1. topic selection and research design: select a suitable research topic and carry out detailed research design, including determining the research purpose, research questions and research methods.

2. Literature review: refer to the literature in related fields, understand the existing research results and progress, and provide theoretical basis and reference for your own research.

3. Data collection and analysis: according to the research design, collect the required data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions and results.

4. Paper writing: According to academic norms and requirements, write all parts of the paper, including abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and conclusion.

5. Revision and polishing of the paper: Revise and polish the paper repeatedly to ensure that the language expression is accurate, clear, logical and in line with academic norms.

6. Layout adjustment and typesetting: according to the requirements of periodicals or conferences, adjust the layout and typesetting of papers, including font, font size, line spacing and margins.

7. Paper submission: Select the appropriate journals or conferences, submit according to the submission requirements, and wait for the evaluation results.

8. Revise the manuscript: according to the opinions and requirements of the reviewers, revise and improve the paper until it is adopted or rejected.

9. Preparation of defense materials: If oral defense is required, relevant defense materials, including PPT and lecture notes, need to be prepared.

10. defense preparation: deeply understand and master the research content and methods of the paper, and be ready to answer possible questions at any time.