The main elements of ferroalloys generally have a high melting point, or their oxides are difficult to reduce and it is difficult to smelt pure metals. If it is iron, it is easier to reduce and smelt. Ferroalloy is used in iron and steel smelting, in which iron is harmless, but it is more advantageous than ferronickel because it is easy to melt in molten steel. Therefore, deoxidation and alloy addition in steelmaking mostly exist in the form of ferroalloy. Ferroalloys are generally brittle and cannot be used as metal materials. Smelting low-grade ferroalloy with crucible for industrial refining started around 1860. Later, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon with silicon content below 12% were developed by blast furnace. During 1890 ~ 19 10, France used electric arc furnaces to produce ferroalloys. Mu Wasang uses electric arc furnace to systematically test refractory elements, while P. l. t. h□ Rurt is used in industrial production. At that time, coke and charcoal were used as reducing agents to reduce related ores, and the products were mostly high carbon. After 1920, in order to meet the needs of the development of high-quality steel and stainless steel, a new stage of producing low-carbon ferroalloys began. On the one hand, based on the aluminothermic method proposed by Goldschmit in 1898, some carbon-free ferroalloys and pure metals are smelted by aluminothermic method. On the other hand, the desilication refining method of silicon-containing alloy oxidized by electric furnace is developed. Because of the high production cost of aluminothermic method, desilication refining method is widely used. Up to now, most medium-carbon, low-carbon and micro-carbon ferrochromium, medium-carbon and low-carbon ferromanganese and metallic manganese are still refined by this method. Refining ferrochrome by hot mixing is a further development of desilication refining, which accelerates the reaction of liquid ore, lime melt and silicon-chromium alloy by hot mixing. In addition, pure alloy additives (such as metal manganese) are produced by electrolysis, and ultra-fine ferrochrome with extremely low carbon content is produced by vacuum decarbonization. In recent years, the method of smelting ferrochromium and ferromanganese with pure oxygen has also been developed. In China, ferrosilicon and ferromanganese were produced by small electric furnace around 1940. From 65438 to 0955, Jilin Ferroalloy Factory began mass production. Subsequently, a number of ferroalloy factories were built in various places to produce ferromanganese with small blast furnaces, which met the needs of the national steel industry. Except silica, the raw materials used for smelting ferroalloy in this section are mostly concentrated in a few areas. For example, 90% of chrome ore is in southern Africa, and manganese ore is stored in South Africa and the Soviet Union. Most minerals exist in ferroalloys (such as chromium, manganese, tungsten, nickel, vanadium and titanium) in the form of oxides or oxygen-containing salts, and some are sulfides (such as molybdenum). These ores have different grades, and most of them need beneficiation and enrichment. China ranks first in the world in tungsten reserves. In 1970s, it was found that there were huge reserves of nickel and molybdenum resources. The vanadium-titanium magnetite in Panzhihua and other places contains a large number of vanadium-titanium resources. Manganese ore reserves are considerable in Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and other places, but its grade is low.