1. What is a graduation thesis?
A paper is an article to discuss or study a certain problem, and it is a kind of argumentative paper. The paper has two remarkable characteristics: (1) pertinence, that is, it is issued for a specific academic problem; (2) research, that is, properly show your research experience and conclusions on a certain issue.
"pertinence" requires that the topic of the paper has certain academic value. Scholars have systematic and specialized knowledge. As far as Chinese majors are concerned, we can choose various problems related to the Chinese subject itself, as well as problems related to Chinese teaching and application as topics.
"Research" requires the author to have a serious, in-depth and detailed discussion on the selected topic, widely possess the materials and draw personal opinions and opinions from them, so as to deepen others' understanding of this issue and promote the development of academics and the progress of practical work.
The two characteristics of "pertinence" and "research" determine that the writing of the paper is not a brainwave and improvisation, but after careful consideration and repeated consideration.
Chinese undergraduate graduation thesis is a thesis written by self-taught undergraduate students in China after completing all compulsory and elective undergraduate examinations, combining the Chinese professional discipline itself and its teaching and application. An important purpose of writing a thesis is to let students receive preliminary scientific research training, so that they can initially understand how to choose a topic and carry out research, thus laying a foundation for further research in the future. Therefore, the writing of graduation thesis is not only related to graduation, but also to future development. Every student should attach great importance to the writing of graduation thesis ideologically, and must not be careless.
The process of writing graduation thesis can be roughly divided into three stages:
(1) Find problems and choose research topics;
(2) Studying problems, collecting data extensively, sorting and classifying;
(3) Solve problems, determine specific problems and write papers.
This process is also the basic process of scientific research for Chinese majors.
2. How to choose a research topic
Many students are faced with the hunger and thirst for research when they graduate, and they don't know where to start. Therefore, figuring out how to find problems and thus find valuable research topics is the primary task of writing graduation thesis.
The topic selection scope of graduation thesis for Chinese majors is mainly in three aspects: (1) The discipline itself, including China ancient literature, China modern and contemporary literature, foreign literature, literature and art (literary theory), film and television, ancient Chinese, modern Chinese and linguistic theory. (2) Chinese teaching in primary and secondary schools, including teaching content, teaching methods, teaching materials, learning psychology, educational thinking, innovative thinking, teaching reform and other issues involved. (3) Chinese application, including secretarial, news writing, advertising design, newspaper publicity and so on. Generally speaking, all valuable topics belonging to the above categories can be selected.
Then, in the above categories, what kind of topics have certain value?
(1) Problems that cannot be explained by existing theories.
(2) There are great differences and controversies in the existing theories.
(3) The existing theory has defects or obvious deficiencies.
(4) Problems that have not been studied by others but are of certain significance to the development of Chinese subject itself or its teaching application.
(5) I often encounter problems in my study or work practice, and I have some vague understandings, but I haven't really solved them after long-term thinking.
(6) all kinds of new situations, new problems, new ideas and new ideas that appear in practical work due to the changes in objective forms (such as the new curriculum standards or syllabus promulgated by the state in Chinese teaching in primary and secondary schools), and so on.
All the above problems have certain research value. But how can we find these problems? I think we should pay attention to five points:
(1) Be diligent in reading books and newspapers to get all kinds of information. Now that the internet is popular, you can often check it online to understand the research trends in this area.
(2) Engage in work practice and enrich perceptual knowledge. Most of the self-taught students are on-the-job, so we should try our best to do our job well and find research topics from practical work.
(3) Be diligent in thinking and be a conscientious person. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Mencius said, "The official of the heart thinks." Learning and thinking are closely combined. If you often ask a few questions about what you have learned, you may find problems that others have not found.
(4) Don't blindly follow others, and don't be superstitious about authority. Blind obedience and superstition are the enemies of innovation. In conducting research, we must get rid of superstition and blind obedience. For example, there are many influential model teaching methods in Chinese teaching in middle schools. Can these "models" stand the test of practice? Is every model of every famous artist perfect? Self-taught students who are engaged in Chinese in middle schools will certainly find some problems if they can get rid of superstitions and think deeply.
(5) There are frequent exchanges between peers, and ideas often collide. The stone was dull and collided with sparks. The information exchange and ideological collision between peers and classmates will inspire people to find valuable research topics, and so on.
Because every student's knowledge structure, quality and objective environment are different, not every valuable problem can be studied by every student. When writing your graduation thesis, you must choose the topic that suits you best. For the self-taught candidates who are new to scientific research, I suggest paying attention to the following six points when choosing a topic:
(1) The topic should be microscopic and specific, the smaller the better, and never make a big topic. For example, the following research topics are too big: a comparative study of Chinese and foreign lyric poems. The language research of Historical Records, the problems and countermeasures of Chinese teaching in rural middle schools: the following research topics are more specific and smaller: the lyric art of Tagore's Birds. The usage of "Zhi" in Mencius and the application of "Centralized Literacy Method" in Chinese teaching in primary schools. The big topic covers a wide range and is not suitable for being a slave. A graduation thesis (generally 6000- 10000 words) is not in-depth; Small topics are easy to grasp and can be written thoroughly.
(2) the topic should be in line with your hobbies. You must be interested in scientific research. If you are interested, you should work hard and study hard. Without interest, it is impossible to stimulate the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of research.
(3) Choose the topics of the materials that can be found. Scientific research depends entirely on materials. Without materials, opinions and conclusions cannot be formed. Although you are interested in some topics, if it is difficult to find the material, don't do it hard, otherwise it is likely to waste time.
(4) The topic should be as suitable as possible for your own knowledge structure and personality characteristics, and you should be able to grasp it.
(5) Try to combine your own work practice and choose a topic that you are familiar with.
(6) It is best to choose a topic that you have already thought about, with vague views, full preparation in the early stage, and so on.
With the right subject, you can carry out research.
3. How to study this topic?
When you find a problem and find a research topic, you must study it. The process of research is the process of collecting materials, sorting out materials, finding regular things from materials and drawing conclusions.
So, how to carry out research?
First of all, we should have a scientific attitude of "seeking truth from facts" when studying problems, and we must never imagine out of thin air and speculate subjectively. Science is honest knowledge, and we must have an honest attitude. All conclusions should be drawn at the end of the study, not at the beginning. You can't take a point of view first, then find materials to prove it, and you can't ignore the facts and play it out of thin air.
Secondly, we should collect information related to the subject extensively, and the more we collect, the better.
Marx said: "research must fully possess materials, analyze its various forms of development, and explore the internal relations of these forms." Materials are the basis of research, and the more the better.
There are three main materials related to this topic:
(1) The direct materials closely related to the discipline, that is, the original materials from which specific laws and viewpoints are analyzed and summarized as the direct objects of research. For example, studying the image-building of Li Kui jy, all descriptions of Li Kui jy in Water Margin are directly related to the theme. In addition to written materials, such materials also include relevant facts and data obtained through specific investigations.
(2) Other people's research materials on this topic or related topics, including papers, works, teaching materials, investigation reports, etc., show the history and present situation of the research, show the level of other people's research or existing problems, and can inspire their own research and provide reference for their own research.
(3) Background information related to the theme. If we study the characters in A Dream of Red Mansions, we should know the author's life, the background of the book and its position in the history of China literature, and so on.
All the above materials should be widely collected. Pay attention to five points when collecting data:
(1) Special notebooks, loose-leaf paper or cards should be prepared, and materials should be prepared at any time and kept properly.
(2) When extracting written materials, try to be complete, don't take them out of context, and indicate the source (author, title, version, page number) one by one, so as to analyze and check the original text.
(3) When recording relevant materials, classify them as early as possible and write down the classification symbols.
(4) When recording materials, if you suddenly have a spark or idea, you should try to write it down immediately as a clue for further research in the future.
(5) More materials are better than less, and more materials are better than less. Too many, too many can be eliminated later, too few, it will be hard to find in the future.
Third, we should carefully sort out the materials and classify them scientifically.
Data is the basis of research, but to turn a lot of data into research resources, it is necessary to sort out and classify them scientifically according to the purpose of research.
Comb materials should pay attention to the following four points:
(1) Read the materials recorded in the notebook or card carefully and decide whether to choose according to the research topic.
(2) In order to correctly understand the meaning of each material and prevent misinterpretation, consult the original works when necessary.
(3) Pay special attention to the thought sparks written when recording materials, and consider whether it is correct and valuable.
(4) Don't throw away the rejected materials, but keep them for later use.
When classifying materials, we should pay attention to two points:
(1) is divided into major categories first, and then into minor categories; Roughly divide first, then subdivide.
(2) different levels of classification, the standard can be different; Classification at the same level must have the same standards.
Fourth, we should be diligent in thinking, be good at thinking and look for regular things from classified materials. The purpose of classifying materials is to find regular things from them; To discover the law, you must be diligent and good at thinking. Diligent thinking means thinking often and pondering repeatedly; Being good at thinking means putting yourself in the other's shoes, learning to associate, learning to consider problems from many angles and aspects, and being able to seize the sudden spark of thought or "inspiration" to continue thinking, so as to draw appropriate views and opinions. We should consciously put forward negative opinions from the opposite side and make self-criticism. Only the viewpoint that can't be denied by repeated questioning is correct.
Subject research is roughly such a process.
How to write a graduation thesis well
After in-depth research on the subject, you can start writing your graduation thesis.
In order to write a graduation thesis and express your research experience perfectly, you must pay attention to seven points:
(1) Make a suitable thesis topic.
The appropriateness of the topic includes two meanings: first, it can summarize or prompt the main content or core point of the paper to the maximum extent, so that readers can know what you want to write at a glance; The second is to be as concise as possible, so that people can remember it at a glance.
The title of the paper (the title of the article) is generally less than or equal to the title of the research (the title). What the former should solve is "what to write" and what the latter should solve is "what to learn". Topics are usually drawn up before writing, but in the process of writing, or after writing an article, if the topic is found to be inconsistent with the content of the article, it can also be revised or redrafted.
(2) The viewpoint (argument) of the article should be clear and the banner should be clear. We should clearly express our opinions and objections, and we should not be ambiguous or vague.
(3) Choose and use materials carefully.
Opinions are obtained in the process of studying materials, but in the paper, materials are used to illustrate the arguments of opinions (arguments). In the selection and use of paper materials, we should strive to achieve "five characteristics": adequacy (materials must be enough to illustrate the argument, too little is not enough), necessity (enough is enough, not too much), typicality (materials used should reflect all aspects and be representative) and reliability (materials)
(4) Pay attention to the layout and writing skills of the article. It is necessary to carefully consider the overall structure, beginning and end, and argumentation methods of the paper, and strive to be rigorous in structure and argumentation, showing strong logical power.
(5) Pay attention to language expression. The basic requirements of graduation thesis in language are eight words: accuracy, distinctiveness, conciseness and fluency.
(6) After the article is written, it should be revised and tempered repeatedly, and processed and polished.
(7) Pay attention to the basic format of graduation thesis, and copy or print the thesis in a standardized way.
The graduation thesis consists of the following seven parts: title-author's unit, name-executive summary (generally no more than 300 words)-keywords (generally no more than 5 words)-text-notes-references. Notes and references should be copied on a new page and should not be mixed with the text.
Generally, graduation thesis is copied by 16 card with 300 words per page, each Chinese character occupies one grid, and each paragraph begins with 2 grids; Writing should be correct, strokes should be clear and simplified characters should be used; Pay attention to the correct use of punctuation and writing rules, and so on. When printing papers by computer, we should also pay attention to the standardization of format.
After the graduation thesis is copied or printed, it must be proofread repeatedly to prevent mistakes.
According to the regulations of Nanjing Normal University, in the process of writing graduation thesis, the College of Arts will appoint an experienced thesis instructor for each student. Students should take the initiative to contact the tutor and accept the guidance with an open mind.
Writing a graduation thesis is a familiar job, and you must never copy others' achievements. When writing a paper, you can quote other people's opinions or materials to serve your own opinions, but you must explain whose opinions and materials you quoted and indicate the source. Never take others' achievements for yourself. This is not only a question of style of study, but also a question of the moral quality of poetry, which must be highly valued.