. For example, the radicals of "take" are "ear" and "you"; The radicals of chop are "stone" and "owe". But ear, you, stone and debt are inseparable. "Radical" is a title that classifies Chinese characters in dictionaries for reference. Radicals have a certain relationship with radicals, and most of the capitals in the dictionary are acted by ideographic radicals in Chinese characters. For example, chopping and grinding belong to stones, locusts and moths belong to insects. But radicals and radicals are not the same thing after all, and radicals with phonetic functions in pictophonetic characters are not radicals, such as "Ma" in "Mo" and "Huang" in "Locust" in the above example. If some words cannot be distinguished from radicals, they are used as radicals, such as "Xia", "concave", "year" and "main", which are classified into four parts respectively.
Radical is a name in the traditional Chinese character structure theory, which refers to two components in the Six Books, meaning or sound, such as Qi and Ge in Fa, and Gate and Mouth in Wen. Component is a concept in the structural analysis system of modern Chinese characters, which focuses on the glyph structure of all modern Chinese characters, including not only ideographic characters and pictophonetic characters in Liu Shu Regulations, but also word-building components with phonetic and semantic functions, such as "two", "four", "six" and "real" in Yun. Components are the basic structural units of Chinese characters, which are between strokes and whole characters. Any component that can participate in word formation, whether radical or not, is a component.
Pictophonetic characters account for the majority of modern Chinese characters. Pictophonetic characters include signifiers and notes. The signifier is the ideographic part of pictophonetic characters, which has two functions: one is to remind the morpheme meaning class recorded by the characters, and the other is to distinguish homonyms. The limitation of signifier in expressing meaning lies in that it can only express a general and rough meaning class, but cannot provide specific meaning information. Secondly, due to the evolution of the meaning of words and the extensive use of loanwords, the meaning of some pictophonetic words has been lost. Thirdly, the choice of ideographic characters of some pictophonetic characters reflects the level of understanding at that time, but now it seems unscientific, which leads to the imprecision of ideographic characters. Although signifier has the above limitations, it still plays a role in helping people master the meaning of words. The signifier refers to the phonetic part of pictophonetic characters, and its function is to express the pronunciation of the characters, that is, to suggest that the pronunciation of pictophonetic characters is the same. So you can use notes to read, distinguish similar words, and so on. Notes also have limitations, such as low pronunciation accuracy beside the sound, and may even be mispronounced. This is mainly because of the evolution of pronunciation, which leads to the difference of pronunciation between ancient and modern Chinese characters. Although pictophonetic characters have the above limitations, when meaning is combined with annotations, the information provided by pictophonetic characters is greatly increased. The rationality of phonological morphemes is one of the reasons for the long-term existence of Chinese characters.
5. Expression of the change of Chinese font structure
1) Ancient Chinese characters were unique, but now they seem to be combined, such as "Fu", "Yan", "Quan" and "It".
2) Ancient characters are a combination, and now they look unique, such as "history" and "year".
3) Some words are segmented according to the modern glyph structure, which can't meet the original meaning of word formation, such as "heavy", which comes from the eastern sound; Thief, by Ge Zesheng.
4) Modern simplified characters have changed the original combined words into single words, such as "book", and the sound and form have changed from the author's voice to "book" and become a single body; The "dragon" and "tong" beside the sound are written as "Li" and simplified as "dragon" to form an independent body.
5) After some words are simplified, some of their components are neither ideographic nor phonological. For example, "District, Zhao Hefeng" in ㄨ. "You" in Chicken and Drama.
6) Some new words in the six books have not been summarized, such as "Ping-pong". Due to the above changes in Chinese characters, it is obvious that there will be many difficulties in analyzing today's Chinese characters with the provisions of the six books.
6 Abstract:
The change of Chinese characters reflects the change of social structure to a certain extent, and the evolution of Chinese characters is mostly from the hands of nobles. The minions of the nobility gradually evolved when they joined literature. Civilians are used by it. And when I started in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, I was already out of my element hand. Therefore, we can generally see the evolution of these Chinese characters, and the social structure of towns is gradually becoming centralized.
In addition, the great wisdom of the Chinese nation can also be seen from the changes of Chinese characters. From the original hieroglyphics, we can see the imagination and expressive ability of China people, which are found all over the world.
Later, the world's characters were divided into two systems, one based on letters and the other on Chinese characters. Chinese characters are also the oldest existing characters, and their evolution and use so far reflect the wisdom of the Chinese nation.