Question 1: What's the difference between a summary and a paper? The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because the research papers focus on literature review.

The research methods and results, while the literature review introduces the information, trends, progress, prospects and comments related to the theme in detail. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.

order

The preface should use concise words to explain the purpose and necessity of writing, the definition of related concepts, the scope of summary, the present situation and trend of related issues, and the focus of current major issues. The preface is generally 200-300 words, not more than 500 words.

main body

Writing is the focus of review, and writing has no fixed format. As long as the comprehensive content can be better expressed, the author can creatively adopt various forms. The text mainly includes two parts: argumentation and argumentation. By asking questions, analyzing and solving problems, we can compare different scholars' views on the same problem and their theoretical basis, and further clarify the context of the problem and the author's own views. Of course, the author can also put forward different views from the historical background, present situation and development direction of the problem. The body part can be divided into several subheadings according to the content.

summary

Summary is a brief summary of the main body of the comment. The author should make a comprehensive evaluation of various viewpoints and put forward a summary from the literature.

The author points out the existing problems and the future development direction and prospect. A simple summary can also be omitted.

refer to

References are an important part of the review. The number of general references can reflect the breadth and depth of the author's reading. Different magazines have different requirements on the number of references for review papers, generally less than 30 articles are appropriate, with the latest documents in the last 3-5 years as the main ones.

Paper format

1. The writing order of graduation thesis format is: title, author category, author's name, instructor's name, Chinese abstract and keywords, English abstract and keywords, text and references.

2. The header of the schedule in the graduation thesis should be written at the top of the table and centered; The titles of the attached drawings should be written at the bottom and center of the drawings. Number tables, charts and formulas according to the order in which they appear in the paper.

3. The writing format of references in graduation thesis is strictly in the following order: serial number, author's name, book title (or article name), publishing house (or periodical name), publication or publication time.

4. Font of paper format: all kinds of titles (including "references" titles) are bold; Author's name, instructor's name, abstract, key words, chart name and reference content are in italics; The text in the body, chart, header and footer is in Song style; English uses Times New Roman font.

5, the font size of the paper format: the title of the paper is in the third font, centered; The first-level title is in font number four; Small four fonts are secondary titles and tertiary titles; Headers and footers use small five fonts; Others use font number five; The chart name is centered.

6. Print the page number of formatted text, with the bottom centered.

7. Paper size for paper printing: A42 10× 297mm.

8. In the page setup option under File Options, select the default number of characters for "Character/Line"; The margins are set to top: 3 cm; Bottom: 2.5 cm; Left: 2.8 cm; Right: 2.8 cm; Binding line: 0.8 cm; Location of binding line: left; Header:1.8cm; Footer 1.8 cm.

9. In the paragraph setting option under the format option, select 0 cm as indentation, 0 point as spacing, 1.5 times as line spacing, select (none) as special format, blank as right indent adjustment, and blank as grid for determining line height according to page setting.

10. Print the words "School of Management, Hubei University of Technology, Grade 2002 XX Professional Academic Year Paper" in Xiaowu font on the header, and align it to the left. ...& gt& gt

Question 2: What is an abstract? How to write? Literature review is an academic paper written after collecting a large amount of information on a certain topic and comprehensive analysis. It is a scientific document.

Literature review reflects the latest progress, academic viewpoints and suggestions of an important subject in a branch or field. It can often reflect the new trends, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies of related issues.

There are at least the following advantages for students to learn to write a review: ① Through the process of collecting documents, they can be further familiar with the retrieval methods and data accumulation methods of medical documents; In the process of searching, we also expanded our knowledge;

(2) Searching for literature and writing literature review is the first step of selecting topics and conducting clinical research, so learning the writing of literature review is also a process of laying the foundation for future scientific research activities; (3) By summarizing the writing process, the ability of induction, analysis and synthesis can be improved, which is conducive to the improvement of independent work ability and scientific research ability; ④ Literature review has a wide range of topics, which can be large or small, difficult or easy, and can be freely selected according to one's own abilities and interests.

Literature review is similar to "reading report", "literature review" and "research progress", all of which are summarized from a special research paper or report. However, literature review is different from "reading report" and "literature review". It simply summarizes the first-class literature objectively, and does not only pay attention to the scientific process like "research progress". Its characteristic is "summary", which requires comprehensive analysis and induction of literature materials to make the materials more concise and logical; "Narration" refers to a more professional, comprehensive, in-depth and systematic discussion of the comprehensively sorted literature. In a word, literature review is a scientific paper in which the author comments on the historical background, predecessors' work, controversial focus, research status and development prospect of a certain issue.

Writing a literature review generally goes through the following stages: selecting a topic, collecting and reading literature, drawing up an outline (including induction, collation and analysis) and writing.

I. Selecting topics and collecting reading literature

Literature review is usually written for some needs, such as selecting topics for academic conferences, engaging in a certain scientific research, and accumulating literature for a certain aspect. Therefore, the author is generally clear about the topic of literature review, not as difficult as the topic of scientific research. Literature review covers a wide range of topics, from a field or discipline to a disease, a method or a theory. For the first time, you can write a literature review according to your own needs, especially the topics selected by interns, so that the number of documents is relatively small and it is easy to summarize and sort out when writing. Otherwise, the topic is too big, which will affect the practice and make it difficult to summarize and sort out.

After selecting the topic, we should collect the related documents around the topic. The related methods of literature collection have been introduced in the previous chapters, such as reading monographs, yearbook, browsing, snowballing, retrieval and so on. , and will not be repeated here. The more complete the document collection, the better, so the most commonly used method is retrieval. After collecting the references related to the topic, it is necessary to read, summarize and sort out these references. It is very important to choose a representative, scientific and reliable research document from these documents. In a sense, the quality of reading and selecting documents directly affects the level of literature review. Therefore, when reading literature, you should write "reading notes", "reading experience" and "document extract card" Having one's own language to record the inspiration, experience and ideas gained in the reading process and extract the essence of the literature will not only provide useful information for writing a summary, but also help to train one's expression ability and reading level, especially organizing the literature into a document excerpt card, which is extremely beneficial for writing a summary.

Second, the format and writing

The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.

The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or controversial focus of related topics for reading ...

Question 3: How to write the literature review of the paper? What is the format? Undergraduate graduation design (thesis)

Literature review

College (Department):

Professional industry:

Class level:

Student Name: Student ID:

date month year

Evaluation Form for Literature Review of Undergraduate Graduation Design (Thesis)

Graduation design (thesis) topic

Comment name Note the comment name (don't appear in the comment content, etc. )

Comment on teachers' names and titles

The assessment items are excellent and qualified.

Review structure 0 1 Literature review structure is complete and conforms to the format specification.

Summary 02 can accurately and truly explain the arguments and experimental results of the authors of references.

The text is fluent, concise, readable and practical.

Reflect the new trends, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies in the knowledge field where the topic is located.

References 05 The types and quantity of Chinese and English references meet the specified requirements, and the format conforms to the specifications.

Collect documents around the selected graduation project (thesis)

achievement

Comprehensive comments:

Evaluation of teachers (signature):

date month year

Literature Review: Xiao No.4 Song Dynasty

blank line

The second title is black in the middle.

blank line

1 XXX 3 black

XXX no.4, with a row spacing of 20 kg.

1. 1 XXXX Xiaohei

XXX no.4, with a row spacing of 20 kg.

1. 1. 1 XXX 4 black

XXX no.4, with a row spacing of 20 kg.

blank line

2xxxxx black

(empty 1 line)

Take the exam and contribute.

(empty 1 line)

[It is required to be written in accordance with the national standard GB 77 14-87 "Rules for the Description of References after Text", for example:]

[1] Yuan Qinglong, Hou. Study on microstructure and microhardness of Ni-P alloy coating [J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 200 1, 32 (1): 5 1-53. (Song Dynasty No.5, the spacing is fixed at 20 pounds. )

[2] Liu Guojun, Wang Liancheng. Research on library history [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press,1979:15-18,31.

The following is a summary of my literature.

Literature review:

Preparation of FTO transparent conductive film by sputtering

1 preface

In order to better carry out graduation thesis and graduation experiment, I searched and read the literature and materials related to "preparing FTO transparent conductive glass for DSSC by sputtering", and completed the writing of this literature review. With the maturity of science and technology, the preparation methods of conductive glass are becoming more and more mature, and the types of derivatives are also increasing.

This paper will briefly introduce the preparation methods, types, development status and trend, technological properties and the influence of annealing treatment on properties at home and abroad.

Brief introduction of types and preparation methods of transparent conductive glass

2. 1 Types of transparent conductive glass

2. 1. 1 TCO conductive glass

TCO(Transparent Conductive Oxide) glass, that is, transparent conductive oxide coated glass, refers to the parts formed by coating a transparent conductive oxide film on the surface of flat glass by physical or chemical coating methods, mainly including oxides of indium, tin, zinc and chromium and their composite multi-oxide film materials.

2. 1.2 ITO transparent conductive glass

ITO transparent conductive glass is called indium tin oxide transparent conductive glass, which is a high-tech product obtained by sputtering indium tin oxide conductive film coating on ultra-thin glass through ITO conductive glass production line and annealing at high temperature in a highly purified factory environment. ITO glass products are widely used in liquid crystal displays, solar cells, microelectronic ITO conductive film glass, optoelectronics and various optical fields.

2. 1.3FTO transparent conductive glass

FTO transparent conductive glass is fluorine-doped SnO2 conductive glass (SnO2:F), referred to as FTO. FTO glass can be used as a substitute for ITO conductive glass, which is widely used in liquid crystal display, photocatalysis, thin film solar cell substrate and so on. There is a great market demand. FTO glass, because of its particularity, ... & gt

Question 4: What is the format of references in literature review? The font is small five or six.

Here are some commonly used reference formats: you can refer to them.

1. Monograph: [serial number] author. Title [M]. Version (1 version is not recorded). Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Start and end page numbers.

2. Journal: [serial number] author. Title [J] Publication name, year, volume (issue): page number.

3. Minute of meeting (or compilation): [serial number] author. Title [A]. Edit. Name of action [C]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. 4. Paper: [serial number] author. Title [D] Address of degree conferring: degree conferring unit and year.

5. Patent: [serial number] Patent applicant. Patent name [P]. Patent country (or region): patent number and date of publication.

6. Scientific report: [serial number] author. Report title [R]. Number and place of publication: publisher and year of publication. Start and end page numbers.

7. Standard: [serial number] standard number, standard name. Date of promulgation.

8. Newspaper article: [serial number] author. Title. Name of newspaper, year-month-day (edition).

9. Electronic document: [serial number] Principal. Title of electronic document [identification and carrier type of electronic document]. Source or available address, date of publication or update/date of reference of the electronic document (optional).

10. Various undefined files: [serial number] Principal. Document title [Z]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

If you have any questions, please leave a message.

Question 5: What is an abstract? Literature review is an academic paper written by collecting a large amount of information on a certain topic and making comprehensive analysis. It is a scientific document.

Format and writing

The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.

The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text.

The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized in chronological order and compared from different angles according to different problems. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of related topics and comments on these issues should be made clear. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to representative, scientific and creative references and comments.

The summary part is somewhat similar to the summary of the research paper. It briefly summarizes the theme of the full text, and authors who have studied the summarized theme had better put forward their own opinions. Although references are placed at the end of the article, they are an important part of literature review. Because it not only shows the respect for the author of the cited literature and the basis of the cited literature, but also provides clues for readers to discuss related issues in depth. So take it seriously. The arrangement of references should be clear, easy to find and accurate. Regarding the use of references, the recorded items and formats are the same as those of research papers, and they are not repeated.

Question 6: What is the difference between the literature review of graduation thesis and the research review? It's different. Literature review is probably that you combine the collected literature (only the problems you find) to explain the problems you want to study. A research summary is probably that you explain the problems you want to study (you have the problems, directions and conclusions of the research). It is easier to talk about literature than to summarize research.

Question 7: How to write the literature review of the paper? How to write a literature review

First of all, what is literature review?

The concept of literature review

Literature review is a highly concentrated literature product made by sorting, screening, analyzing and comprehensively refining a large number of documents of a certain discipline, specialty or subject. According to the different contents, literature review can be divided into two types: comprehensive review and special review. The so-called comprehensive review is aimed at a subject or major, and the special review is aimed at a topic.

Literature review reflects the historical position, latest progress, academic views and suggestions of an important subject in a branch or field, and often reflects new trends, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies. Literature review aims to analyze and describe what predecessors have done in a certain research field and to what extent. It is necessary to review the trends and frontier issues of related research at home and abroad in detail and provide reference. Authors generally don't publish them.

The role of literature review

Literature review is to highly concentrate the achievements, existing problems or controversial points of dozens or even hundreds of scattered similar documents, and make them orderly and systematic. It not only saves a lot of precious time for researchers to consult and analyze documents in the early stage of completing scientific research, but also helps them learn from the achievements of others, grasp the main direction and make scientific decisions.

Let students learn the meaning of writing a summary

Through the process of collecting documents, we can be more familiar with the methods of searching documents and accumulating materials, and expand our knowledge in the process of searching;

Searching for literature and writing literature review is the first step in scientific research, so learning the writing of literature review is also a process of laying the foundation for future scientific research activities;

By summarizing the writing process, improving one's ability of induction, analysis and synthesis is conducive to improving one's ability of independent work and scientific research.

Second, the topic selection and literature collection of literature review

Topic selection principle

1. Choose your major or basic topic according to your own knowledge, otherwise it will be difficult to write a high-level summary.

2. Choose topics according to the quality and quantity of literature.

3. The topic must reflect the focus, new achievements and new trends of contradictions in new disciplines.

4. The topic should not be too big and the scope should not be too wide. There are few documents consulted in this way, and it is easy to summarize and sort out when writing. Otherwise, the topic is too big, and it takes too long to consult the literature, which affects the practice and is difficult to summarize and sort out. Finally, it doesn't matter if you write a summary topic or essay.

(2) Collecting documents and information

1, the way to collect literature.

(1) Use relevant retrieval tools (including contents, abstracts, indexes, etc. ) collect documents and information.

(2) Use the international online retrieval system to collect documents.

(3) Use original documents (including professional journals, scientific reports, patent documents, dissertations, conference documents, monographs and standards, etc.). ) to collect files.

(4) Using three kinds of documents (including reviews, summaries, encyclopedias, yearbooks and handbooks, etc.). ) to collect files.

(5) Collect documents through Internet and CD-ROM database.

2. Literature collection methods

The process of storing documents in the brain or other carriers to form a database that can be consulted at any time is called document collection method, which includes reading method, newspaper clipping method, note-taking method and modern technology storage method (such as copying, computer storage, CD storage and so on). ).

Third, the format and writing.

The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, and literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments on the above aspects. Therefore, the formats of literature review are various, but generally speaking, they include the following specific formats: ① summary topics; (2) the author unit; ③ Abstraction; 4 keywords; ⑤ preface; 6 theme; ⑦ Summary; 8 references. The following mainly introduces the preface, theme, abstract and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.

foreword

The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text. The preface should be written clearly:

(1) first explain the purpose of writing.

(2) Related concepts ... >>