China is called "Jade Country".

In the late Paleolithic period, people used jade to make knives, axes and other labor tools. Since the concept of "God" came into being, there have been ritual vessels and weapons for offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods in ancient times, such as Jade Brother and Jade cymbals.

Decorative jades and practical decorative jades have been found in the cultural relics unearthed from Shang and Zhou tombs in Neolithic age. There are many kinds of jade materials, and jade products are also colorful.

In the Shang Dynasty, China had made jade vessels, such as Hosta, but the quantity was very small; Jade wares in Warring States and Han Dynasty include jade horn cups and jade lamps. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, many jade wares such as jade cups and bowls appeared. Jade became the main product of jade from the Ming Dynasty, and in the Qing Dynasty, exquisite jade products developed rapidly, and their varieties and quantities reached the peak of history.

Due to the overall modeling and component composition of jade products, the production process is extremely complicated, so the requirements for jade materials are also very high. This paper mainly introduces jadeware, a "vessel" made of nephrite.

Common jade articles include bottles, fumigations, cans, stoves, bowls, cups, plates, boxes and so on. Shaped like ancient bronzes, there are all kinds of colors. There are dozens of jade bottles, such as round belly bottles, square bottles, Guanyin bottles, octagonal bottles and gourd bottles. Animal-shaped vessels include ox statues, sheep cans, dragon boats, phoenix bottles and mandarin duck boxes.

Jade vessels are tall and beautiful, but their shapes are complicated. Only accessories include cover, top, bottom, ears, rings, chains, hanging beams, etc. And the inner cavity structure has abdominal cavity, cover cavity and full cavity. In addition, the jade zodiac pendant is lifelike, the jade waist chain is simple and elegant, and the jade necklace is colorful, which has both appreciation value and practical value.

The main points of appreciation of jade by old friends are: the materials used in jade should be unified in quality and color, and the shape and artistic shape should be regular; The carving techniques of utensils, such as single-sided carving, double-sided carving or relief, deep carving and lettering, should be combined with special techniques such as ornamentation, silk binding, thin tire, movable chain and lettering to make the products complete and smooth, and there should be no micro-cutting and carving on jade articles. Hetian jade was produced in Cambrian 500 million years ago. During the Himalayan orogeny 40 million years ago, Kunlun Mountain was lifted, and the nephrite ore belt formed by the evolution of earth rocks was lifted to an altitude of more than 4000 meters.

With the vicissitudes of time, some jade fell into the mountain stream, and with the river brought to Hotan, the original flaws were washed away by water all the year round, leaving the essence as the best jade. Hetian jade is "pure and flawless", so it has become a treasure among jade.

2. What elements and appreciation process should the viewer have?

Appreciation of poetry and calligraphy? To master the criteria for judging the artistic level of painting and calligraphy, we can see the quality of a painting or the artistic level of a painter from two aspects: First, we can see the basic skills of the painter.

The level of basic skills is seen from four elements. See if the painter's modeling changes are reasonable.

Qi Baishi said: "Too similar is kitsch, dissimilarity is several victories, and beauty lies between similarity and dissimilarity." Huang said: "Like what is not true", Xu Beihong said: "Modeling, anatomy and structure are all accurate". These are all talking about modeling.

Second, see if the composition and composition in the painting are rigorous. Some painters deliberately exaggerate the shapes of some characters and landscape paintings and pursue so-called abstraction and impressionism, which makes people wonder what this is.

No one wants to see the modeling, so their works are naturally eliminated. Third, whether the painting reflects the painter's pen, ink and color is just right.

You see, the lines in yellow paintings have a strong sense of quantity, and some lines are like small iron bars. Shi Tao's pen is dry and wet, with flesh and bones.

Both Xi Shi and Qian Songnie use vibrators, and the thread contains needles in cotton. Shen Zhou's spotted moss is calm and floating.

Dong Qichang's ink makes people feel elegant and pure, while Liang Kai's ink makes people feel dripping and hearty. Clouds use colors, giving people a gorgeous but not vulgar feeling.

Fourthly, painting reflects whether the painter can innovate on the basis of the basic skills of traditional painting. Everyone else used the old painting method, and you took the lead in using the new painting method, which is innovation.

Secondly, this painting reflects the level of the painter's painting language. Painting language is also viewed from four aspects: whether there is innovation in the topic selection and expression of painting.

Second, see if the charm of the work is vivid. The figures, landscapes and flowers in some paintings are very dull, as if they were there.

Some painters paint landscapes and flowers, which are spiritual, lively and vivid, and are vivid charm. Third, see if the artistic conception of the painting is profound.

Some paintings are enough to look at once, and then forget. Some paintings become more interesting as you look at them, and you can never get tired of seeing them. Fourth, see if the style of the painting is elegant.

Experience 2: Choosing appraisers, domestic appraisers can be roughly divided into three categories. In the first category, there are many experts who have seen paintings and calligraphy works before the Qing Dynasty.

In the second category, there are also some studies on calligraphy and painting since the Qing Dynasty, but mainly I have seen more calligraphy and painting works from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China and have appraisal experience. The third category, there are studies on works since the Qing Dynasty and works during the Republic of China, but I have seen and collected many contemporary paintings and calligraphy works and have collection experience.

When you want to collect works, you should look for appraisers who have seen, studied, collected and bought and sold many paintings and calligraphy in that period. Experience 3: If you want to know how to evaluate the price of calligraphy and painting, you must know how to evaluate the price of calligraphy and painting.

Because only when you know how to evaluate the price of calligraphy and painting, you won't spend money when you collect things. Experience 4: I will seize the trading opportunity and adjust the collection structure in time. Experience 5: Be sure to have your own opinions and not follow the trend.

3. Seek knowledge of Chinese painting appreciation.

Must have certain professional knowledge of Chinese painting appreciation, which refers to appreciation with certain comments.

It is people's feelings, understanding and evaluation of works of art, with strong subjective factors. Different people have different aesthetics, painting literacy, literary literacy and self-feeling, and different people have different judgments on the same work. Even if the same work is viewed from different angles or different orientations, there are differences in appreciation.

Appreciation and learning are two concepts, and appreciation is an evaluation of the quality of a work. Identification is to identify the authenticity of a work. Appreciating painting seems simple, but we should also pay attention to methods.

The ancients had many standards and styles of appreciation. Although they reflect the aesthetic ideals of ancient connoisseurs and have certain characteristics of the times and aesthetics, some of them can still be used for reference by us today. Of course, there are still requirements and standards put forward by the new era for us to appreciate works today.

1) Traditional evaluation criteria are constantly developing and changing. After thousands of years of precipitation and accumulation, they have a far-reaching impact on the appreciation of Chinese painting and are still used for reference by people. 1. In terms of form and spirit, the evaluation criteria put forward by Han Feizi in the Warring States Period are: painting like or not.

"The guest once painted for the King of Qi, and the King of Qi asked,' Who is the hardest to paint?' Say,' dogs and horses are the hardest.' Which is the easiest? Wenwen:' Ghosts are the easiest.

As we all know, husbands are dogs and horses. It used to be difficult to run out at dusk (see), not like this.

Ghosts and invisible people are inexhaustible, so it is easy. "In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Gu Kaizhi put forward the theory of" writing God with form ",and took vividness as the first criterion for evaluating painting.

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhu recorded the story of his daughter's evaluation of paintings in the Record of Famous Paintings in the Tang Dynasty. She believes that evaluating the level and quality of two portraits requires not only similarity, but also similarity. In the Tang dynasty, it was put forward that "the beauty of human beings is to gain its flesh, to gain its bones and to take care of its spirit."

There is no way to be wonderful, but the heart is the most important. It became the aesthetic standard for evaluating painting in Tang Dynasty.

This kind of painting with the theme of god, bone and meat has become a standard. It talks about god, bone and meat for figure painting and about god, bone and meat for some animals, such as horses. Du Fu wrote in "A Gift from Dan Qing to General Cao": "Your followers can also skillfully express various postures of horses.

Han Gan's painting shows no inner spirit, which often kills Liu Hua's horse of life. "It is said that Han Gan Xue Cao Ba painted a horse, only paying attention to the horse's meat, not paying attention to the horse's bones, which greatly weakened the horse's anger.

Su Shi put forward the standard of "common sense" in Song Dynasty. As long as it is reasonable in form and spirit.

According to Mi Fei's records, Su Shi painted ink bamboo "from the ground to the top". Miffy asked him why he didn't segment it. Su Shi replied, "When bamboo was born, why didn't it be born one by one?" This is the result of Su Shi's guiding painting with common sense, because he observed that bamboo is not born one by one, but the bamboo joints are formed in buds, and then emerge from bamboo shoots, grow up and grow tall.

If a piece of painting is inconsistent with the growth process of bamboo, it will lose common sense. There are many discussions about form and god, some of which are very heavy; Has a heavy significance; Others emphasize "both form and spirit", and the debate has never stopped.

As a plastic art, Chinese painting must rely on images to reflect life and express the author's subjective feelings. Therefore, the current appreciation of Chinese painting is based on "both form and spirit".

Form is concrete, and God is abstract, so we can't "belittle form and value God", and we can't seek meaning without form. Only "form" can "live god" You can't just reshape it, so painting characters is like painting clay sculptures and wood carvings, and painting flowers and birds is like painting animal specimens, with no fur and no life at all.

"Form is also form, and God is also God." Form and spirit are indispensable.

2. Six Methods and Six Methods is the first scientific and systematic painting creation and criticism standard in the history of China painting. They were originally used as six criteria to evaluate figure painting, and then gradually applied to landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting. What are the "six methods" in the Records of Ancient Paintings by Sheikh of Nanqi? First, the charm is vivid; Second, the bone method is also a pen; Third, the pictogram of things is also; Fourth, it is also right to give color to the class; 5. The place of business is also; Sixth, the same is true for transliteration. "

Xie He listed vivid expression as the first of the "six methods" in the Tang Dynasty, and Zhang Yanyuan quoted Xie He's words in the Record of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties, and listed vivid expression and pen use as the primary methods.

Hao Jing of the Five Dynasties put forward "Six Essentials" in Calligraphy Notes, which developed the evaluation of "Six Methods" and made the "Six Methods" more specific, in which transliteration and transfer were deleted and ink was added. The "six essentials" are qi, rhyme, thought, scenery, pen and ink.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Daochun put forward "six requirements and six strengths" for tasting standards, which made the tasting standards more specific. "Six essentials" refers to both charm and strength; The system is outdated; Reasonable change; Paint with luster; Come and go naturally; Teachers lack learning places. "Six long" is the pen to ask for rough brine; Pursuing talents; Skilled and demanding; Crazy and unreasonable; There is no ink for dyeing; Draw a plane to find the length.

"Six Requirements and Six Lengths" makes the tasting standard of Chinese painting more and more clear, and it is also a disguised form of the six methods. The difference is that they specifically pointed out their own advantages and avoided the deviation in understanding. In the northern song dynasty, Guo said in the book "Illustration and Experience": "The theory of six laws remains unchanged.

Zou Yigui's "Painting Mountain Spectrum" in Qing Dynasty said: "With the six methods, reason should be the first, pen the second, color the second, patterns should be excluded, and the charm should be obtained after painting, and the charm should be sought at one stroke. Where to start? It is not a writer's law to be an expert on charm first. "Ji Zheng in the Qing Dynasty" On Painting Dreams "said:" There is no difference in brushwork, only in rhyme.

"In their painting style, they take the presence of verve as the evaluation standard. Sheikh's theory of six laws has been highly praised by painters and critics in past dynasties. Over the past 1000 years, there have been many critics, which have greatly influenced the development and appreciation of Chinese painting.

3. In the aspect of painting freeze-frame, the Catalogue of Ancient Paintings by Sheikh Nanqi is the first monograph on painting criticism. According to the principle of "six laws", he divided the art of twenty-seven painters from the Three Kingdoms to Liang into six categories. In the Tang dynasty, not only the number of products was varied, but also the names of products were superimposed.

Zhu proposed "God, Miao, Energy and Yi" for the first time, and listed "God, Miao and Energy" as the first, second and third products, leaving the first product behind. Zhang Yanyuan put forward "five grades". When he talked about "painting style", he set five levels: natural, smart, beautiful, exquisite and delicate. He thinks that natural painting should be listed as the first grade and meticulous painting as the last grade.

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4. What are the basic knowledge of poetry appreciation?

First, the expression skills 1.

Common expressions are narration, description, lyricism and discussion. 2。

Expression techniques ① Rendering ② Contrast ③ Implication ④ Citation ⑧ Symbol ⑧ Empathy ⑧ Co-existence of reality and falsehood ⑧ Suppression ⑨ Contrast 3. Rhetorical devices Rhetorical devices (metaphor, personification, comparison, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, setting off, using allusions, setting questions and asking questions) II. Poetry content classification: farewell to friends, borrowing scenery lyrics, missing women's lyrics, mourning poems, frontier battle poems, live lyrics, pastoral scenery poems. Language style category 5, writing skills category 6, other 4. Familiar with several types of poetry language: 1, plain and simple 2, implicit and meaningful 3, fresh and elegant 4, vivid and vivid 5, gorgeous and elegant 5, different styles of poetry 1, bold and unconstrained 2, bold and unconstrained 3, depressed 4, sad 5, chic 6, diluted 7, broad-minded. The common thoughts and feelings in poetry are 1, worrying about the country and the people, 2, contributing to the country, 3, homesickness for the people, 5, miscellaneous feelings of life, 7, evaluating the ideological problems of the works, 1, and understanding the writer's life, thoughts and creative style is helpful to understand and grasp the content of his works.

2. An era has its own characteristics, and an era has its own literature. A correct understanding of the style and characteristics of an era is also helpful to accurately grasp the literary works of this era. 3. Many ancient poems have brief prefaces in front of them, some explain the creation time, some explain the creation reasons, some explain the creation process, some explain the creation background, and some lay the emotional tone for the whole work. Understanding the ideological content of the work is also very important and cannot be ignored.

4. The thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, which may be mixed with many very complicated emotions. Pay special attention to this point. Of course, readers can sometimes use their imagination on the basis of the original work and make a second creation. Eight, the expression of poetry appreciation questions, flexible use of common ancient poetry appreciation terms, accurate and appropriate expression of their own "poetry on poetry" experience "what to write" aspects: writing scenery and lyric; Recite things and express aspirations (feelings); Nostalgia for history; That is, feelings; Battle of frontier fortress; Landscape pastoral; Image; Artistic conception; Background; Main idea.

"How to write": romanticism; Realism; Poetic eyes; Lyric with scenery; Integrate feelings into the landscape; Say it out loud; Combination of reality and excess; Picturesque and vivid; Dynamic and static combination; Turn static into dynamic; Refine words; Take over and turn over; Fu Bixing; Exaggeration; Use allusions; Implicit; Confrontation; Rhyme "why write": expressing thoughts and feelings. Reflect social reality; Show interest in; show interest in; Entrust feelings (such as admiration, melancholy, melancholy, depression, etc.). ). Express the pursuit of; Show a tendency to; Give off the feeling of ...; Show one's heart; Create the feeling of.

5. What are the methods of literature appreciation?

Liu Xie in Wen Xin Diao Long? "bosom friend" puts forward: "therefore, we should first mark six views: one view, two views, three views of change, four views of strangeness, five views of material meaning and six views of palace businessmen.

Now that the technology is formed, the advantages and disadvantages will be seen. "Let's talk about how to appreciate literary works from three aspects.

(1) Appreciating the expressive language of accurate words and expressions in literary works is the most basic means to describe things and express ideological content. Excellent writers always choose words and make sentences accurately according to their own needs, vividly describe the characteristics of things and profoundly express their ideological content.

When appreciating literary works, candidates should contact the specific language environment, grasp the key words and experience their expressive force. Mr. Lu Xun's novel Blessing profoundly exposed the cruel spiritual persecution of working women by feudal ethics and the landlord class, revealed the social roots of the tragic fate of working women in old China, and lashed out at feudalism and the landlord class.

The novel describes Xianglinsao's repeated destruction and struggle. In order to get rid of the ghost horror of being sawed in half after death, she donated the threshold to the land temple, and then wrote the fatal blow of Aunt Lu to Sister Xianglin. When Sister Xianglin "calmly went to get glasses and chopsticks" during the winter solstice ancestor worship season, Aunt Lu hurriedly said loudly, "Don't move, Sister Xianglin!" This sentence is extremely common, but when used in this specific language environment, it has profound revealing power and fierce whipping power! When students appreciate this description, they should first understand the expressive significance of Xianglinsao's attitude, words and actions after the donation threshold.

"In less than a meal, she came back, looking very comfortable and her eyes were bright. She happily told Fourth Aunt that she had donated the threshold of the Earth Temple. " "Comfort", "spirit" and "happiness" are a great change compared with the previous Xianglinsao, which is brought by the threshold of donation.

During the winter solstice to worship her ancestors, she "calmly" went to get glasses and chopsticks, which is a concrete manifestation of believing that she has redeemed the so-called sin. This shows that Sister Xianglin can still live as long as she is no longer persecuted.

Then candidates should understand the meaning of this sentence. "Let go, Sister Xianglin!" The landlord's mother-in-law coldly declared: although the threshold is donated, the sin cannot be redeemed; I was insulted before I died and sawed in half after I died.

Finally realized the serious consequences of Aunt Lu's words. When Sister Xianglin heard this sentence from Aunt Lu, "her hand shrank like it was branded", which showed a serious blow to this sentence.

This kind of attack is more cruel than torture, which not only destroys the hope before death, but also destroys the hope of not being sawed in half after death. "Not only afraid of the night, but also afraid of the shadow-like a mouse out of a hole during the day", which shows that this blow destroyed the spirit of Sister Xianglin.

"I have a bad memory, and I often forget to eat my meals." I can't even do slave labor in the Lu family. This is really a fatal blow. In this way, the novel lays the groundwork first, then writes the consequences, and writes Aunt Lu's sentence, which clearly reveals Xianglinsao's murderer.

A very common sentence, used in a specific language, has great expressive force. Only in this way can we appreciate the literary charm of accurate words and sentences.

(2) Appreciating the expressive force of rhetorical methods in literary works is a means for the author to describe things and express his thoughts and feelings. When using appropriate figures of speech in literary works, we should not only identify which figures of speech are used, but also contact the specific language environment and combine the essence of this figure of speech to experience the expressive force of the specific use of this figure of speech and deeply understand the characteristics, thoughts and feelings of things.

Du Mu's Fu on Epang Palace briefly describes the construction and burning of Epang Palace, describes the architectural figures and treasures in the palace in detail, exposes the debauchery and luxury of Qin Shihuang, and satirizes Tang Jingzong's "from Palace to Music". The works spread out contrasts and use metaphors to exaggerate, which perfectly unifies the use of rhetorical devices and exposes the extravagance of rulers.

One of them described the concubines in the palace like this: "The stars shine and the makeup mirror is open; Lv Yun came forward and combed Xiao Huan; Nutrient flow is greasy, and fat water is abandoned; The smoke is foggy and the pepper orchid is also burning; The thunder shook and the palace car passed; From afar, I don't know what it is. " This passage uses three rhetorical devices: parallelism, metaphor and exaggeration to describe the concubines in the palace, exposing the dissolute luxury of the tyrannical monarch Qin Shihuang and reflecting the author's strong feelings.

When reading this passage, candidates should contact the specific language environment and combine the specific application of these three rhetorical devices to appreciate its expressive force, revealing power and reflecting thoughts and feelings. (3) Appreciating the expressive force of cleverly arranged text structure in literary works, which expresses the author's thoughts, is a means to organize materials into an organic whole of the works.

To appreciate the text structure of literary works, we should not only understand its characteristics, but also appreciate the expressive force of the author on the arrangement of text structure. The history of Qi Huan is a wonderful article about dialogue.

In the dialogue, Mencius took persuading Wang Xuan to give up tuba and practice the benevolent policy of "saving life is king" as the main purpose, and alternately used to answer Wang Xuan's question and ask Wang Xuan's question, which made Wang Xuan suddenly embarrassed and feel heartfelt joy. Although evasive, he finally expressed his desire to carry out benevolent government. The whole narrative of the dialogue between the two people seems scattered, but the dialogue process completely led by Mencius constitutes the progressive and in-depth chapter structure of the article.

This not only embodies Mencius' dialogue ability and eloquent art, but also shines with strict logical power and effectively expresses the theme. .