Characteristics of critical thinking
First, it is a kind of logical thinking, with reasoning (argumentation, refutation) as its basic form;
Second, it is relatively independent of various professional knowledge, including logic professional knowledge; The difference of critical thinking ability between different disciplines is not necessarily related to their mastery of knowledge (including logical knowledge); The difference of people's quality is not the difference of existing knowledge and information, but the difference of thinking ability.
Third, people's critical thinking ability is innate and can be cultivated, but the substantial improvement of this ability cannot be the result of short-term behavior;
Fourth, we can test people's critical thinking ability and its differences.
Basic points of the concept of critical thinking
People's daily logical thinking ability is actually a kind of logical thinking ability that is relatively independent of various professional knowledge, including logical professional knowledge, that is, "critical thinking" ability. This ability, first, exists; Second, there are differences; The third is trainable; The fourth is testability. The difference of people's quality is not the difference of knowledge and information, but the difference of thinking ability.
Eight criteria of critical thinking
1. Clarity: People with critical thinking not only strive for clarity in language expression, but also seek the clearest thinking to the greatest extent. Because, before communicating effectively with others, we must clearly express our views and clearly understand each other's views.
Socrates even said, "An unexamined life is not worth living".
2. Rigidity: People with critical thinking understand the importance of rigorous thinking in daily life, which enables them to go through the fog surrounding daily things and persist in exploring: What problems are we facing? What are the alternatives? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme? Professionals must develop rigorous thinking and work habits. We can't discuss the daily work of doctors, architects and engineers without rigor.
3. Accuracy: People with critical thinking not only pay attention to the truth of the matter, but also require timely and accurate information. Because, no matter how smart you are, if the information you use to make a decision is wrong, you will definitely make the right decision.
4. Relevance: Only people with ulterior motives will talk nonsense in public. Don't digress in the discussion, everyone must focus on the relevant arguments. Critically, we will find that people often don't realize what they are saying, but just say their own words.
5. Consistency: Critical thinking also helps us realize the inconsistency of these logics. Logic tells us that if a person holds inconsistent beliefs, at least one of them is wrong. People with critical thinking love facts and hate lies, so they are constantly concerned about the inconsistency between their own ideas and those of others.
6. Logical correctness: illogical thinking often occurs. Critical thinking requires accurate and well-founded viewpoints. More importantly, we should be able to draw a logical conclusion from these viewpoints.
7. Integrity: In many cases, deep and thorough thinking is better than superficial and hasty opinions. Therefore, we condemn hasty investigations, hasty trials and superficial news stories, just as we hate sloppy doctors.
8. Fairness: Finally, critical thinking requires us to think fairly, that is, to be open and objective and get rid of subjective prejudice. This is very difficult to achieve. People always tend to resist strange ideas and make prejudgments and preconceived prejudices. Our perception of things is largely inseparable from our own life experience and national cultural background. But basic fairness is essential for people with critical thinking.
Human characteristics with critical thinking
1. They are keen on clarity, preciseness, accuracy, relevance, consistency, logicality, completeness and fairness.
2. They are very sensitive to some ways that distort critical thinking, such as egoism, group centralism and wishful thinking.
3. Understand that critical thinking has a correct understanding of the relationship between individuals and the whole social value. They will not only be intellectually loyal to themselves, but also admit what they don't know and realize their limitations. Therefore, they will listen to objections with an open mind and welcome criticism of ideas and assumptions.
Their ideas are based on facts and evidence, not personal preference or self-interest. They are well aware of the prejudices and prejudices that shape the way they perceive the world.
They will think independently and are not afraid to disagree with the group.
6. They can grasp the core of a problem or puzzle without being distracted by details.
7. They have the courage to face and fairly evaluate ideas that challenge their most basic beliefs.
8. They love the truth and are curious about many different questions.
9. Despite obstacles or difficulties, they persistently pursue profound insights or truth.
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