1. Languages of official legal documents: orders, motions, decisions, opinions, announcements, notices, notices, reports, requests, replies, letters and meeting minutes.
2. Daily business terms: briefings, rules and regulations, speeches, investigation reports, plans and summaries.
Three. Economic application language: contracts, advertisements and brochures, tenders, tenders and market research reports.
4. Applicable documents of law: public security organs' (filing report, case-solving report, prosecution opinion), people's procuratorates' (indictment, decision to approve arrest, protest), people's courts' (criminal first and second instance judgment, civil first and second instance judgment, criminal first and second instance ruling), others' (criminal private prosecution, civil indictment, defense, criminal appeal, civil appeal, petition, etc.
5. Public relations communication genre: introduction (general letter, letter of introduction and proof, active application letter, invitation letter), condolence (condolence letter, commendation letter, thank-you letter), congratulations (greetings, congratulatory letter, congratulatory message), welcome speech (thank-you words) 6. Other commonly used genres: news (news, words of thanks)
Practical writing is a kind of articles that are used by state organs, enterprises and institutions, social organizations and the people in their work, study and life, which directly serve real life and have practical value and customary format.
This style is a tool for people to exchange ideas, experiences, information, public relations and specific affairs.
2. In practical writing, which languages are strict and which languages are relatively free, official documents usually have strict formats. Other applied styles are relatively loose, such as laws and regulations, litigation and management articles, scientific and technological articles, newsletters, biographies, local chronicles, resumes, investigation reports, internship reports, thought reports, work summaries, job-seeking speeches, contract samples, applications, etc. Often used in daily life or work.
There are 13 kinds of existing administrative documents, namely: (1) order: applicable to the publication of administrative regulations and rules according to relevant laws; Announcing the implementation of major administrative compulsory measures; Reward relevant units and personnel. (2) Decisions: applicable to making arrangements for important matters or major actions, rewarding and punishing relevant units and personnel, and changing or revoking inappropriate decisions made by lower-level organs. (3) Announcement: applicable to announcements of important or statutory matters at home and abroad. (4) Notice: It is applicable to the announcement of matters that should be observed or known by all relevant sectors of society. (5) Notice: It applies to the examination and approval and forwarding of official documents of subordinate organs, the forwarding of official documents of superior organs and those not subordinate to superior organs, the communication of matters that need to be handled by subordinate organs and matters that need to be known or implemented by relevant units, and the appointment and removal of personnel. (6) Notification: It is suitable for commending the advanced, criticizing mistakes and conveying important spirit or situation. (7) Motion: It applies to matters submitted by people at all levels to the people's congress at the corresponding level or its standing committee for deliberation in accordance with legal procedures. (8) Reporting: it is suitable for reporting work to superiors, reflecting the situation and answering inquiries from superiors. (9) Asking for instructions: It is applicable to asking for instructions and approval from higher authorities. (10) reply: it is applicable to the reply to the matters requested by the lower authorities. (11) Opinions: It is applicable to put forward opinions and solutions on important issues. (12) Letter: It is applicable to consultations, inquiries and answers to questions, requests for approval and answers to examination and approval matters between non-subordinate organs. (13) Meeting Minutes: suitable for recording and conveying meetings and agreed matters.
3. Discrimination: the difference between official documents and official documents The following questions should be paid attention to in practical writing:
First, the title of the plan and summary.
No matter whether it is a plan or a summary, there is no need to add a preposition structure in the title to distinguish it from the official document 636f7079E79Fa5E981933133343623732, thus standardizing the writing of such practical articles.
Second, about the difference between summary and investigation report.
The summary should be the summary of the experience of the relevant departments or units on their own work, not by other units or journalists. The summary is called by the first person, and the article should be an empirical investigation report, not a summary. The difference between this empirical summary and the empirical investigation report is mainly people. As long as the person is changed from the first person to the third person, it is the investigation report. If the third person is changed to the first person, it is the summary.
Third, about "arrangement opinions"
As an applied style, planning includes planning, imagination, points, arrangements, plans, schemes and opinions. Arrangement, like plan and scheme, refers to a plan with short term, small scope and specific content. The main point refers to a concise and focused plan. Therefore, not only can arrangements and opinions be used together, but also arrangements and plans and schemes can not be used together.
Four, about the unofficial documents "official title"
The official document is signed by the administrative organ or the person in charge of the organ, and the investigation report can only be signed by the individual or group of investigators, not by the organ. Unless it is an official document, it is best not to write the title of the official document.
Five, on the requirements and characteristics of practical writing of official documents
This problem is how to grasp the writing requirements and characteristics of official documents from both macro and micro aspects, and to what extent. It is not good to be macro or micro, and it is not good to be micro or macro. We should combine the macro with the micro. Not too macro, not too micro. Too macro, such as talking about the main part of an official document or practical writing, only passing by in a few words, so that readers can not get a specific impression, which is equivalent to not talking about it; But if it is too microscopic, readers will often think that an official document or practical article can only be written in this way, and there can be no difference. In this respect, many existing writing textbooks, such as official documents and practical writing, are inadequate. Therefore, the author must pay attention to the requirements and characteristics of practical writing of official documents from both macro and micro perspectives.
4. What does it mean to apply the genre in the text? Genre is subordinate to all parts of the application text, such as administrative official documents, business documents, plans, summaries, inspection reports, contracts, diaries, letters, articles, academic papers and so on.
Practical writing is a style formed by human beings in long-term social practice. It is a tool for people to transmit information, handle affairs and exchange feelings. Some practical writing is also used as evidence and basis. With the development of society, people's communication in work and life is becoming more and more frequent, things are becoming more and more complicated, and the role of practical writing is becoming more and more important.
The so-called practical writing is an article written by people to deal with practical things in life, study and work, which has practical characteristics and forms a common format. Definition There is no uniform and strict definition of the concept of "practical writing" in academic circles, and it is impossible to have such a definition. Different scholars and books often have different induction and generalization.
Learners can grasp its essential characteristics from the following aspects: 1. The purpose of writing is clear. Practical writing serves a specific purpose, so its writing motivation and purpose are very clear. 2. Language expression norms. Practical writing is mainly based on standardized modern Chinese, and some archaic words are appropriately used. The language of the article is solemn, concise and rigorous, which is quite different from literary works.
3. The format and style are stable. Most practical articles have formed a stable general format and style, which reflects their standardization and seriousness. Authors must abide by the requirements of format and style when drafting articles. 4. The time factor is clear. The transactions it targets generally exist in a certain period of time, so the time elements such as execution time, validity period and written date are very clear.
To sum up, practical writing can be defined as: practical writing is the general name of various styles with direct practical value, standardized format and concise language used by various enterprises, institutions, organizations and individuals in their work, study, daily life and other social activities to deal with various public and private affairs, transmit and exchange information and solve practical problems. (See the book Practical Skills Training and Applied Writing edited by Wei Zhiguo).
5. The original publisher of the four elements of applied writing: Pudou Promotion.
What are the characteristics of practical writing? Practical writing is an applied writing activity. Generally speaking, it is the study of the basic theory, knowledge and skills of practical writing. In school education, it is a comprehensive and practical basic course. From the perspective of reception aesthetics, writing activities have four basic elements, namely, the writing subject-the author; Writing object-objective things (including spiritual objects) reflected; Writing ontology (or carrier)-text; Writing receptor-the object of acceptance and action is the reader. These four elements constitute a complete and organic writing system. Practical writing has the following characteristics: (1) The main task of practical writing is to solve practical problems. For example: to analyze economic activities, we must write economic contracts; For legal acts, you should write a complaint and a defense; Invitations, congratulatory letters and congratulatory messages should be written for ceremonial activities, obituaries should be written for the deceased, eulogies should be written for memorial service, and couplets should be posted on the doorframes for weddings, funerals and celebrations; Notice should be issued at the meeting, and important matters should be approved by superiors. In short, in order to do something, solve a problem, exchange experiences, dredge an emotion and reach an agreement, we must choose a specific language suitable for expression and stress practical results. It can be said that every kind
6. The understanding of "practical writing" is about 500 words, please provide some materials ~ practical writing: 2. (1) The writing method of the application is a special letter used by individuals or units to put forward certain requirements or apply for solving a certain problem to relevant departments, organizations and groups. It includes four parts: title, sending unit, text and signature. The title was added for a reason. Example "XXX application" (note: this application is not a legal document). (2) The writing of letters of introduction is an applied style for introducing contacts and contact matters. It has the dual functions of introduction and proof. There are two main forms of letters of introduction, namely, ordinary letters of introduction and special letters of introduction. Contents include: title, text, ending, signature and date. And write down the effective date. (3) the writing method of asking for instructions. Instructions are generally composed of four parts: title, main sending organ, text and signature. 1, title. The title of request for instructions generally consists of three parts: issuing unit, reason and language. Who is the issuing authority asking for instructions? The reason is "asking for instructions" and the language is "asking for instructions". For example, only by reason and language, the signature should indicate the issuing authority. 2. The main sending organ, that is, the receiving organ, uses the full name or standardized abbreviation (the same below), such as "Ship Camp Education Bureau" and "District Education Bureau". In general, written work requests should be sent to relevant departments or organizations, which will submit them to relevant leaders. It is not appropriate to give it to a leading individual. Except in special circumstances. 3. Text. Generally speaking, there are three essentials to master when writing a request text. First, the text should come straight to the point, state the situation concisely, explain the reasons and basis of the request, and clearly write out why the request is made, thus attracting the attention of the examination and approval authorities. Second, put forward opinions and requests, which is the purpose of the request. Opinions and requirements should be written clearly and specifically. It is convenient for the leading organs to seriously consider and deliberate. Third, according to the purpose of asking for instructions, write the words "if not, please indicate", "if not, please indicate" and "please review" at the end. 4. Sign the name of the issuing authority, indicate the issuing time, and affix the official seal. The name of the issuing authority shall use the full name or standardized abbreviation. If the name of the issuing authority is written on the title, the signature may be omitted at the signing place. Here is the practical writing. If you can find the website of practical writing everywhere, please tell me. It is difficult to find practical writing. I really need practical writing now. If anyone can find practical writing, please tell me the website of practical writing. Thank you for telling me the website of practical writing. It is not easy to find practical writing. There are practical words here. I still can't find the practical writing. If you can find the website of practical writing everywhere, please tell me. Practical writing is hard to find. I really need practical writing now. If anyone can find practical writing, please tell me the website of practical writing. Thank you for telling me the practical writing. It is not easy to find practical writing.
7. Comments on the New Practical Writing Course There are only two kinds of articles in the world, one is practical practical writing, and the other is aesthetic literary works. From the pre-Qin dynasty to the Han dynasty, until the Southern and Northern Dynasties, these two kinds of articles were collectively called "Wen". The word "Wen" first appeared in The Analects of Confucius. Literature at that time was not literature in today's sense, but included all the articles in the world. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the dispute of "brushwork" began, and literature became conscious and began to be independent from "literature" in a broad sense, which has today's significance.
From the perspective of writing, practical writing is a pattern writing with a fixed format, while literary works are an original aesthetic writing. Because of the different expressions of writing, these two kinds of articles have different properties. Practical articles are utilitarian practical articles, while literary works are aesthetic articles without utilitarianism (the commercialization of contemporary literature is another matter). Of course, there are also some articles, such as newsletters, reportage and some explanatory articles.
Practical writing is a compulsory course, an elective course and an excellent course in colleges and universities. Whether in school or in work and life after graduation, everyone must learn and write practical writing well in order to meet the requirements of the knowledge-based economy society in the 2 1 century. Because we go to work after graduating from college, we may encounter more important practical writing practices, such as drafting work arrangements, summarizing, or engaging in some research topics. If we have skilled practical writing skills and cooperate with our professional expertise and work expertise, we can have a confident mind in practical operation, just like experts.
The newly compiled practical writing course focuses on more than 50 common languages that students often use in their study, work and life, such as "blog", "application", "tour guide", "graduation thesis design", "competition book" and "business plan book". These languages have been widely used by college students in recent years, but they are not explained in most practical writing textbooks. Those languages that are currently used less frequently, such as "resolutions" and "telegrams", are not included. The newly compiled practical writing course is divided into nine chapters, which are the first chapter introduction, the second chapter interpersonal communication documents, the third chapter transactional documents, the fourth chapter official document writing, the fifth chapter legal documents, the sixth chapter economic management documents, the seventh chapter news propaganda documents, the eighth chapter legal documents and the ninth chapter scientific practice documents, with the fourth chapter official document writing as the focus.
The newly compiled practical writing course breaks the traditional arrangement style that practical writing starts from the content, but from the structure of practical writing, avoids the lengthy narrative of "separate teaching materials" in the past, increases the proportion of model essays, and provides more imitation materials for students' study and practice. It is precisely because it starts from the structure, and all the applied articles in the world have a conventional, fixed and basically similar structure. As long as we master this structure, the structure of more than 0/000 applied articles in the world will have a general outline in the minds of learners in a short time, that is, "know fairly well"! Then, through the theoretical study and practice of various practical writing, I finally mastered the writing law of this mode of practical writing. Therefore, the newly compiled practical writing course adopts the style of writing paradigm, which supports the uniqueness and personalized teaching of various literary theories. In order to give consideration to the flexibility of teachers' teaching, a small number of necessary "training and practice" topics are listed to provide reference materials for teachers and students' teaching and learning and final practice. However, in the interaction between teachers and students, some topics can also be added, so that both teachers and students have more room for independent learning and practice. Therefore, this textbook first arranges the writing theory study of a literary genre, looking for the personality of this literary genre and other literary genres, so that students can understand under what circumstances this literary genre is used, how to write, and gain a rational understanding. In the evaluation of the model essay, we can understand its specific characteristics and get the perceptual knowledge of how to imitate it. Finally, these understandings will be transformed into writing ability in writing training, and practical writing will meet the requirements. This textbook follows the order of "theory-imitation-practice" and follows the step by step, which conforms to the cognitive rules and study habits of college students.
The writing theory of this textbook focuses on the subtle differences between this format and other formats, and it is not necessary to preach the writing format of each language repeatedly. Strictly speaking, compared with literary creation, practical writing is a kind of utilitarian imitation writing in its inherent mode, because it is neither innovative nor aesthetic, but practical, so you don't need to be unconventional, let alone original. If practical writing can give full play to the author's personal specialties, it can only be a question of how to choose objective facts and use fluent and clear language to make everyone in a certain range understand and understand, so as to achieve the purpose of practical writing. To this end, the choice of model essays includes some classic practical essays that are far away from us, and some mature practical essays that are close to us and closely follow the pulse of the times, so as to provide students with imitation writing. Writing training is based on teacher-student interaction, focusing on writing, combining learning with application, achieving the teaching requirements of "thinking", "imitating" and "writing well", and achieving the teaching purpose of improving practical writing ability. This is the biggest feature of the new practical writing course.