Relationship between organic chemistry and life science
Abstract: Organic chemistry plays an important role in the development of life science, such as theoretical basis, research tools and clarification of essence, and they are closely related. This paper expounds the relationship between organic chemistry course and life science from three aspects: the development of organic chemistry and life science, the main research results of organic chemistry and life science, and the tasks of organic chemistry research and life science.
Key words: organic chemistry; Life science; relationship
Organic chemistry is the foundation of life science, and organic compounds are the main substances that constitute organisms. The structure and properties of various organic compounds in organisms and their synthesis, decomposition, transformation and metabolism in organisms are based on organic chemistry. Organic chemical products are increasingly used in agriculture. Such as pesticides (pesticides, fungicides, herbicides), plant growth regulators, fertilizers, agricultural films, etc. To ensure agricultural production; Veterinary drugs and feed additives have promoted animal husbandry production. In order to use these organic compounds correctly, it is necessary to know their composition, properties and physiological functions. However, at present, the life science majors in some schools are increasingly ignoring the course of organic chemistry, and the class hours are getting less and less, which is not conducive to students' further study, such as biochemistry and molecular biology. This paper will expound the relationship between organic chemistry course and life science from three aspects: the development of organic chemistry and life science, the main research results of organic chemistry and life science, and the tasks of organic chemistry research and life science. It is hoped that people engaged in life sciences will pay attention to organic chemistry.
1. The development of organic chemistry is closely related to life science.
In its original sense, organic chemistry is the chemistry of biological substances. 1807, J.F. Yoon Berzilius first named the compounds obtained from living cells as organic compounds. At that time, people didn't understand the nature of life phenomena, so they gave organic compounds a mysterious color. Many chemists believe that organic compounds cannot be synthesized by artificial methods. Is it? Vitality? Has been created. However, in 1828, Weller made urea from inorganic ammonium cyanate, which denied the question about? Vitality? It can be said that chemists are involved in life science for the first time.
Subsequently, the development of organic chemistry mainly focused on the structural research and synthesis methods of organic compounds, and paid less attention to their biological functions. Nevertheless, the research results of many chemists have become a milestone in the development of life science. For example, in the middle of19th century, I. Pasteur's research on the classical molecular formulas of levorotatory and dextrorotatory tartaric acid led to the establishment of Vanthof and LeBel's tetrahedral configuration theory of carbon atoms in the 1970s, which was the basis of asymmetric structure of life molecules. E. Fischer's contribution to carbohydrate stereochemistry and peptide synthesis chemistry is the cornerstone of these two important molecular chemistry of life. In 1950s, the chemical structures of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) established by A. Todd paved the way for the proposal of double helix structure of Vatson-Crick DNA. In 1960s, Khorana initiated the phosphodiester method to synthesize oligonucleotides, which not only proved that every three bases in DNA form a triplet codon to encode an amino acid, but also put forward a set of genetic codes, and began the research of synthesizing DNA. Chemists also use small chemical molecules and chemical tools to study living systems. 1985, H. Smith and K. Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction, which achieved a breakthrough and leap in molecular biology. 1988, SchrEiber discovered the binding protein FKBP 12 of FK506 while doing targeted synthesis (TOS) of natural product FK506. 199 1 year, they found that they could inhibit the activity of phosphorylase neurohistone calmodulin by using small molecular probes FK506 and cyclosporine. At the same time, it was found that FKBP- 12-FK506 neurohistone complex and cyclophilin-cyclophilin-calmodulin complex could be formed. These small molecules bind to two kinds of protein at the same time, and their biological activity is also the molecular basis of intracellular signal transduction pathway. In 1992, SchrEIber published an article entitled? Exploring cytology with the principles of organic chemistry? Paper, convinced that the process of life is the process of chemical changes in organisms [1-3].
In a word, the theoretical and practical achievements of organic chemistry have laid a solid foundation for the birth and development of modern biology. Valence bond theory, conformation theory and reaction mechanism have become powerful means to explain biochemical reactions. The study of protein and nucleic acid composition and structure, the establishment of sequential determination method, the establishment of synthesis method, the study of enzyme catalysis mechanism, the establishment of chemical model simulating enzyme synthesis, small molecule probe technology, single molecule excitation technology and single molecule operation technology have opened the way for modern biology and biotechnology. The close combination of organic chemistry and biological problems is a powerful pillar to promote the development of life science, and also raises people's understanding of life process to a new level [4, 5].
2. Overview of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the highest scientific achievement in organic chemistry, for more than 100 years.
1901-2010 * *10 Except for 8 years, * * awarded a total of 102 chemistry prizes, of which 65 were organic chemistry, accounting for 63.7% of the whole chemistry prize. Study on carbohydrate and photosynthesis; Protein, enzyme and nucleic acid research *** 18; 8 Research on steroids, vitamins and alkaloids; Other projects ***3 1. 34 of them are related to biology. Accounting for 52.3% of organic chemistry. It can be seen that organic chemistry is closely related to life science.
3. The relationship between the task of organic chemistry research and life science.
The main tasks of organic chemistry research are separation and purification, physical organic chemistry and synthesis. Separation and purification refers to the separation and extraction of various organic substances existing in nature, and the determination of their structures and properties in order to make use of them. Physical organic chemistry is to study the relationship between the structure and properties of organic compounds, the way of reaction and the factors affecting the reaction, so as to control the reaction in the direction we need. Synthesis is based on the determination of molecular structure and a good understanding of the reactions of many organic compounds, using many simple organic substances obtained from petroleum or coal tar as raw materials, and synthesizing new organic substances that we need in nature or do not exist in nature through various reactions [6].
3. 1 Separation and purification of organic compounds and life sciences
The relationship between separation and purification of organic chemistry and life science is mainly reflected in two aspects, one is natural organic chemistry, and the other is separation and analysis.
Natural organic chemistry is an organic chemistry that studies animals and plants (including marine, terrestrial and microbial secondary metabolites) and biological endogenous physiologically active substances. The purpose is to explore natural compounds with physiological activity, as lead compounds for developing new drugs, or directly used in clinical or agricultural production. The development of natural organic chemistry is closely related to the national economy, and it is very important to develop new drugs and pesticides. China is rich in natural resources and has accumulated thousands of years of traditional experience in preventing and treating diseases. It is of great practical significance to vigorously develop the research on natural organic chemistry in China. The discovery of endogenous physiologically active substances and the study of their physiological activities have opened up a new field of natural organic chemistry research. It is an important task of natural organic chemistry to make full use of and develop China's animal and plant resources, including marine biological resources, and strive to develop new physiologically active substances to serve the national economy.
The close combination of separation, purification and analysis is a major feature of organic analysis. In life science, it also involves the separation and analysis of micro or trace organic matter in complex systems, such as the extraction and analysis of bioactive substances. The development of gas chromatography is a breakthrough in high-efficiency separation, and high-efficiency gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are the basis of modern separation technology. In gas chromatography, new high-selectivity and high-temperature resistant stationary phases (such as chiral stationary phases and isomer selective separation stationary phases) are still active research fields. Selective chromatographic column and mobile phase in liquid chromatography
Application and development will be the main aspects in the next few years. The rational development of small-diameter chromatographic column, multidimensional chromatography and chromatography-based system analysis network will make the separation and analysis of organic trace substances in complex systems leap to a new level. Supercritical fluid chromatography, including capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography, is a new developing technology. Capillary electrophoresis is an efficient new technology developed with the development of life science. It shows great power in the separation of protein and nucleic acid, and it is a new field with strong development vitality. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technology has made great progress in spectrometer performance and measurement methods, and the development of two-dimensional method has become the most important physical method to solve structural problems. The development trend of nuclear magnetic resonance in the future is how to obtain more relevant information, simplify spectrum, improve detection sensitivity and develop three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The most outstanding progress of mass spectrometry technology is the development of new analytical ionization technology. With the progress of interface technology, the application scope of combined technology is expanded and the effect is improved. This will make mass spectrometry a new research method in life science.
3.2 Physical Organic Chemistry and Life Sciences
Physical organic chemistry mainly studies the relationship between organic molecular structure and its physical and chemical properties through modern physical experimental methods and theoretical calculation methods, and expounds the reaction mechanism of organic chemistry. The study of physical organic chemistry in life science, including the simulated enzyme-catalyzed reaction in host-guest chemistry, the microenvironment-controlled reaction provided by host molecules, the recognition of host molecules to guest molecules, and the hydrophobic and lipophilic effect, are all research fields with important theoretical significance. The development of quantum organic chemistry from static to dynamic is an important part of physical organic chemistry at present, and molecular mechanics methods have very optimistic development prospects in the study of organic molecular structure and conformation. Academician Jiang, a chemist from China, published a paper entitled? Two important aspects in the frontier field of physical organic chemistry: organic molecular clusters and free radical chemistry? In this paper, physical organic chemistry is proposed to solve difficult problems in life science.
3.3 Organic Synthesis and Life Sciences
Organic synthesis is also closely related to life science. Metal organic chemistry and elemental organic chemistry are one of the most active fields related to life science. For example, organophosphorus compounds have important applications in pesticide, medicine, extractant and organic synthetic chemistry. It is also of great significance to study bioactive organophosphorus compounds in life science research. In recent years, biological organosilicon compounds and their applications in organic synthesis have developed rapidly. In basic and applied research, 3d empty orbital chemistry of silene, silene and silicon and polysilane are important research topics in organosilicon chemistry. Organosilicon compounds play an important role in organic synthesis, especially in the synthesis of natural organic compounds.
No matter from the development, research achievements and tasks of organic chemistry, the course of organic chemistry plays an important role in theoretical basis, research tools and clarification of essence in life science. Therefore, we should strengthen the study of organic chemistry in life science.
[References]
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