1, features: mainly discussion expression, other expressions can be used concurrently; Express opinions or opinions clearly; Prove one's views or opinions with sufficient materials.

2. Elements: argument-attitude towards the issues discussed; Argument-the material basis to prove the argument; Argument-the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.

3. Classification: put forward arguments, explain their views from the front, refute the negative arguments, and establish their correct views.

4. Structure: basic structure, introduction, theory, conclusion, argument structure, juxtaposition, comparison, total score,

5. Methods: Examples, quotations, metaphors, analogies and comparisons. Extension method.

Example method: use typical examples to prove the argument.

Quote: Quote classics or famous sayings and proverbs to prove an argument.

Metaphor: Illustrate the argument with the help of image metaphor.

Analogy: To illustrate an argument by comparing another similar thing or example.

Contrast: to illustrate an argument with opposite examples or comparisons.

Second, the common mode of argumentative writing

The first type: total score formula (or total score formula)

The overall structure of the whole paper is generally this structural model. Generally, under the command of the central argument, the argumentation method should establish several sub-arguments subordinate to the central argument, that is, serve to explain the central argument, and then prove the central argument profoundly and forcefully through the elaboration of the sub-arguments. Therefore, the structure of the full text of the essay is often "total-total". Almost all argumentative essays are of this structural mode.

The second type, parallel type (also called plate combination type)

The parallel structure is characterized by horizontally expanding the level of argumentation and listing the relationship between sub-arguments, that is, sub-arguments demonstrate the central argument or the central issue discussed from different angles and sides, which makes the article present a multi-pronged and hand-in-hand pattern. The order of each argument in coordinate form can sometimes be interchanged; They seem to be independent, but in fact they are closely related and inseparable whole.

Example:

The charm of detail

There is a popular saying that history depends on the general trend, the situation depends on the mainstream, and people depend on the festival. This is naturally true. Small things and details are more vivid and attractive because of their vivid, intuitive and real characteristics, and they are loved and talked about by people, and they can also be seen from small to large.

Details can determine the outcome. Before the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japanese spies disguised themselves as Japanese warships for reconnaissance. At that time, Japanese warships were superior to Japan in tonnage, quantity and firepower, and the whole country was intoxicated, thinking that China would win the Sino-Japanese naval battle. Shorts and socks were scattered on the turrets of China warships, so Japanese spies wrote down this detail in the data and analyzed: This is an army with lax discipline and chaotic management, and people will have strong fighting capacity. Sure enough, as soon as the naval battle started, China was defeated, almost all the troops were wiped out, and advanced warships became the trophies of the Japanese army.

The details can be seen as ups and downs. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, overseas Chinese leader Chen Jiageng led a delegation to visit China. He went to the Kuomintang-controlled area first, and the Kuomintang entertained him with a banquet of 800 yuan. Later, he went to Yan 'an, and Mao Zedong treated him to a meal with a few yuan of potluck. A luxury, a simplicity, let him see the irreversible corruption of the Kuomintang, and see the vitality of the * * * production party's unity and tenacious resistance to Japan. From then on, he decided that China's future depended on China's * * * production party, so he stood firmly on the side of China's * * * production party, became a friend of China's * * * production party, and witnessed the victory of China's revolution.

The details show the spirit. When Lei Feng is mentioned, people will think of the socks he mended. A moon cake he sent to a nursing home; When you mention Kong Fansen, you will think of the only eight yuan and sixty cents in his pocket after his death; When you mention Zhu De, you will think of his carrying pole with its load on Jinggangshan; When He Long is mentioned, people will think of the golden hook on the Long March ... The great events and famous sayings of these heroes and great men may be forgotten, but some details of their lives will never be forgotten by future generations, and their great spirit will remain in people's hearts forever through these humble details.

Details are the notes of a magnificent movement, a sentence of a masterpiece, a spray in a huge wave, and a stone on a high mountain in Wan Ren. "A drop of water can reflect the brilliance of the sun." Appreciate the details, play with the details, and you will find that the small details have infinite charm.

Comment: The relationship between the three sub-arguments in this paper is parallel. They explained the reason why the central argument "details are attractive" from different angles and different sides-why?

The third type: progressive type

The structural feature of progressive type is that the relationship between arguments is progressive. The level of argumentation develops in depth, prompting the connotation of the topic layer by layer, so that the central argument is expounded in depth, and its function is to analyze thoroughly and reason deeply. Their order is usually not interchangeable. It means layer after layer.

Sample text

Live poetically

Candidates of Hunan College Entrance Examination in 2007

The sun rises and sets every day, pedestrians rush by every day, and we are all struggling in a seemingly peaceful life. If we live poetically, it seems to me that it is not the romance when Hemingway looks up at Kilimanjaro's snow, nor the loneliness when Thoreau lives alone by Walden Lake. But in this complicated world, leave a pure land to plant your ideals, and then continue to struggle until you harvest a golden wheat field in your life.

Ideal. Is the first level; "If you climb a tall building alone, you will see the end of the world." It was the ideal that lit the spark, washed away the vast dust, and let us see the horizon at a glance and start the journey of pursuit. Tagore once said, "The paradise in my poems is the ideal in my heart." It is the ideal in the heart that will strive to pursue a poetic paradise. To live poetically, we must first have an ideal, whether it is dim or brilliant, whether it is small or great. Without ideals, how can the flowers in spring be brilliant, how can the stars shine in Yin Hui in summer, and how can we set sail on the road of life, full of poetry?

Struggle for it is the second level: "I will never regret that my belt is getting wider, and I will be haggard because of Iraq." In the wind, Liu Yong tells his thoughts about Iraqis and the poetry of life, waiting to struggle to realize his ideal. To live poetically is to pick up the axe of struggle, chop the ideal stone and roll up a thousand waves to compare with lofty sentiments. Yesterday, Qin Shihuang set the ideal of unifying the whole country, so he went step by step, attacked Xiongnu in the north, recovered Hetao, made Baiyue in the south and reverted to Xiang Jun. The pace of the struggle never stopped, and finally it was the spectacular scene of destroying the six countries and sweeping the Central Plains. Struggle makes the ideal shine, makes the road of life wider and wider, bears the unbearable weight of life, is chic and free, and is full of ambition, propping up a sunny day in life. Who can say that such a life is not poetic?

Harvest. It is the third level: "suddenly looking back, that person is under the dim light." When the fountain of struggle fills the ideal field, autumn is the harvest season. This golden wheat field reflects a shining road of life. No matter how big or small the "wheat field" is, it doesn't matter whether the harvest is worth paying. As long as it is a harvest, it is already a result. If you succeed, you will get flowers and applause. If it fails, it will gain a period of experience, learn many lessons, and then start again. As Ji Xianlin, a master of Chinese studies, once said, "Living a lifetime is like writing a poem. Your success and failure are all poems, a little poetry. " Harvest is the harvest of ideal, the harvest of struggle and the harvest of poetic life.

Although our life is not like Li Bai's "Oh, let a spiritual person go to his favorite place to take risks and spin a thousand pieces of silver, they all come back!" " Ideal makes it bright, struggle makes it real, and harvest makes it have a golden poetic style.

Break the lock of fate with persistence, let life live a poetic life, plant ideals and make unremitting efforts. I believe there will be a harvest of "geese attract autumn heart, mountains hold good moon".

Comment: This article uses the step-by-step formula. The three levels of ideal, struggle and harvest in the middle are in-depth layer by layer, and the continuous levels are not interchangeable. In addition, this article is full of literary talent and poetry, and the metaphors such as "picking up the axe of struggle and opening up the ideal stone" are novel and appropriate. Third, the materials are fresh and rich, and the materials used in this paper are no less than 10.

The fourth contrast (argument structure)

Contrastive argumentation refers to the argumentation of the article from two aspects, namely "what should be done" and "what not to be done"-all levels are independent and support each other, and comprehensively discuss the problem.

Example:

Forgiving others is liberating yourself.

When one foot stepped on the petals of a violet, that foot left a fragrance. This is forgiveness.

A mental patient broke into the doctor's house and shot and killed his three daughters in the mood for love; He cured the mental patient after all. This is also forgiveness.

One more forgiveness, one more friend. One more hatred, one more enemy.

To forgive others is to be kind to yourself, and to hate others is to hate yourself.

Forgiving others is liberating yourself, and the mind is pure.

Comments: The author did not discuss the necessity and importance of forgiveness, but focused on "choice" and repeatedly talked about the benefits of "choosing forgiveness" and the evil consequences of "choosing hatred". Through comparison and argumentation again and again, people accepted the spiritual choice of "forgiveness" and abandoned the mentality of "hatred".

Fifth, inductive (argument structure)

Enlightenment is a revelation, and feeling is a feeling. * * * The same feature is that the materials are presented first and the feelings are behind. Feeling can also be read while feeling, such as literary criticism. The basic method of writing an argumentative essay based on the material is to describe the material first and then express your feelings. This writing method consists of four steps: quotation, proof, association and conclusion.

Example:

Can bridge the gap

Senior two students in a school (1) want to contract a freezer in the summer vacation, which can not only taste the knowledge outside the textbook, but also reduce the economic burden at home. However, their parents can't understand their good ideas and enthusiasm, so they are very sad and run away from home. From this incident, we can clearly see that there has been an ideological gap between parents and children. Therefore, we have to call for mutual understanding between the two generations.

With the deepening of reform and opening up, people's ideas are constantly updated. The younger generation is easy to accept new things and new ideas. Their ideas and practices are different from those of the previous generation. At this time, parents should not completely deny or even scold. Times are different, how can we ask our children to remain the same? As parents, we should have more contact and understanding with children, and don't let the distance between them get farther and farther, forming a truly insurmountable gap. Similarly, as a child, you should put yourself in the shoes of your parents. Maybe they are a little old-fashioned and can't accept all the new things, but out of concern. I remember reporting that a female student in junior high school was often beaten by her parents because of her poor grades, and eventually committed suicide because she was disgusted with the world. After her death, her parents cried bitterly. If her parents really don't care about her, how can they be so sad? Therefore, communicate with parents more and tell them more about their own thoughts, and the thoughts of the two generations will naturally merge together.

It is not a rare phenomenon that there is an ideological gap between parents and children. For this reason, children who run away from home and commit suicide are often heard. The only way is for parents to be less severe in criticism and abuse and more sincere in care, while children should be more considerate of their parents and understand their feelings, and must not be pessimistic.

From the beginning of a middle school student's running away from home, we should be vigilant and not let that "ditch" go on. Understanding, understanding and enthusiasm are the only ways to fill it. The gap can be bridged, but it needs the joint efforts of two generations.

This paper is a typical "reference-discussion-connection-knot" structure. Quote materials, concise; Clear point of view, don't be bored with words; Make a comment and the truth will be born; Seek truth from facts and be targeted; Draw a conclusion and be good at handling it. The viewpoint is clear, the structure is rigorous, the title is vivid and the language is accurate.

Sixth: Metaphor (argument structure)

Metaphor authentication is an argument method that uses concrete, vivid and vivid things as metaphors to prove more abstract truth.

Example:

Chess philosophy

Chess is really an intelligent invention. A chess game is a standardized small society, and each chess piece has its own code of conduct; Cars, horse racing days, flying fields and guns hitting the mountains are gone forever ... It is precisely because each has its own code of conduct and everyone acts according to the rules that this small society is organized and interesting, and players are never tired of it.

Chess players must follow the rules of chess, which is the premise of making chess interesting. If someone doesn't pay attention to the rules and does whatever he wants, the game will be out of order and the fun will disappear.

Rules are the foundation of chess. Within the rules, players can use their wisdom, deploy troops flexibly, and show their strategies and thinking in every move. Therefore, on the basis of rules, in a small chess game, they can be imagined and played by others, unpredictable and extremely interesting.

The basis of chess is rules, and the basis of rules is fairness. Including veterans, have strict codes of conduct and are strictly enforced.

There is no extra time for the chess game. Each chess piece has its own clear responsibility, either attacking, defending or cooperating. It always does its own work, and no one is making up for it. Chess pieces unite with each other and share the same enemy, and never engage in "infighting", nor do stupid things such as intrigue and fighting in the same room. In order to win the overall situation, every piece is ready for sacrifice. ……

The philosophy in this chess game has gone beyond the original competitive category, suggesting that this is a way to make a living and be an official. For a society that constantly flaunts its love for the rule of law, the rules of the game are equality, that is, there is no right other than law and power. This regulation applies to ordinary people, but also to the first place in the country.

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