1, induction and deduction:

Induction is a general conclusion principle from individual facts; Deduction is to draw individual conclusions from general principles and concepts. Induction is a method from individual to general; Deduction is a method from the general to the individual.

Induction is a cognitive method to find out universal characteristics from empirical facts, and it is an important method for various disciplines to sum up scientific theorems or principles on the basis of accumulating empirical materials. Induction must be based on a large number of individual facts, which are unreliable and insufficient, and it is impossible to draw scientific conclusions and principles through induction. Induction is an inference from individual to general, so it is a method to expand knowledge, but it is always incomplete and imprecise. Because we can only observe some things forever, and it is impossible to exhaust individuals. So Lenin said, "What is obtained by the simplest inductive method is the simplest truth, and it is always incomplete, because experience is always incomplete." Through induction, people can only know "what" but not "why".

The main form of deduction is three stages, that is, conclusions are derived from major premises and minor premises. Whether the conclusion is correct depends on whether the premise of reasoning is correct and whether the form of reasoning conforms to logical rules. Therefore, the premise of deductive reasoning must be true and the deductive process must follow strict logical rules.

Induction and deduction are dialectical and unified relations, and they are two opposite and complementary reasoning methods. It is a logical method that must be applied in scientific research.

2, analysis method and synthesis method:

Analysis is to divide the whole objective object into various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors. It is a way of thinking that divides the whole into parts and decomposes complex things into simple elements to study separately. Analysis is a necessary step and means to understand the essence of things. The task of analysis is not only to decompose the whole into its components, but also to grasp the essence through phenomena and the inevitability through contingency. The process of analysis is to find out what position things occupy in all aspects of movement and change, what role they play, and how they restrict and transform with others. In short, the process of analysis is the process of exposing and understanding contradictions. Therefore, scientific analysis must proceed from reality and make a systematic and in-depth investigation and study of the analysis object. The most basic function of analysis method is to understand the details of things, find out their internal structure and internal relations, and grasp the basic things of things.

To analyze things scientifically and correctly, we must do the following:

First, make a comprehensive analysis of things. We should analyze many aspects of the contradiction of objective things: we should see both the positive side and the negative side; It is necessary to grasp the positive and understand the negative; We can't just analyze the main aspects, and we can't ignore the secondary aspects, otherwise it will be one-sided.

Second, make a historical analysis of things. When we look at things, we should analyze their past, present and future states. Reveal the essence of things and predict the future development from the process of their occurrence, development and extinction.

Third, things are analyzed in detail. It is to adopt different analysis methods for different research objects, that is, concrete analysis of specific problems.

Fourth, insist on proceeding from reality, investigation and study, and experimental observation.

Any scientific research is inseparable from analytical methods. However, this analysis method has its limitations. Because it pays attention to the parts of things, it may happen that only trees are seen, but forests are not seen. In order to overcome these shortcomings, it is necessary to combine analysis with synthesis and synthesis.

Synthesis is a way of thinking as opposed to analysis. On the basis of analysis, the understanding of various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors of the objective object is linked to form a unified understanding of the objective object, so as to grasp the organic connection and regularity of things. Synthesis is not a simple addition and improvisation of all parts and aspects, nor is it an arbitrary subjective fabrication, but an overall grasp of the essence and overall characteristics of things according to the internal organic relations between all parts of the object.

In a word, analysis and synthesis are dialectical unity, and they are both opposite and unified. Only by combining the two can we become a complete and scientific logical method.

3, causal analysis method:

It is a dialectical thinking method to analyze the causal relationship between phenomena and understand the causes and consequences of problems. When using this method, we must pay attention to the real internal cause and result, not the specious causal relationship. Pay attention to the inverse relationship between the result and the cause, including "proving the result with the cause" and "inferring the cause with the result". Different things, in general, have two jobs, both cause and result, and a result often has several different reasons. Therefore, in the process of research, we must get to the bottom of the problems analyzed.

4. Comparative analysis method:

Comparative analysis is also called analogy or analogy. It is a dialectical logical method to distinguish things or problems to understand their differences, characteristics and essence. When the data is insufficient for inductive and deductive reasoning, comparative analysis is more valuable. Kant said: "whenever reason lacks reliable reasoning ideas, analogy can often guide us forward."

There are many forms of comparison, including vertical comparison, horizontal comparison, experience and lessons comparison, positive and negative comparison, and various similarities and differences comparison. You can choose which form to take as needed.

5, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis:

It is a dialectical way of thinking to understand and analyze problems by determining the qualitative and quantitative relations of things. Everything or any problem is the unity of quality and quantity, and the quality of things is both a certain quantity and a certain quality. Therefore, in our research, only by understanding the qualitative and quantitative aspects can we find out the regular problems. In research, qualitative analysis is to draw a clear line between things and materials based on factual reasoning. Quantitative analysis is the accurate statistics, calculation, analysis and comparison of the scale, scope, quantity and other quantitative relations of the problem, which is to find out the quantitative relations in the development of things.

Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis study the same problem from different aspects and must be combined to draw a more scientific and complete conclusion.

Thesis, which means talking and exchanging ideas in classical literature, now refers to articles that conduct research in various academic fields and describe academic research results. A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, key words, text, references and appendix. It is not only a means to discuss problems in academic research, but also a tool to describe academic research results in academic exchanges.