I hope I can help you. You can ask me if you don't understand anything. The following are some suggestions for paper writing, for reference only:
The writing requirements, process and writing skills of the thesis
Broadly speaking, all works that discuss the contents of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original works (papers), briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews and so on.
, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks and popular science books, etc. But only the original work and its introduction are original, main and primary, involving creation and invention.
And other intellectual property rights. Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. Let's talk about the writing of the paper.
Some experience. When discussing thesis writing, I'm not going to talk about various rules and regulations about manuscript writing. This paper mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to appear in thesis writing.
On writing ethics and standardization of writing content.
First, the requirements of thesis writing
The following are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper.
(1) Thesis-Topic A scientific paper has a topic and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, and there should be no subtitle as far as possible.
Use 1 report, second report, etc. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.
(2) Papers-scientific papers signed should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Theory in a strict sense
The author refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data collation, summary and writing.
, should be able to answer questions about the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. You should apply for the signature of the paper.
People agree. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.
(3) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good paper introduction can often make readers understand the development and significance of your work.
A position in the research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.
(4) Papers-Materials and Methods Write out the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications truthfully, and write out the experimental methods, indicators and judgment standards. And write it out.
Experimental design, grouping, statistical methods, etc. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.
(5) Paper-The experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not do it just because it doesn't meet our own intentions.
Subjective choice, don't cheat. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instruments do not match the data obtained in the case of technical failure or operational error.
Only when the experimental conditions are met can the data be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not normal not to summarize and deal with them.
And be eliminated at will. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.
The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. discuss
Try to use technical terms in your writing. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Text and tables
, the figure does not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.
(VI) Discussion is the key and difficult point of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and improve from perceptual knowledge to rationality.
About sexual knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and viewpoints in relevant literature at home and abroad.
Discuss and express your opinions, especially those against them. In the discussion of this paper, we can put forward the assumptions and development ideas of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate.
, can't be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".
(7) Thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should be written with clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use "
Vague words such as summary.
(8) Paper-Reference: This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing references is to let readers know about the research life of the paper.
The context of the topic is easy to find, and I respect the work of my predecessors and have an accurate positioning of my work. Therefore, there are both technical issues and scientific ethics issues.
Title.
A paper has references that need to be cited almost from beginning to end. For example, the most important and directly related documents should be cited in the introduction of the paper; Should be referenced in the method.
Methods adopted or used for reference internationally; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote data to compare with literature; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory conclusions related to the paper should be introduced.
Fruits or opinions, etc.
All careless, do not check the literature; Deliberately not quoting, boasting innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to pose lightly while avoiding weight. This gift
It can still be seen from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. Among them, don't look up documents, miss important documents, and deliberately don't quote others.
Mistakes such as dedication or deliberately belittling others' work are obvious and easy to find. Some practices are subtle, such as introducing what should be in the introduction and introducing it into the discussion. this
Put what was originally the basis or forerunner of your thesis on an equal footing with your thesis. For another example, scientific research is always developing in depth, and your work is always ahead of your predecessors.
The cornerstone of the work is developed from the bottom. The correct way to write it should be, what did someone do to this problem in a certain year, and what did someone do on this basis in a certain year?
Now I have finished this research on the basis of them. This is an attitude of seeking truth from facts, and this expression will not harm your contribution at all. Some authors don't say so.
It's that someone has done this problem for one year and failed to do it for another. Now I have done it. This is not a realistic attitude. such
Sometimes you can fool some laymen who don't know the truth, but it only takes an insider to poke, and the paper tiger is broken. In this way, it will be self-defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon in real life
It is still not uncommon.
(9) Papers-The directors, technical assistants, providers of special reagents or equipment, funders and people who have made important suggestions on the thank-you papers belong to the thank-you objects.
Paper thanks should be sincere and true, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before those who apply to be thanked write papers to thank them.
Agreed. You can't pull the flag as a tiger skin.
(10) Paper-abstract or abstract: Briefly summarize the full text of the paper in about 200 words. Always put the first one. The abstract of the paper needs to be carefully written and attractive. Let readers read the theory.
It's like seeing the miniature of a paper, or reading the abstract of a paper, and I want to continue reading the relevant parts of the paper. In addition, several key words should be given and written out.
Really key academic vocabulary, don't memorize general vocabulary.
Content and standard format of graduation thesis
(1) title. The most appropriate and concise words reflect the logical combination of the most important specific content in the text. Unusual omitted words, acronyms, characters, codes and formulas should be avoided. Generally, the number of words does not exceed 20 titles.
Author's name and unit, more than two, generally sorted by contribution.
1 literary responsibility; ② Record the results; ③ Easy to search.
⑶ Abstract: It is a brief statement of the content of the paper without comment. Chinese abstracts are generally less than 300 words, and you can get important information from them without reading the full text.
Include: ① that importance of this study; ② Main research contents and application methods; General research results, outstanding new insights, and clarify the final conclusion, focusing on the results and conclusions.
(4) Keywords. They are 3-7 words or terms selected from the paper to express the subject information items of the full text, and have a special thesaurus.
5. introduction Come back to explain the purpose, scope, preliminary work and knowledge distribution in related fields, theoretical basis and analysis, research ideas, research methods, expected results and significance.
[6] Text
(7) Conclusion: refers to the final and overall conclusion of the full text, rather than a simple repetition of the summary of the paragraphs in the text. It requires accuracy, completeness, clarity and conciseness.
(8) Thank you: express your gratitude to those who helped write the paper, and ask for sincere attitude and concise words.
(9) List of references (comments), which shall list all references directly cited in this article, including the author, title and publication items (place of publication, publishing house, year of publication, and initial page number). For continuous publications, the publication name, publication date, number of issues, and starting and ending page numbers shall be indicated in turn.
⑽ Appendix: Indicate the attached drawings and charts.