[Keywords:] criminal anthropology school criminal social school subject factor object factor
About the author: Liu Xiaoting, female, teacher of People's Armed College of Guizhou University, Master, research direction: criminal psychology.
First, the relevant theories of western criminal psychology
First, criminal biology College. The first is the school of criminal anthropology. The school of criminal anthropology advocates "the theory of natural criminals" on the types of criminals. The theory of natural criminals represents a unique anthropological type and is the most important and influential criminological theory of Italian scholar Cesare Cesare Lombroso. He believes that criminals are barbarians born in civilized times, and their biological characteristics determine that they have the potential to commit crimes from birth. He firmly believes that the specific physiological characteristics found in criminals provide a basis for treating criminals as an anthropological type. Therefore, his research has been focused on the inheritance of physiological abnormalities, abnormal appearance characteristics, psychological abnormalities and criminal tendencies. He believes that the fact that an individual commits a criminal act is because his physical, psychological or physical characteristics are different from those of a normal person. The second is the blood type theory. The blood type theory was founded by Japanese scholar Masayoshi Suzuki. He believes that blood type is hereditary, and blood type is closely related to personal temperament and personality. He analyzed the characteristics of different blood types. It is believed that different blood types have different personality characteristics, and the corresponding analysis is made on which blood type may engage in which crime. The third is the theory of genetic factors. The basic proposition of this study is that as long as one twin becomes a criminal, the other twin may also become a criminal due to the role of genetic quality. There are also studies on sex chromosome abnormalities. Through practical observation, it is found that people with abnormal sex chromosomes do have abnormal performance in body shape, intelligence and personality. On the other hand, however, most criminals are those with normal sex chromosomes. Therefore, sex chromosome abnormality determinism is unrealistic and unscientific.
Secondly, the school of criminal society. The school of sociology of crime emphasizes that the cause of individual crime does not depend entirely on human characteristics, but on the influence and decisive role of social factors. In other words, the reason why individuals commit crimes is based on their innate qualities and is shaped by the social environment during their growth. Obviously, they emphasize the decisive significance of social factors to crime, and the influence of social factors far exceeds that of poor personal quality. The social factors mentioned by the school of criminal society include poverty, politics, morality, living environment and other factors that can induce crime.
Finally, psychoanalysis school. Psychoanalysis theory uses personality structure theory to explain the mechanism of individual criminal behavior. An individual's personality consists of three parts, that is, the ID, the most primitive and deepest part of personality, is full of strong impulses of instinct and desire, dominated by the principle of pleasure only, and blindly pursues satisfaction; Self is a realistic instinct, driven by the principle of realism, which helps me realize my desire without pain; Superego is a moral self, which is a structure formed under the repeated edification and education of parents, elders and teachers. It expresses ethics and values, which is gradually formed with the development of society in the process of human evolution.
Second, the related theories of criminal psychology in China.
First, the external determinism of crime. Generally speaking, existence is primary and consciousness is secondary; Existence determines consciousness. Therefore, individual psychology is a subjective reflection of objective existence. Criminal psychology is a dynamic reflection of negative social existence. For example, economic, political, social atmosphere, customs, mass media, family, school and other negative factors related to individuals in every corner of social life, as well as foreign negative culture, lifestyle, ideology, etc., all have a noticeable impact on the formation of individual criminal psychology, and even have decisive significance in some aspects, which is an important reason for the high crime rate.
Secondly, the inherent determinism of crime. Dialectical materialism holds that objective existence is primary, and objective existence affects individual psychological activities, which is known to all. But on another level, individual psychology is dynamic, and external factors can only play a role through internal factors. Therefore, for individual behavior, internal factors really play a decisive role. This is the ideological basis of internal determinism of crime. The scope of internal causes is extremely extensive. Generally speaking, individual needs, interests, motives, world outlook, outlook on life, ideals, beliefs, and even individual personality and comprehensive quality all play a role in the formation of criminal psychology, especially when these factors themselves have bad tendencies, the formation of criminal psychology is even more inevitable. Individuals make their own choices and choices of objective existence on the basis of their own characteristics, and the formation of criminal psychology is the result of individual subjective choices.
Finally, the theory of comprehensive motive of crime. This is an important theory of criminal psychology in China to study the formation of criminal psychology by using the basic principles of the system, and it is the mainstream view in the theoretical research of criminal psychology. According to the theory of comprehensive motive of crime, the cause of individual crime is a whole system, which is composed of several interrelated and interacting internal and external factors, forming a multi-level and multi-dimensional cause structure; Due to the interaction of various factors, the causes of individual crimes are in dynamic change. The occurrence of crime is the result of the comprehensive interaction of various internal and external factors.
Third, the main factors affecting crime
(A) the physiological factors that affect the subject of crime
1. Age.
Individuals of different ages have different levels of physical and mental development and different social experiences, so age factors will have an impact on the level of crime rate, crime types and the choice of criminal means. It is found that the crime rate generally begins to rise after 14 years old, reaches its peak after 20 to 24 years old, and begins to decline after 25 years old. The change of crime rate in age group shows the obstacle of social adaptation caused by the incomplete formation of individual personality.
2. Gender factor.
Judging from the crime rate, generally speaking, the number of crimes committed by women is much lower than that of men, and the gender difference is an important reason: women's biological genes determine that they are physically weaker than men, and their psychological energy is also weaker than men, showing cowardice, gentleness and obedience. This physiological and psychological difference determines that women are not as aggressive as men on the whole and have less connection with the possibility of committing illegal and criminal acts; Women are physically and mentally patient, sacrifice restraint, and are less impulsive than men, so the possibility of committing crimes is much smaller; A woman's life mission of having children. After marriage, they have to undertake housework and raise children. The scope of social activities is relatively small, so there is less possibility of social conflicts and contradictions. Due to the above characteristics, women generally face less interpersonal contradictions and social conflicts, and are more able to adjust themselves when facing conflicts. However, it should also be noted that female crimes have increased in recent years.
(B) psychological factors affecting the subject of crime
1. Cognitive factors.
Cognition is a psychological activity of people's reflection or understanding of external stimuli, their own situation and their mutual relations. The relationship between negative factors in cognition and the formation of criminal psychology is reflected in two aspects: first, the low level of cognition, some people's low educational level, lack of good school education and family education, and weak moral and legal concepts, which can not correctly regulate their own behavior, leading to illegal and criminal acts from time to time; The second is the deviation of cognitive content. For example, some criminals have some wrong ideas, such as "people die for money, birds die for food" and "people don't do it for themselves, and the devil takes the hindmost", which leads to some materialistic criminal psychology.
2. Emotional and emotional factors.
People's emotions and emotions play an important role in people's behavior, and sometimes even directly become the driving force for people to take action. The relationship between emotion, emotion and criminal psychology is as follows: first, negative emotions and emotions will be transformed into criminal psychology to a certain extent, and they will be vented through the implementation of criminal acts; Second, the subject of crime can't restrain the generation of bad passion, which leads to the emergence of passion crime.
3. Will quality factor.
The formation of criminals' criminal psychology is closely related to their bad will quality. On the one hand, the formation of criminal psychology is closely related to its weak will and inability to resist the temptation of external bad factors; On the other hand, criminals with long criminal experience will also develop morbidly, which shows that they can overcome various difficulties to achieve their criminal goals, leading to the vicious development of criminal psychology.
4. Personality factors.
One is bad personality psychology. Personality psychological tendency is the basic motive force of people's psychological activities, which determines the subject's selectivity and attitude towards objective reality. The subject is deformed, malignant and extremely self-interested. Needs and motives inconsistent with social needs, low-level wrong ideals, beliefs and world outlook are easy to lead the subject to actively choose social negative factors in social life, which is the basis for the formation of anti-social consciousness and criminal motives. The second is the temperament factor. In criminal activities, temperament cannot be started or stopped. However, when a person embarks on the criminal road under the influence of bad factors, temperament may affect the types, means and methods of criminal behavior he chooses. For example, people who are also subjects with bad moral character, people with criminal conditions, and timid people often show courage and are prone to violent crimes, such as revenge and murder. Bloody people are easily tempted by others to commit crimes. In addition, criminals with different temperament have different characteristics in the process of criminal behavior, even in the same criminal behavior. For example, it is also a revenge crime. People who are choleric or bloody are strong, quick-changing, irritable and impulsive because of their impatience. [5]
Fourth, the objective factors that affect crime.
First, the incomplete socialization of personality. From the sociological point of view, crime is a kind of social deviance behavior, and it is also a violation of important social norms. Incomplete socialization of personality is an important psychological formation gene for people to violate social rules.
Secondly, the social macro-environment that affects the formation of criminal psychology. People's criminal behavior is not only caused by the criminal's own physical or psychological defects, but also the product of bad social environment or personal situation. The formation of criminal psychology is actually that criminals absorb external environmental factors and internalize their anti-social consciousness on the basis of the original physiological and psychological factors. The environment that affects the formation of criminal psychology includes macro factors such as economy, politics, law, culture and social control.
Finally, the social micro-environment that affects the formation of criminal psychology. Family factors, school factors and workplace factors.
refer to
[1][ Italy] Cesare Cesare Lombroso, On Criminals, China Legal Publishing House, 2000.
[2][ Japan] Shan Gensao, Criminal Psychology, People's Publishing House, 1995.
[3] Huang Xiting, Introduction to Psychology, People's Education Press, 1993.