Buying and selling or organizing the buying and selling of dissertations: that is, directly obtaining the achievements of others' dissertations by paying a certain fee.

Writing or organizing dissertations for others: that is, writing or writing dissertations for others, which is an act involving academic misconduct and fraud.

Plagiarism of other people's works and academic achievements: including copying other people's works and academic achievements intact or basically intact, using other people's academic viewpoints to form all the core or main viewpoints of their dissertation, and taking other people's academic achievements as the main part or substantive part of their dissertation.

Falsification of data: including the act of subjectively fabricating or tampering with research results, survey data, experimental data or literature materials in the dissertation.

Other serious fraudulent acts of dissertations: This may include but not limited to the above acts, such as using other people's research results without permission and copying other people's academic ideas.

These behaviors not only violate academic norms and the principle of good faith, but also damage the reputation and credibility of academic circles, and seriously affect the normal conduct and development of academic research. Therefore, these behaviors should be strictly prohibited and dealt with seriously. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen academic norms and honesty education, improve scholars' academic literacy and sense of responsibility, and curb academic misconduct from the source.

Duplicate checking of academic misconduct papers