The Renaissance liberated more and more people from feudal ignorance. The Reformation broke the superstition of the Roman church, emancipated the mind, and further spread and developed humanism. Enlightenment: further emancipated people's minds and impacted the feudal autocracy in Europe.

Class struggle is the direct driving force for the development of class society. In the primary stage of socialism, class struggle is no longer the main contradiction in society, but it still exists in a certain range and may be intensified under special conditions.

Revolution is the locomotive of historical progress. Reform is a new revolution. On the one hand, it plays the role of liberating and developing productive forces, on the other hand, it promotes the improvement of production relations. Science and technology is a double-edged sword, on the one hand, it is the mainstream to promote social progress; On the other hand, it may bring great disasters to society, and the key is how to make use of it.

The geographical environment of ancient China, the source of Fang culture, is one-sided and relatively closed. China is located at the eastern end of the Eurasian continent, with Siberian wasteland frozen all the year round in the north, desert yellow sand in the west and south, towering Kunlun Mountain, Altai Mountain and Himalayan Mountain, known as the roof of the world, and the vast Pacific Ocean in the east. The inland area is vast, rich in resources, with a large basin and fertile plains.

This vast plain river and almost closed geographical environment are very conducive to the formation of self-sufficient mode of production-the formation of agricultural civilization, which has induced the emergence of closed civilization. Closed living space, not only can not rely on external forces, but also because of the backwardness of production tools.

In order to survive and develop, to fight hard against the harsh natural environment, to build water conservancy projects, and to ensure the smooth progress of agricultural production, the ancient people of China established a large * * * body linked by blood to effectively govern and manage, thus gradually forming an autocratic rule and patriarchal clan system based on blood relationship.

At the same time, the vast plains also rule the country, and it is easy to achieve reunification through military conquest, establish an autocratic empire, and bring everyone into a highly centralized political system. Therefore, unity, autocracy and centralization became the characteristics of China's ancient politics.