E-commerce is the product of informationization and networking in the 20th century, and its rapid development has attracted people's attention. Any transaction in e-commerce contains the following basic "flows": information flow, business flow, capital flow and logistics.

Looking through the works on e-commerce in recent years, we find a phenomenon that people attach great importance to the electronization and networking of information flow and capital flow in e-commerce, while ignoring the electronization process of logistics.

However, with the further promotion and application of e-commerce, the importance of logistics has more and more obvious influence on e-commerce activities. Imagine that in e-commerce, after browsing online, consumers complete online shopping by clicking easily, but the shopping is delayed, and even there are cases of buying TV sets to send tea. As a result, consumers can only give up e-commerce and choose safer and more reliable traditional shopping methods.

As a developing country, China's logistics industry started late and its level is low. When e-commerce was introduced, it did not have the original modern logistics level that could support e-commerce activities. Therefore, when introducing it, we must pay attention to the corresponding supporting technology-modern logistics mode, otherwise e-commerce activities will be difficult to promote.

E-commerce is a fundamental revolution in the commercial field. However, the actual situation of its development in China is far less than expected, and the lag of logistics capacity is a major reason.

In the past, people didn't know enough about the importance of logistics in e-commerce and the changes that logistics should have in e-commerce environment. They believe that for most goods and services, logistics can still pass through traditional distribution channels. However, with the further popularization and application of e-commerce, the lag of logistics capacity has increasingly restricted its development. More and more people begin to pay attention to the influence of logistics on e-commerce activities. But what is the relationship between e-commerce and logistics, but few people discuss it. At present, the most macroscopic view of this relationship is that "logistics is an important part of e-commerce". Of course there is some truth, but it is not exact. This is for the following two reasons:

First, the most essential success of e-commerce is to make business process information processing and information processing electronic. In short, e-commerce is buying and selling goods or services online. This kind of buying and selling is the buying and selling of the ownership of goods or services, that is, business flow. Some people think that business flow depends on logistics, so "logistics is an important part of e-commerce".

Second, the network economy informatizes business flow and capital flow, electronizes information flow, and virtualizes and informatizes business, advertising, ordering, purchasing, payment, certification and other entities and transactions, which can be said to be a virtual economy. Logistics is the transfer of entity position. It is not appropriate to say that "reality" is a part of "virtual", but it may be more appropriate to say that this relationship is "corresponding to reality".

Let me add here that business flow can include the transfer of service ownership (the "service" here does not include logistics services), and the real "delivery" of services, that is, consumption, is not the content of logistics, but also a "virtual-real correspondence" relationship. It is really appropriate to combine service consumption with physical displacement and call it "virtual-real correspondence" with e-commerce.

As can be seen from the above discussion, the relationship between logistics and e-commerce is extremely close. Logistics is very important to the realization of e-commerce, and the influence of e-commerce on logistics is of course enormous. The future development of logistics can not be separated from the influence of e-commerce. It can be understood that the contradiction of logistics itself promotes its development, and e-commerce just provides a means to solve this contradiction; On the other hand, the solution of the contradiction in e-commerce itself also needs the means of logistics, and the new economic model needs a new logistics model.

First, the general process of business flow and logistics under the condition of e-commerce

Can be briefly described as follows:

1. The enterprise displays product information to customers through the network, and customers visit the website through the browser, select the products to be purchased and fill in the order.

2. The factory confirms the customer through the order, informs the charging method, and informs its own application system to organize the purchasing procedure.

3. Customers interact with the financial department to transfer funds through electronic settlement.

4. The Finance Department informs the buyer and the seller of the result of fund transfer by email (or other means).

The factory organizes goods and delivers them to customers.

From the actual process of e-commerce, e-commerce is a complete trade transaction process, which integrates information flow, business flow, capital flow and logistics.

Second, e-commerce operation and logistics.

(A) E-commerce and manufacturing enterprise logistics

(B) E-commerce and logistics of commercial enterprises

Consumer e-commerce and logistics

(D) E-commerce and logistics of direct selling enterprises

Third, the logistics system under e-commerce

(A) the concept of logistics system under e-commerce

The logistics system under e-commerce refers to an organic whole with specific functions, which is composed of a number of dynamic factors such as commodities, packaging equipment, loading and unloading machinery, transportation tools, storage facilities, personnel and communication facilities. In the time and space range of realizing the specific process of e-commerce.

(B) the characteristics of the logistics system under e-commerce

Compared with the traditional logistics system, the logistics system under e-commerce has the following characteristics:

1, the whole system is infinitely open.

2. Logistics nodes generally implement information management.

3. Information flow plays a guiding and integrating role in the logistics process.

4. The system has obvious scale advantage.

(C) E-commerce logistics system requirements

1. The logistics system under e-commerce requires the operation mode of logistics-informationization and networking.

2. E-commerce logistics system requires to improve the level of logistics operation-standardization and informatization.

3. E-commerce logistics system requires to improve the rapid response ability of logistics-high speed and systematization.

4. E-commerce logistics system requires improving the dynamic deployment ability of logistics-personalization and flexibility.

5. E-commerce logistics system requires changing the management form of logistics-socialization and globalization.

Procurement and logistics costs

Under the new economic environment characterized by network economy, knowledge economy and electronic commerce, traditional manufacturing enterprises are facing more severe challenges, including thinking mode, business model and technical system. When the new competitive environment, new management mode and new management means have undergone drastic changes, how to enhance the competitiveness of manufacturing industry through advanced modes and means is an important issue facing IT enterprises at present. Relevant information shows that China has become the fourth largest producer in the world, with the output of 100 products ranking first in the world, and "Made in China" has risen internationally.

The supply chain of manufacturing industry has three stages. The first is the business integration within the manufacturing industry, that is, to complete the typical ERP framework; The second is to establish an enterprise community and optimize the supply chain between suppliers; Third, complete all business process coordination from raw materials to customers, and realize the combination of supply and demand. China's manufacturing industry is still in the first stage, and problems such as high supply chain cost and decentralized management of logistics enterprises are affecting the development of China's manufacturing industry.

The persistence of market competition, the narrowing of product technical differences and the continuous improvement of integration are the true portrayal of the current situation of the whole market. With the shortening of product life cycle, the fluctuation of order change and the pressure of doubling product delivery time, component procurement and finished product sales have become the key to the development and survival of electronic manufacturing enterprises. As the basis of purchasing management and purchasing behavior, the importance of purchasing analysis is increasingly prominent.

Taiwan Province manufacturers are famous for their low-cost production capacity, and have accumulated rich purchasing experience in the process of long-term low-profit competition. This article will introduce their skills in controlling logistics costs.

1 Purchasing analysis is an important part of enterprise cost control.

Generally speaking, manufacturing enterprises usually spend 40-70% of their sales on purchasing raw materials and spare parts. The speed and efficiency of purchasing and the execution of orders will directly affect whether enterprises can meet the needs of downstream customers quickly and flexibly.

Therefore, production enterprises must realize at the beginning of operation that purchasing analysis, as an important part of the whole supply chain management, is very important for cost control of enterprises. Failure to do a good job in purchasing analysis means that the supply chain and cost of the enterprise are not well controlled, and there are problems in the operation, survival and development of the enterprise.

Many small and medium-sized enterprises in China don't have the concept of purchasing analysis, and they realize the importance of purchasing analysis only when the scale of enterprises reaches a certain level. In contrast, electronic manufacturing enterprises in Taiwan Province Province have set up special procurement management departments to conduct procurement analysis.

2 the basic principles of purchasing analysis

The so-called purchasing analysis is not only an analysis of what to buy, how much to buy, when to buy, how much to spend, when to take it and how to take it. It can be seen that the basic information that needs to be considered in purchasing analysis includes cost analysis of purchased materials, delivery time and place, payment terms of transactions and so on. Cost analysis is the most important part. Buyers should not only consider the cost of raw materials, but also the cost of upstream suppliers.

The principle of procurement is that everything starts from the cost of supply chain, and the cost of suppliers is also a part of the total cost. Most electronics manufacturers in Taiwan Province have factories in Chinese mainland. If their suppliers have factories in Taiwan Province province but not in Chinese mainland, it will inevitably involve the transportation cost of supplying equipment. No matter who pays for this kind of transportation, it always exists objectively and will account for the total cost. Therefore, the proportion of procurement requiring localization is increasing, and only in this way can the overall competitiveness of suppliers and buyers be strengthened. Buyers should consider the cost of the whole supply chain in the long run. Only when suppliers earn enough profits can they have a long-term cooperative relationship.

3 Purchase analysis based on order and supply cycle

When analyzing purchasing, we must combine the inventory situation. Now most electronic products are being reduced in price as soon as they are produced. Putting the product in the warehouse is equivalent to the loss of money day by day, and the higher the risk the manufacturer bears. So the concept of zero inventory is very popular. Many manufacturers in Taiwan Province Province have begun to implement localized procurement, striving to achieve JIT (just-in-time management) for more and more parts, and to minimize the inventory bit by bit.

How much should I buy? When is the best time to place an order? To solve this problem, we usually need to look at two aspects. First of all, I will inspect the orders I have received, refer to the average value and variation range of material usage in the past "in a certain period of time", and calculate these two values by weight to get the future plan. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate the supplier's historical supply situation, that is, the average value and variation range of supply quantity in a certain period, so as to calculate the delivery cycle and delivery quantity that are more suitable for suppliers.

There are two messages worth explaining. First of all, the intensification of competition makes orders change rapidly, and the definition of "within a certain period of time" is getting shorter and shorter (now it is usually 7 days or even shorter), but the scope of change is getting bigger and bigger. Secondly, in purchasing analysis, we should not only consider our own orders, but also consider the supplier's supply ability, and put ourselves in their shoes, because they also have costs and suppliers.

After solving the above two problems, we need to analyze who to place an order with. The purchase list is usually divided into three parts: traditional purchase order, JIT order and VMI order. This classification is based on the category attributes of suppliers, and also reflects the importance of supplier audit.

How to establish supplier evaluation system? Taking the experience of manufacturers in Taiwan Province Province as an example, they have a general process for supplier evaluation. The first is to review the basic information of suppliers, including whether the organizational structure of the company is sound, whether the financial situation is stable, the variety and capacity of production, and which customer groups are there. After the supplier passes the basic review, a team composed of R&D, procurement, production, quality control and other related personnel will be sent to conduct on-site review and make detailed certification. After that, the supplier will start sending samples until the supplier's products pass the batch certification. The most important part of supplier review lies in the field verification and sample sampling stage.

At present, many companies in Taiwan Province Province have established information systems to ensure the accuracy and rapidity of the procurement analysis process. For example, after receiving customer orders, BenQ will arrange the production process through the ERP system. ERP system combines the information of production process arrangement and inventory to calculate the material demand list. SRM (Supplier Management) system will divide the material requirement list into three parts: traditional PO, JIT and VMI according to the preset supplier attributes in the system, and discharge the detailed list of required materials and the specific feeding time respectively. JIT information can be notified to suppliers by SMS, so that they can log on to the company website to inquire about order information; VMI information is fed back to suppliers in time.

However, the basis of the above process lies in a stable market supply. What will happen if the supply is tight? The supply chain will inevitably be broken. When the supply of goods starts to be tight, there are usually two things to do: prepare materials in advance and arrange the production cycle.

When supply is tight, we should also analyze the problems of cost and supply. This kind of compromise problem needs to analyze which interests are the greatest. If you don't buy it today, the production end will be broken; However, after the purchase, the cost may have increased a little. However, although the profit will be reduced a little, it is better than not shipping. Sometimes you have to insure the goods, not the cost.