1. 1? Test task
The basic task of field experiment is to study new varieties and new production techniques under the natural environment conditions in the field, and objectively evaluate high-yield varieties with various excellent characters and their adaptation areas. Correctly identify the most effective technical measures to increase production and their scope of application, so that scientific research results can be reasonably applied and popularized, and play its role in increasing agricultural production.
1.2? Test requirements
1.2. 1 The purpose of the test should be clear;
The test result of 1.2.2 should be reliable;
1.2.3 test conditions shall be representative;
1.2.4 The test results shall be repeatable.
1.3? test method
1.3. 1? Comparative test method. It is suitable for new variety (strain) identification test and new technology introduction test, and has the characteristics of simplicity, clarity and intuition.
1.3.2? Random block method. It is the most widely used test method in field experiment, and is suitable for variety comparison test, regional test and simple cultivation test.
1.3.3? Orthogonal test method. It is suitable for multi-factor and multi-level comprehensive culture experiments.
1.3.4? The second time, the rotation design test method was adopted. It is suitable for the comprehensive test of quantitative factors such as density, fertilizer ratio and sowing date of new varieties.
1.4? experimental analysis
The experimental data has its own fixed and specific analysis method, and the simple comparative experimental data is analyzed by percentage method; The test data of random block method were analyzed by variance. The orthogonal test data adopt intuitive method, range method and variance analysis method; Through the establishment of mathematical model and frequency distribution method, the data of the second universal rotation design test are analyzed.
1.5? laboratory report
1.5. 1? Introduction. Mainly write clearly the purpose, method and significance of the test. The introduction should be concise, clear and easy to understand.
1.5.2? Materials and methods. Materials, design, methods and steps required for the test. It should be stipulated.
1.5.3? Results and analysis. The test results are the measured data and observed phenomena during the test. When writing a summary, we should further sort out the test results, select the data that can best reflect the essence, write the analysis method, and attach charts when necessary.
1.5.4? Conclusion. It is the final judgment based on the results and analysis and through strict logical reasoning. It is the crystallization of the whole experiment and the essence of the test report. When writing a conclusion, we should grasp the essence, have clear views, use accurate words and concise words.
Experimental argumentation is the basis and source of thesis writing. It is difficult to write valuable papers without participating in a large number of experimental arguments. For example, the Research on High-yield and Efficient Cultivation Mode of Oil Sunflower (published in Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology 1995 10), Grey Correlation Analysis of Main Agronomic Characters of Sunflower Hybrids (published in Gansu Rural Science and Technology 1999 3), and Harvest Time Test of Sorghum Seeds with Golden Hybrid Seed Production (published)
2? Data accumulation is the basis of writing agricultural science and technology papers.
2. 1? Data meaning
The materials of the thesis are facts, information, theories and other spiritual products collected and absorbed for writing the thesis.
2. 1. 1? Data is the premise of research. Without data, there is no research.
2. 1.2? Information is the basis for generating original ideas and formal opinions. Without information, it is impossible to produce original ideas and it is difficult to form opinions.
2. 1.3? Before writing, data is the basis of the paper's viewpoint form; In writing, information is the pillar of expressing opinions.
2.2? data type
2.2. 1? Direct information. It is the data obtained by people through their own observation, experience, feeling, experiment and investigation in social practice.
2.2.2? Indirect information. It is information that people get through books, newspapers, radio, television and the Internet.
2.2.3? A document. That is, the original literature refers to the articles written by the author based on his own research results, such as new discoveries, new ideas and new methods in scientific research and production activities.
2.2.4? Secondary literature. That is, a document is processed, compressed, refined, and then compiled into various retrieval tools.
2.2.5? Three documents. A document that is highly summarized and synthesized from first-class documents and second-class documents.
2.3? data accumulation
2.3. 1? Daily accumulation. Usually refers to all kinds of materials that need to be accumulated at any time in daily life to prepare for future writing, and this accumulation is sometimes unconscious.
2.3.2? Directional accumulation. When the daily accumulation reaches a certain amount, the motivation and intention to write a paper will be generated, and the topic will be initially considered. But I often feel that information is not enough, so I consciously collect information to complete specific writing tasks.
2.4? Collect materials
2.4. 1? Observe. It is a perceptual process of comprehensive, in-depth and meticulous understanding of objective things and phenomena with the help of human senses.
2.4.2? Experiment. According to the needs of scientific research, artificially create conditions, control the research object, observe and analyze the changes of the characteristics and yield indexes of the research object with the experimental conditions, find out the laws and draw conclusions from them.
2.4.3 Investigation is to know the real situation from the scene or insiders. On the basis of investigation, it is also called "investigation and study" because it is necessary to analyze and study, distinguish the authenticity of data, recognize the essence and grasp the main points.
2.4.4? Search. Is to use all kinds of material conditions to consult the written materials needed for writing.
2.5? Data selection
2.5. 1? Information should be reliable. It means that the requested information should be true and conclusive.
2.5.2? The data should be typical. It is the most characteristic, representative, expressive and convincing example or concept to express the topic.
2.5.3? Information should be novel. Mainly refers to new materials or materials that others don't use. It also includes some old materials that can generate new ideas.
2.6? organization of data
2.6. 1? Data classification. It is to classify the accumulated information from coarse to fine and from large to small step by step.
2.6.2? Data review. That is, whether the audit data is true, accurate and comprehensive. Eliminate the untrue, review the inaccurate accurately, and find out the incomplete.
2.6.3? Data analysis. That is, using scientific analysis methods, all information materials are analyzed to find out the regular things and form a theoretical framework.
2.7? Data reference
In thesis writing, in order to strengthen the power of argumentation, some typical, refined and valuable documents are often quoted.
2.7. 1? General quotation. In other words, the main meaning of the original text is generally relayed in the author's own language, rather than completely using the words in the raw materials.
2.7.2? Full quote. Only the original text is recorded, and other contents cannot be deleted or added at will. You should put quotation marks around quotation marks.
2.7.3? Analyze references. This method is most used in papers. According to the needs of the author's discussion, the original content is scattered, broken or reorganized, and mixed with the author's discussion and analysis text or analyzed while quoting.
3? Writing an outline is the key to writing agricultural science and technology papers.
3. 1? Outline significance
Thesis outline is to show a paper's viewpoint, material combination and its hierarchical context in the form of abstract or chart, and it is the design drawing of paper writing.
3.2? Contour function
3.2. 1 Writing an outline can make the thinking more thorough and the thinking more organized.
3.2.2 Writing an outline can make the structure of the paper clear.
3.3? Outline content
It mainly includes two parts: indicating the theme and arranging the level.
3.3. 1? Indicate the theme. It is to condense and summarize the topics determined on the basis of reviewing and proposing topics, and finalize them in the form of topic sentences, which are arranged at the top of the outline to guide other projects in the outline.
3.3.2? Arrange levels. That is, according to the overall needs of theme expression, the levels and paragraphs of the article (including the materials needed for each level and paragraph), the beginning and end, transition and quotation, etc. , are as specific as possible with words to express its internal logical relationship.
3.4? Outline form
Including title type, abstract type and chart type.
3.4. 1? Title style. Summarize the main points of each part of the paper in the form of concise titles. This outline is general and simple, but it needs to be specific when drafting.
3.4.2? Summarize the main points of each part of the paper with complete sentences. This outline is concrete, clear and convenient, but the written expression is not concise.
3.4.3? Chart type. Summarize the main points of each part of the paper in the form of charts, usually combined with titles or abstracts. This outline is clear at a glance, clear in thinking and easy to write.
3.5? Writing steps
3.5. 1 indicates the target audience;
3.5.2 Draft the title;
3.5.3 Write the basic arguments;
3.5.4 Write the hierarchical title of the whole paper;
3.5.5 Write the main points of paragraphs at all levels;
3.5.6 Arrange the prepared materials according to the train of thought;
3.5.7 Conduct a comprehensive inspection again and modify the outline.
4? Reading more and writing more is the main measure to write agricultural scientific papers well.
4. 1? Read carefully
The location and origin of the topic, from the usual reading and practice. The purpose of reading is: first, to understand the content; The second is to select the essence; The third is to stimulate thinking.
4. 1. 1? Read widely. That is to say, browse it quickly first, get a general understanding of its main contents and viewpoints, and get a general understanding of the progress of various disciplines so as to have a general understanding of the overall situation.
4. 1.2? Defatting. The main purpose is to find and filter the important parts and find the goal for thorough reading and intensive reading.
4. 1.3? Read through. It is a document closely related to this major and research topic, and its content should be fully understood.
4. 1.4? Intensive reading. We should chew important documents carefully, deeply understand them and absorb their essence.
4. 1.5? study Difficult theories, profound philosophies, unsolved scientific principles and new theories should be read repeatedly and studied in depth.
4.2? Write more and practice more.
The main way to master writing methods and skills is to write and practice more, be brave in practice and keep exploring. Tang Biao, a Qing Dynasty man, wrote in Reading Composition Spectrum: "Scholars only like reading more books, but don't like writing more articles. I don't know that reading more depends on people's efforts, doing more things is to match the reality, and relying on your own efforts to win, and the benefits are far from the same. " At the same time, he wrote: "It is better to read ten articles than to do one." These words are very reasonable and to the point.
4.2. 1? Strengthen confidence. Novices must be firm in their confidence, persevere and not afraid of failure. Only in this way can we sum up experience, keep exploring and move towards success.
4.2.2? Correct attitude. Learning to write should not only overcome inferiority but also conceit. If we have a sense of inferiority, we dare not write, we are conceited, and we are easily complacent. The correct writing attitude should be not discouraged by failure, not self-abased, practicing according to the portrayal, not conceited by success, humbly consulting others, learning from each other's strengths and making continuous progress.
4.2.3? Step by step. Beginners should follow the principle of easy before difficult, step by step, avoid being unrealistic, aim too high, and only be down to earth. From small to large, from simple to complex. From rough to fine, we can gradually master the writing skills and truly achieve something.
4.3? Learning theory
Only by attaching importance to the systematic study of the necessary theoretical knowledge of writing and having high theoretical literacy can we consciously foster strengths and avoid weaknesses in practice and avoid detours, which is of great benefit to improving writing ability. The purpose of learning theory is to guide practice, so we should pay attention to the transformation of ability. While attaching importance to learning scientific theoretical knowledge and predecessors' experience, it must be combined with exerting the spirit of independent innovation. Only in this way can we combine theory with practice and write high-value papers.
5? Repeated revision is the main link in the writing of agricultural scientific papers.
5. 1? Modify meaning
5. 1. 1? Revision is a necessary step to improve the quality of papers. Thesis is a reflection of objective things, and things are tortuous and complicated. It is impossible for a paper to reflect correctly and appropriately once. Therefore, the paper needs to be revised repeatedly and constantly improved. Mr. Lu Xun once asked people: "After writing, read it at least twice and try to delete unnecessary words, sentences and paragraphs. It is not a pity at all. "
5. 1.2? Revision can continuously improve the writing level of the paper. Only when the paper is revised more can we know what to write and what not to write, so that the author's thoughts can be tempered, his words can be honed and his writing level can be continuously improved.
5. 1.3? Revision is also the author's respect for readers. Any author who is responsible for readers and career always strives for perfection and revises his paper repeatedly.
5.2? Revision principle
5.2. 1? Highlight the author's personality. If the revision of the paper only emphasizes the specification without the author's unique style, readers will feel the same taste after reading it.
5.2.2? Leave some room, the value of a paper is often completed by the author's creation and the reader's acceptance. Therefore, when revising the paper, we should pay attention to leaving readers with a broad space for thinking, imagination and aftertaste, rather than being clear at a glance.
5.2.3? Emphasize propriety. When revising a paper, the author should standardize his own paper according to the stylistic patterns stored in the brain and information base, so as to achieve specific writing intentions and aesthetic ideals.
5.3? Modification program
5.3. 1? Check the topic. (1) Check whether the topic is correct, profound, focused and distinctive, and whether it has guiding significance for current agricultural production and scientific research. (2) It is also necessary to consider whether the topic has a novel angle, whether it writes the author's unique point of view, and whether it can give readers new enlightenment.
5.3.2? Add or delete materials. Changes in topics will inevitably affect the addition and deletion of materials. In order to achieve a high degree of perfect unity of topic and material, we must overcome the defects of topic but lack of material, or material can not fully explain the topic. We must ruthlessly delete materials that are inconsistent with the topic, and try to increase materials that can fully express the topic, so that materials and topics can be harmonious and unified.
5.3.3? Adjust the structure. Structure is one of the forms and means to express the theme. When the topic and materials change, the structure should also be modified. Even if the topic and materials remain unchanged, if the structure is not well organized and cannot effectively serve the performance of the topic, it should be adjusted, and the structure should also be adjusted. It depends on whether the layout is reasonable, the level arrangement, the division of paragraphs, the beginning and the end, and the transitional care are appropriate.
5.3.4? Refine language. First of all, check whether the words are appropriate and whether each sentence correctly expresses the meaning; Secondly, delete the word dispensable; Third, adjust and add or delete words. Through the revision, the words are fluent, the words are accurate, the sentences are fluent and the meaning is clear.
5.4? Modification method
5.4. 1? Cooling method. If the paper is deliberately placed for a period of time before revision, the old ideas will be weakened, and it is possible to adopt new ideas to overcome the negative effects of habitual ideas, so as to find out the existing problems, and the problems in the first draft will be clear at a glance.
5.4.2? Read aloud. After the first draft of the paper is written, read it several times and correct the awkward, incoherent and inaccurate places.
5.4.3? Comparative method. Use different words, phrases, sentences and new materials, compare them with the uncomfortable parts in the first draft, and then modify them.
5.4.4? Help method. Revise the first draft according to the opinions put forward by others, especially experts.
5.5? Modification requirements
5.5. 1 Follow the logical procedure of paper revision.
5.5.2 On the basis of the whole paper, make some modifications.
5.5.3 Meticulous.
6? Choosing suitable publications is the main way to improve the contribution rate.