Rereading "Overcharging 35 Doors" has gained a lot, and I think it should be a must-read for all experts, scholars and government officials related to agriculture. Because as far as the observation of agricultural problems and farmers' sufferings is concerned, this article written by Mr. Ye Lao more than 70 years ago is much more accurate and profound than many works written by domestic economists and government officials so far. Therefore, to investigate the fate of unprotected farmers under the condition of commodity economy, we must look at "overcharging three to five fights" Now its influence has gone far beyond the scope of agriculture and economy.
1. The profound point of Overcharging Three to Five Gates is that it focuses on the fate of unprotected farmers under the conditions of market economy. The fate of farmers is closely related to the fate of China.
"Cheap grain hurts farmers" is a lingering historical problem in China, a big agricultural country, because scarcity is precious. If farmers charge more than three or five fights, the consequences will be unimaginable. Therefore, successive governments in China have paid special attention to solving this problem.
Mr. Ye's "Overriding Three Fighting Five" was published in 1933. Let's see how Mr. Ye revealed the existing problems at that time:
(1) Under the conditions of commodity economy and market economy, farmers have no awareness of agricultural risks.
Mr. Ye described that under the heavy pressure of life, the bumper farmers have to pay so much for an acre of land, and everyone feels that it is time to breathe. It can be seen that under the condition of market economy, farmers have insufficient understanding of agricultural risks.
So there is a scene at the beginning of the article:
Those people wearing old felt hats turned into themselves early in the morning, came to the dock, panting, and came to the counter to predict their fate.
"Five pieces of brown rice and three grains," Mr. Mihang replied weakly.
"what!" The old felt hat friend could hardly believe his ears. The hope of happiness suddenly sank, and everyone froze for a while.
"Isn't it thirteen dollars in June?"
"Fifteen dollars have been sold, not to mention thirteen dollars."
"Where there is such a drop!"
Don't you know the time? Rice is flooding everywhere, and it will fall down in a few days! "⑴
The market is cruel, and farmers are swallowed up by three or five fights.
(B) the dangers of laissez-faire import of agricultural products.
Just overcharged by three to five fights, it will not cause such a violent shock in the grain market anyway. The main reason is to let food imports cause harm, but farmers can't find appropriate countermeasures:
Angry words gushed from a simple heart.
Mr Smile, "you don't, the somebody else will starve to death? There are foreign rice and foreign noodles everywhere. The first batch has not been finished yet, and several more batches have come from foreign ships. "
How can it not be destroyed? The landlord has to pay the rent. In order to hire helpers, buy fertilizers and fill his stomach, he had to pay off the debts he borrowed.
Farmers who charge more than three to five fights can only sell if they sell cheaper than they sell. Businessmen are all snickering to themselves.
(3) "Peer Consultation"-organized price reduction by commercial interest groups can easily overwhelm scattered farmers.
Please look at the following scene:
"Let's shake it to Fan's grave." There may be a better fate waiting for them in Fan's grave. Some people think so.
"Don't say fan's tomb, just shake it into the city. Peer discussion, the price of these two days is five pieces of brown rice and three pieces of grain. "
Scattered small farmers are actually flocks of lambs to be slaughtered.
(4) Exploitation by the government and various evil forces.
In the 1930s, the government was corrupt and all kinds of evil forces were rampant.
"It's no good going to Fan's grave," retorted his companions. "Come to the tomb of van two dui, know how much they donated us! Just say that according to their donations, where did you get the cash? "
Under this kind of exploitation, farmers are even more helpless.
(5) financial confusion, fiddling with means of payment.
The price of rice is so low, but it is not a silver dollar that can keep the value relatively, but a banknote that may depreciate instantly:
White rice can't be exchanged for white cash. It seems that they have a discount again, which is strange and uncomfortable.
"Then, change it to China Bank." From the pattern, I know that the money in my hand is not from China Bank.
"This belongs to the central bank. You don't want it, you still want to go to court? "
I sent the white rice that I couldn't bear to give up to Wansheng's apartment and replaced it with non-white banknotes and current foreign currency.
In this way, Mihang easily passed on the financial crisis to farmers. Now the value of RMB is stable, but there is a worse means in rural areas-simply writing white stripes. What's more, the white note was deducted without hitting it.
(6) Where is the way out for farmers?
At that time, Mr. Ye may not see clearly where the way out for farmers is, but he honestly wrote down the "dead end" for farmers. Later facts proved that once farmers saw the way out, they would flock to China, which was the internal reason for the success of the revolution. Please see:
"Last year was a flood, the harvest was not good, and it was a loss. This year is a good year, a bumper harvest, or a loss! "
"This year's losses are more serious than last year; Only $7.5 last year. "
"I have to eat my own food again. Alas, farmers can't eat their own rice! "
"Also had to not pay the rent. Pay the rent and borrow new debts immediately. Borrowed 45 cents to pay the rent. What are you greedy for? Are you greedy for heavy debts next year! "
"Tian Zhen is a great species!"
"If you flee to the desert, you will be in debt and you won't have to solve the money. Good plan, let's go together! "
"I see, it's not bad to work in Shanghai. Xiao Wang is in our village, isn't he? Working in a factory in Shanghai, I heard that there are fifteen yuan a month. Fifteen dollars, according to today's price, is three tons of rice! "
"What are you doing every other year to turn over a calendar! Don't you know that when the Japanese fought in Shanghai, many factories were closed, and Xiao Wang was a beggar there? "
The road was cut off. There was silence for a while.
"We farm every year, for whom?"
"We suffered, paid heavy interest, borrowed money and planted it. Their lips moved and said, "Five dollars a load!" Just swallowed our oil and water! "
"Our land is also full of capital, why do you want to work for them in vain! Why do you want to work in Abel Tamata! "
Some of them cook their own rice, some sell poor cows, and some borrow 40 cents and 50 cents to pay the rent; Some stepped forward and were put in detention centers, barely eating from their own pockets ... Some people put in a good word and took back the rent from the landlord, ready to be a clean poor man; Some people slipped away and climbed on the fourth bus bound for Shanghai.
(7) reflections from all walks of life.
Faced with such a situation, Mr. Ye also wrote that all sectors of society have reflected:
The old saying that "cheap grain hurts farmers" became the headline of the intercity newspaper.
The landlord found it difficult to collect rent, so he held a meeting and sent a telegram. He said to the effect that this year's harvest is particularly good, food is surplus, food prices are low, and farmers are suffering, so they need to find a relief plan.
The financial circles originally wanted to do business there, so they put forward a solution: …
The industry is quiet. When the price of rice is low, workers can avoid "rice stickers", which is beneficial to them.
It is a joke that social scientists publish papers in various magazines and put forward the theory of food surplus statistically and theoretically. It is not inevitable that "cheap grain hurts farmers". Even if food is not cheap, farmers will be hurt under the double oppression of imperialism and feudalism.
These are all things in the city, and I don't know anything about them in the "folks".
The villagers don't know, but the government knows; The Kuomintang government, which was well aware of this, did not solve this problem well, so it ended in an overwhelming victory, with farmers pushing carts and helping the PLA win the battle. It is said that they only paid attention to solving these problems when they fled to Taiwan Province province. Is a foothold.