Accumulation is the basis of writing. The thicker the accumulation, the more basic the writing will be, and the article will take root and flourish. Without accumulation, without ink on the chest, you can never write a composition.
There are four aspects of writing accumulation: first, the accumulation of materials. Material is the source of writing.
Writing materials mainly come from social life. There are many beautiful things in real life. Students should learn to pay attention to all kinds of things around them all the time, be familiar with social phenomena, constantly expand their life fields, capture hot spots in life, pay more attention to and think more about life, consciously capture meaningful things and interesting people, and write them down at will.
In this way, the more you find, the more you accumulate. Reading and listening are another way to get writing materials.
For middle school students with small life scope and limited life experience, the materials obtained from this source are the most extensive. Reading books, reading newspapers and listening to anecdotes can give them a lot of materials that they can't get in touch with personally.
It can be seen that students should form the habit of studying hard. Pay attention to life and be good at reading, students will accumulate more materials, no longer have nothing to say, but will write them out beyond words.
The second is the accumulation of language. Language is the cornerstone of this house. Middle school students should consciously accumulate language, read books and newspapers, and meet expressive words and expressions. Listening to the radio, watching TV and even listening to other people's stories will get wonderful words, so write them down.
Idioms, two-part allegorical sayings, famous sayings and epigrams you usually encounter are all accumulated as long as you feel vivid and wonderful. In this way, many a mickle makes a mickle, thus gradually establishing his own language dictionary.
Meanwhile, you should look up new words in the dictionary. After accumulation, the language is enriched, and when writing a composition, it is natural to have two ends outside.
The third is the accumulation of emotions. Articles are not heartless things, every word comes from the heart.
Only when a writer puts his emotional experience, his true feelings, deep feelings, pure feelings and sincere feelings (such as love for teachers, love for classmates, sympathy for the weak, hatred for bad people, etc.). ) into the writing object, the article can be affectionate and touching. It can be seen that to write a good composition, middle school students must have emotional accumulation.
In fact, the emotional accumulation is rich, and when writing, people can naturally flow into an uncontrollable state, and the articles written are vivid and touching. The fourth is the accumulation of exquisite writing.
The phrase "poor literary selection, half a scholar" vividly tells the ancient people's experience in learning to write. Excellent works themselves tell us how to write articles and how not to write articles.
By getting familiar with yourself and reading more of everyone's works, you can get the message and naturally learn the methods and skills of composition. Read more, accumulate more, and use it in writing practice, which will definitely improve the writing level.
To realize the accumulation of writing, three requirements must be met: First, the quantity must be large, and the guarantee of quantity can bring about qualitative changes. Teachers should encourage students to write diligently and record their findings in notebooks specially prepared for writing accumulation.
Second, the scope should be wide. In order to accumulate, students should have a broad vision of life and reading.
Teachers can organize various activities to expand students' life circle; Class stacks can be established to realize the enjoyment of resources, accumulate interest for students and encourage students to form the habit of accumulation. Before reading, look at the following questions and look for answers with them.
When reading, because we are not primary school students, there may be some metaphors and rhetoric in primary school reading questions, but it is impossible for junior high school and senior high school. We can use strokes to draw out key words when reading, such as time, season, who did what, etc. When reading the questions, just look at the key sentences you draw. If not, then you haven't painted it completely.
2. Reading comprehension and writing skills To improve reading ability, the most basic and important thing is to read more and learn to summarize, analyze, summarize and reflect in the process of reading. Share some reading skills below, hoping to help you.
First of all, you can learn some fast reading, which is an efficient reading learning method. After mastering fast reading, when reading articles and materials, you can quickly extract paragraphs, contexts and key points of articles, promote sorting, induction and analysis, and improve reading comprehension efficiency; At the same time, reading fast can save a lot of time and do other things easily. For specific exercises, please refer to Jing Yingte's Whole Brain Speed Reading and Memory Training. You can try this training by installing the software. Practicing with software for more than 1 hour every day can improve the reading speed by about 5 times in one month, and the memory and understanding will also be improved accordingly, and finally the reading learning efficiency will be improved and good results will be achieved.
In the process of reading, we should learn and develop the habit of reading purposefully and emphatically, so that we can be good at discovering key points, new problems, new ideas and new materials when reading. In the process of reading or after reading a book, you should learn to take some reading notes, record the ins and outs of the book, the main characters, deeds and reading feelings, and also extract some beautiful words. For example, paragraph: the most convenient way to grasp the meaning of a paragraph is to grasp the "main sentence", that is, to grasp the sentence that explains the main meaning of the whole paragraph. Secondly, grasp the context of the article: some articles explain the central idea in the title, some point out the central idea at the beginning and end of the article, and some express the central idea through major events, as long as the central idea can be quickly determined according to major events. Thirdly, we should consciously remember the main characters, deeds, opinions and central ideas in articles and books, form our own mind map and promote better understanding.
As for writing ability, on the basis of mastering fast reading, the accumulation of materials and knowledge is not a problem. The problem is to write more, learn to use for reference, learn to use, and learn to integrate, so that the writing ability will continue to improve. For more information about speed reading, you can post "Speed Reading Bar" to exchange and learn, and there are many practitioners' experiences to share.
3. Reading comprehension and writing skills To improve reading ability, the most basic and important thing is to read more and learn to summarize, analyze, summarize and reflect in the process of reading.
Share some reading skills below, hoping to help you. First of all, you can learn some fast reading, which is an efficient reading learning method.
After mastering fast reading, when reading articles and materials, you can quickly extract paragraphs, contexts and key points of articles, promote sorting, induction and analysis, and improve reading comprehension efficiency; At the same time, reading fast can save a lot of time and do other things easily. For specific exercises, please refer to Jing Yingte's Whole Brain Speed Reading and Memory Training. You can try this training by installing the software.
Practicing with software for more than 1 hour every day can improve the reading speed by about 5 times in one month, and the memory and understanding will also be improved accordingly, and finally the reading learning efficiency will be improved and good results will be achieved. In the process of reading, we should learn and develop the habit of reading purposefully and emphatically, so that we can be good at discovering key points, new problems, new ideas and new materials when reading.
In the process of reading or after reading a book, you should learn to take some reading notes, record the ins and outs of the book, the main characters, deeds and reading feelings, and also extract some beautiful words. For example, paragraph: the most convenient way to grasp the meaning of a paragraph is to grasp the "main sentence", that is, to grasp the sentence that explains the main meaning of the whole paragraph.
Secondly, grasp the context of the article: some articles explain the central idea in the title, some point out the central idea at the beginning and end of the article, and some express the central idea through major events, as long as the central idea can be quickly determined according to major events. Thirdly, we should consciously remember the main characters, deeds, opinions and central ideas in articles and books, form our own mind map and promote better understanding.
As for writing ability, on the basis of mastering fast reading, the accumulation of materials and knowledge is not a problem. The problem is to write more, learn to use for reference, learn to use, and learn to integrate, so that the writing ability will continue to improve. For more information about speed reading, you can post "Speed Reading Bar" to exchange and learn, and there are many practitioners' experiences to share.
4. Skills and methods of reading comprehension 1, the role of the first paragraph, the role of the middle paragraph or sentence, and the role of the last paragraph. We can answer this question from two aspects: structurally speaking, the question in the first paragraph is to put pen to paper, point out the center of the article, get to the point, get to the point, or guide the full text, or work below. From the content point of view, it is to pave the way for the following, and to pave the way for the description of the content behind. The problem of the middle paragraph plays a connecting role in structure. The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, point out the main idea of the article, make people memorable and take care of the theme. 2. What thoughts and feelings does the article express? This needs to be answered according to the specific content of the article. Common ones are singing, praising, loving, admiring, moving, happy, longing, shock, missing, melancholy, faint sadness, regret, missing relatives in hometown, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame, guilt, hatred, sadness, grief and regret. Have a plenty of direct expression. 3. Summarize the main idea of the article. For this kind of topic, you must read the full text carefully several times before you answer it, and then you can answer it with such keywords: "What does the story of crossing have for …?" When we see this type of topic, we must first look at the expression used in this sentence, which is narrative, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. In particular, description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scenery description. Character description can also be subdivided into language description, action description, psychological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching. The use of lyricism can enhance the effect of the article. Highlight the center of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical scenes in nature, its function is to increase the mystery of what is written and arouse readers' interest. 5. What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the article? What's the role? There are many kinds of rhetoric, eight of which are commonly used, namely, metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition and rhetorical questions. Among them, metaphor, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most frequently tested, and metaphor has three functions: first, it makes profound truth simple and helps people deepen their body odor; The second is to make abstract things concrete and easy to accept; The third is to visualize the summarized things and give people a vivid impression. The role of personification is to make readers not only have a vivid impression on the things expressed, but also feel the author's strong feelings for them. Expressing something you like in a personification way can make it vivid and make people feel kind and natural. Things that show hatred can be written badly, giving people a strong sense of disgust. The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's distinct emotional attitude towards things, thus causing readers to scream strongly. Rendering the image of things can arouse people's rich imagination and help highlight the essence and characteristics of things. It is an important link to improve the expression effect. There are also overlapping words and short sentences, which make the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read. Another rhetoric is often used as a quotation. In reading comprehension, there are sometimes quotations from poems, celebrity stories, celebrity language or related contents in celebrity works. The question will be "What is the function of the content quoted in the article?" When answering this question, we should pay attention to two key words. One is "to contrast the quality of the narrative object and highlight the spirit of the protagonist". The above questions must be answered in combination with the specific content of the article. 6. What does a sentence in the article mean? Or tell us something profound? Please talk about your understanding. The answer to this question is not simply to find ready-made sentences from the text. This requires us students to read more and accumulate more at ordinary times, read more and remember some famous philosophical aphorisms, so as to truly understand the meaning of the article and enrich the answers. Accurately express your understanding of the article in your own language. 7. Compare reading comprehension. Sometimes, during exams, articles in class are compared with articles with similar contents outside class. For this kind of topic, we can compare the content, writing characteristics and emotional tone of the article. The above is the answer of standard questions about narrative. Let's take a look at the reading comprehension of the explanatory text. 8. Reading comprehension of explanatory text. For the reading comprehension of expository texts, we can grasp three points: the explanatory object, the explanatory sequence and the explanatory method. There are three interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order order and logical order. The most important thing is to explain the method and its function. Commonly used interpretation methods include classification, example, analogy, enumeration of data, comparison, definition, interpretation, drawing charts, citing data and so on. Among them, classification, examples, analogy, enumerating data and comparison involve more. Classification can make complex things clear. Examples can make the content concrete and enhance persuasiveness. The explanation of analogy is consistent with the metaphor in figures of speech. Enhance the vividness and vividness of the explanation. Enumerating data can make the things explained more specific and make it easier for readers to understand the relevant content. Comparison is similar to rhetorical comparison. When explaining some abstract or unfamiliar things, we can compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison, and the characteristics of things often appear in comparison. When answering the language questions about explanation, we should pay attention to the accuracy of the explanation language, and the language style can be divided into plain and vivid. There are few narrative and expository articles and argumentative articles in the reading of senior high school entrance examination, so I don't want to repeat them because of the limitation of space.
5. The methods and skills of Chinese reading comprehension, as well as composition, should be carefully read. 1. Narrative reading knowledge and skills 1. Six elements of narrative? Time, place, person, cause, process and result of the event II. Looking for a topic sentence? Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph.
3. Content of the article (center)? Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction. Format: This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and displays (praises and reveals). ...
4. What are the narrative clues and functions? Clues: (1) the core figures (2) the core things (3) the core events (4) the time (5) the place (6) the author's emotional function: it runs through the context of the whole text, organically connecting the characters and events in the text, and making the article coherent. 5. What is the narrative order and function? 1) The function of sequential narrative (according to the sequence of events): The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read.
2) flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. ) function: create suspense, attract readers, avoid monotonous narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. ) function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
6. Language features? Choose from the following sentences by combining context and rhetorical methods: vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology and strong in rhythm. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.
7. Writing skills and functions? (1) personification: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personify things, and thus achieve vivid images. (2) The role of metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(3) The role of exaggeration: highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression. (4) Symbolic function: giving specific meaning to the things described, expressing the feelings of … and enhancing the expressive force of the article.
(5) The role of contrast: through contrast, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article. (6) Set-off (side contrast): Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.
(7) The function of satire: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous. (8) The role of wanting to promote before restraining: first belittle and then praise the object described, and the context forms a contrast, highlighting the object written, and receiving unexpected touching effects.
(9) The role of front and back care (echo from beginning to end): make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent. (10) Set suspense function: arouse readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' interest in reading, and make the plot of the article tortuous. 8. Rhetoric method and function (1) own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid; Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics. 2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ; Answer format: key+object+feature 3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking; Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics; Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc. 4. Contrast: emphasize ... highlight ... 5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone 9. What is the function of sentences in structure? (1) Continue (2), introduce (3), connect the preceding with the following (transition) (4), pave the way for the following (5), take care of the preceding (beginning) 10, describe, discuss, explain, express feelings and describe expression.
12, the lyrical function in narrative expresses the author's sincere and deep feelings, arouses the readers' feelings and makes the article have a strong appeal. 13. Types and functions described? (1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Manner Description (4) Action Description (5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychology Description (8) Scenery Description (9) Scene Description (1 1) Environment Description (/kloc-)
(2) The social environment explains the social background and characteristics of the times, sets off the characters' personalities, promotes the plot development and reveals the theme of the article. Second, knowledge and skills of expository reading 1, expository classification 1, and explanatory objects: transactional expository and rational expository.
2. From the perspective of language features: simple expository and vivid expository. 2. The order of explanation, the order of time, the order of space, and the logical order of concrete analysis: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.
Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role? Answer format: This paper uses the order of explanation to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing.
If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". ) 3. Interpretation method 1. Common explanation methods include: example, classification, definition, copying, explanation, metaphor, column number, column chart and quotation explanation.
4. Functions of common interpretation methods: 1. Example: Make the article more specific, more convincing and better explain the characteristics of things. 2. Definition: Reveal the essential characteristics of things completely, scientifically and accurately, and distinguish them from other things. 3. Enumerate numbers: Explain a series of digital science about the salt content of the Dead Sea in The Dead Sea Never Dies, which accurately explains the reasons and characteristics of the high salt content and buoyancy of the Dead Sea. )
4. For example, it vividly illustrates ... (Stone arch bridge in China) The image of "Stone arch bridge is shaped like a rainbow" vividly illustrates the shape characteristics of stone arch bridge. )
5. classification.
6. Skills and methods to improve writing skills by reading and writing: 1. Observe carefully.
Careful observation is the golden key to improve the writing level. Only by careful observation can we find broken jade from the mineral deposits of life phenomena and grab the shining treasure from the mixed sediment.
2. Read more books. Extensive reading is the premise of improving the level of composition.
To write a good article, you must read more books. "Reading is like a million volumes, and writing is like a god."
"I am familiar with 300 Tang poems, and I can sing even if I can't write poems." We emphasize that we should not only read more, but also read selectively, and even more, we should read in and understand the structural skills and language characteristics of the articles we read.
I usually use speed reading to read, learn and accumulate knowledge. The fast reading here is not a simple fast reading, but is essentially different from skimming, skipping and scanning. Speed reading is a scientific and efficient reading learning method.
Fast reading is not only reflected in the high efficiency of reading speed, but also in the high efficiency of understanding: it plays a very good role in grasping the context and key points of the paragraphs of the article and helps us to sort out, analyze and summarize the article. After mastering the speed reading memory, the reading efficiency can be improved many times, which is of great help to the accumulation of reading materials and learning, especially for high school students who are short of time. It is very necessary to practice and improve.
For specific exercises, please refer to "JingYingTe Whole Brain Speed Reading and Memory Training", which is for my own use. Reading is very important for one's growth, especially for middle school students. It is very necessary to strengthen extracurricular reading. Reading plays a great role in nourishing people's hearts, improving self-cultivation, forming a good habit of reading and benefiting them for life. From a small point of view, middle school students can increase their knowledge and improve their Chinese literacy, especially for writing.
3. Practice writing frequently. Regular writing practice is the key to improve writing level.
Want to enter the door of composition, make continuous progress, and more importantly, practice more. As the saying goes, "it is better to write one than to read ten articles."
This tells the truth that writing practice produces true knowledge. Keeping a diary is an effective way to practice writing. Keep a diary every day to lay a solid foundation for future writing.
7. Chinese reading and writing skills. Three elements of argumentative writing: 1. Argument: It is the soul and commander-in-chief of an article. Any article has only one central argument, and usually there can be sub-arguments.
Arguments should be clear, accurate and general, and never be ambiguous or unpredictable. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of arguments and positions: ① The title of the article is "Transforming Our Learning" and "Opposing stereotyped Party writing"; ② The beginning is "Changing our study"; (3) The middle part of the article is "Takeism" and "On Storage"; ④ The last part is On Qin; Second. The materials used to prove the argument include factual arguments and theoretical arguments.
Facts speak with facts, and theoretical arguments win with classics. The argument must revolve around the central argument, which is the most basic requirement.
If the selected examples are inconsistent with the arguments, it will inevitably weaken the persuasiveness. For example, if memory can be transplanted in the composition of 1999 college entrance examination, we must make clear the difference between "memory" and "memory" when writing argumentative essays. Some candidates obviously made the mistake of deviating from the argument, citing Guo Moruo's Dream of Red Mansions as an example, which greatly reduced their persuasiveness.
There are several points to pay attention to when choosing factual arguments: ① The arguments must be typical. Typical means that the argument should be representative.
(2) The argument must be novel. Many students' argumentative writing is inseparable from some old examples. For example, writing about the relationship between failure and success seems to be inseparable from Edison's invention of the light bulb. To write about adversity, you have to write about Zhang Haidi. Similar content does not mean that you can't use it, but that you use it, others use it, and everyone uses it. Whose composition is different? (3) The statement of the argument should be concise, which is different from the narrative. It only needs to express the content related to the argument.
3. Argumentative writing is an important part of argumentative writing, which contains a lot of content. ① Basic types of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Argument is discussed from the front, and rebuttal is discussed from the opposite side. We usually write argumentative essays mainly based on arguments.
② The basic structural level of argument: syllogism structure. Put forward the question (what is it) → analyze the question (why) → solve the question (how to do it), that is, introduce the common argument structure of this conclusion: A, total score structure B, contrast structure C, hierarchical structure D and parallel structure. Flexible use of various argumentation structures between paragraphs and sentences will make argumentative papers more active.
(3) Common argumentation methods: A. Examples, using typical cases as arguments to prove arguments. Brief Writing and Repeated Writing: The fragment of "Song Wu Beats the Tiger" in Water Margin, the mountain temple in Jingyanggang, and the "broken" scenes that make the realm desolate are all displayed one by one.
The two words here are millions of words, which can be described as extremely simple. In the same work, when the author writes about the benefits of many strokes, he cites the examples in the short story "Social Drama", which has to be said to be extremely typical.
When using examples, we should pay attention to the method of case narration. Pay attention to the order of several parallel cases and the arrangement of details. Write well-known materials, and write detailed materials that are not well-known.
Metaphor strengthens the image demonstration of the works. When using metaphor, we should pay attention to the similarity between ontology and vehicle.
Lu Xun's "takenism" compares cultural heritage to a big house, and lists a young man's attitude towards a big house to express the author's attitude towards cultural heritage, which is vivid and impressive. C. Comparative argumentation: This method can enhance the significance of argumentation and make readers know what the author is for and against.
An excellent composition topic of this year's college entrance examination is "Four-Act Drama", in which the second drama writes such a paragraph: Background: In a small restaurant, two people are sitting face to face at a table with half a doughnut on the plate in front of them. A: Alas! Oh, my God, there's only half a doughnut left.
(A looks helpless) B: Oh, my God! That's great. There's half a doughnut. (B looks very happy) This passage written in the article is in sharp contrast, and the pessimism and optimism about life are vividly on the paper. As the author of this article said, an optimist will say what flowers are beautiful after being stabbed by roses, and a pessimist will say how bad flowers are when he sees the thorns.
I choose the beauty of roses, so I choose the former. D. quoting, in addition to quoting famous sayings of celebrities, I suggest that students accumulate more famous sentences in classical poetry. On the one hand, it can strengthen the power of argument; On the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and enhance the literariness of the argumentative paper.
Two years ago, the college entrance examination failed to examine famous sentences, which caused a misunderstanding for senior high school students. It is wrong not to test and accumulate. In 2000, a candidate in Zhejiang wrote a passage: People are just so different.
I couldn't help thinking this way when I was looking through the Song people's book Mo Yu Guan Yin. The question at the beginning of the story is "Spring has passed. I don't know where it is? " Qin Guan said: Go to Jiangnan in spring. "If you catch up with spring in Jiangnan, you must go with spring.
"Su Xiaomei said that spring was taken away." Swallows will take away the spring scenery, and sand windows will be decorated with Huang Meiyu. ".
Su Shi said that Qin Guan said ... ("Flower-World") I only selected a part of this article, so the effect of quoting some famous sentences or classical poems and songs in argumentative essays need not be said again. There are also extended arguments and causal arguments, which will not be repeated here.
Second, demonstrate the concrete embodiment of logic. When writing an argumentative essay, we must pay attention to logic, and there must be a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs. On the one hand, we should rely on sentences to express logic, on the other hand, we should highlight logical relations with the help of turning sentences.
There also needs to be a strict logical relationship between the parts in a paragraph. Strict logical relationship must reflect the author's writing ideas.
Pay attention to the role of turning conjunctions such as "Dan" and "Dan" in argumentative writing. As the saying goes, there is an article behind the word "Dan", which has a prominent and emphasized role, marks the center of the paragraph or article, and makes the argument of the article more eye-catching and prominent. Pay attention to be good at using words such as "of course" and "of course". A short argumentative essay of 600-700 words is sometimes difficult to express clearly. In order to make the argument more comprehensive and targeted, students should be good at using sentences that start with such words.
In the previous college entrance examination, there was a debate section about "people close to Mexico are black" and "people close to Mexico are not necessarily black". Such an article is easy to lose one-sidedness. When writing, choose.