Criminal psychology is a subject that studies prisoners' will, thoughts, intentions and reactions, which is related to criminal anthropology. The main in-depth study of this topic lies in the question of "what causes people to commit crimes", but it also includes people's reactions after committing crimes, escaping or in court. Criminal psychologists can also serve as witnesses to help the court understand the psychology of prisoners. Psychiatry also deals with some criminal acts. According to the theory that criminal psychology has narrow sense and broad sense, the research objects of criminal psychology also have narrow sense and broad sense. \x0d\ The research object of criminal psychology in a narrow sense is the psychology and behavior of criminals, that is, criminal psychology and crime are its research objects. The psychology of the criminal subject includes its psychological process and personality psychology, the causes and process of the formation of criminal psychological structure, the mechanism of externalization of criminal psychology into criminal behavior, psychological activities in the process of crime, the law of the development and change of criminal psychology, and how to influence and educate the criminal psychological structure. Simply put, it is only to study the personality defects and related psychological problems of criminals. The research object of criminal psychology in broad sense includes not only the research object of criminal psychology in narrow sense, but also the psychological problems in criminal countermeasures such as preventing crime, punishing crime and educating and reforming criminals. It also includes the psychology of people with criminal tendencies (that is, people who have not committed criminal acts) and the psychology of released prisoners; It also includes victim psychology, witness psychology, investigation psychology, interrogation psychology, trial psychology and criminal psychology prediction. Simply put, criminal psychology in a broad sense not only studies the psychology and behavior of criminals, but also studies the psychological part of countermeasures against crimes, which is considered to be the relevant content of judicial psychology. \x0d\ The research scope of generalized criminal psychology is quite wide, which can be determined from two aspects: \ x0d \ (1) whose psychology and behavior should be the research object. Specifically, there are the following five kinds of people's psychology and behavior: \x0d\ ① Criminals are the main objects of criminal psychology research \x0d\ ② Ordinary criminals refer to those who have violated the criminal law, but the circumstances are obviously minor and the harm is not great, and they are not considered as criminal acts or violations of public security laws and regulations, but the public security departments will handle \x0d\ ③ released prisoners and reeducation-through-labor personnel \ (4) Exposing and punishing criminals, mainly. The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of handling cases (5) to supervise and correct criminals and prison staff. Their psychological quality directly affects the effect of criminal psychological correction. \ x0d \ 2 What subject to study. The research topics of criminal psychology (in a broad sense) are very extensive, including \x0d\ ① criminal psychological structure \x0d\ ② the causes of criminal psychological structure \x0d\ ③ the formation of criminal psychological structure and the mechanism of criminal behavior \x0d\ ④ the development and changes of criminal psychological structure \x0d\ ⑤ psychological problems of criminal countermeasures (such as individual crimes) [Edit this paragraph] Basic steps of criminal psychological research/ Establish a hypothesis. Through observation, if there is doubt about the unknown phenomenon and its relationship, we can make tentative or hypothetical speculation according to the known scientific facts and principles, that is, ask questions. \x0d\ 2。 Collect information. After the hypothesis is established, the further work is to verify the hypothesis according to the factual data. The methods of collecting data mainly include observation, investigation, questionnaire survey and case tracking. \x0d\ 3。 Analyze data. It is systematization and simplification to sort and classify the collected original data with appropriate methods. \x0d\ 4。 Draw a conclusion. That is, the process of verifying the hypothesis and determining whether it is correct or not. [Edit this paragraph] The discipline characteristic of criminal psychology is 1. Criminal psychology is not only an interdisciplinary subject, but also a marginal subject. Criminal psychology is also a comprehensive discipline of social science and natural science. Criminal psychology is a probability discipline [edit this paragraph] The purpose of studying criminal psychology is 1. Develop criminal science and psychological science. [Edit this paragraph] Common methods of criminal psychology 1. Observation result \x0d\ 2. Investigation \x0d\ 3. Experiment \x0d\ 4. Psychological test \x0d\ 5. Case study \x0d\ 6. Lessons learned \x0d\ 7. Quantitative statistical analysis. The earliest book titled Criminal Psychology was The Theory of Criminal Psychology written by German Soman in 1792. \ x0d \ 18 The first active period of criminal psychology research was formed in late 2009 and early 2009. Driven by Cesare Cesare Lombroso's empirical research, the second active period of criminal psychology appeared at the end of 19. The establishment and development of criminal psychology in China began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. \x0d\ Criminal psychology, or criminal profiling, originated in 1940s, when the Office of Strategic Services asked the psychiatrist William Langer to profile Adolf Hitler's psychology. Lionel Harvatt, a British psychiatrist, worked in the Royal Air Force after World War II. In order to find out a series of possible behavioral characteristics of Nazi senior war criminals from a group of captured soldiers and pilots, he profiled them. \ x0d \/kloc-In Europe in the late 20th century, the rapid development of productive forces promoted the development of natural sciences, and a large number of new disciplines appeared, such as anthropology, human anatomy, psychology, physiology and so on. At the same time, due to the increasingly acute social contradictions, the crime rate has risen sharply. Therefore, it became a very important research topic at that time to reveal the causes, psychological mechanism and personality characteristics of criminals, so as to provide methods to prevent and control crimes. In this case, criminal psychology has gradually formed a special discipline. \x0d\ 1872, German psychiatrist K. Ebin published the world's first Outline of Criminal Psychology with the title of Criminal Psychology. This book mainly studies criminals from the perspective of psychopathy. 1889, H. Gross, an Austrian prosecutor and criminologist, published the book Criminal Psychology, focusing on the personality of criminals. The publication of these two monographs marks the birth of criminal psychology. In 1950s, the American psychiatrist Brussel accurately described the abnormal psychological state of the terrorists who attacked new york. The fastest development of \x0d\ occurred after the FBI opened the FBI Academy in Quantico, which led to the establishment of the National Violent Crime Research Center and the violent crime guidance system. Its original idea is to establish a system that can find out the relationship between many unsolved major crimes. \x0d\ In Britain, Dr. David Conte was a pioneer in guiding police detectives to investigate criminals who committed a series of major attacks in the mid-1960s, but Dr. Conte saw the limitations of "criminal profiling"-especially in the subjective and personal view of a psychologist. He and a colleague coined the term "investigation psychology" and began to try to promote this topic with what they thought was more scientific. [Edit this paragraph] As an independent discipline, criminal psychology has only a history of nearly a hundred years in China, but the discussion on criminal psychology has a long history. In China's ancient history books, there have long been records on criminal psychological problems. In 1 1 century BC, Zhou Gongdan put forward his own views on the psychological causes and criminal motives of crime. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the debate between good and evil of human nature, which was contended by a hundred schools of thought, was actually a discussion on the causes of the formation of criminal psychology. Mencius believes that everyone has compassion, shame and evil, right and wrong. Some people do bad things because they are influenced by the environment. He said: "when you are rich, your children are dependent;" When you are fierce, your children are also violent. " Xunzi believes that people are born with the evil nature of "being good at profit", "being sick" and "being good at melody". Only by "learning the law", that is, educating them to abide by etiquette and justice, can they not do evil. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu put forward the theory of "three qualities of nature", arguing that "saints" were born with good nature; "Fighting people" are born evil; "China people" can be evil or good. The key is whether to educate them or threaten them with punishment. It can be seen that many political thinkers and scholars in the history of our country have had incisive opinions on criminal psychology, but they have failed to form a special knowledge. \x0d\ The spread of criminal psychology in China is later than that in Europe and America. Although there has been a discussion on criminal thought in the history of our country, its history is much earlier than that of Europe, and its content is richer, but it has not been able to form a systematic independent discipline. Around 1930s, western criminal psychology began to be introduced into China. At that time, some domestic scholars translated and published a number of western criminal psychology works, and some scholars wrote and published their own criminal psychology works. Like other branches of psychology, criminal psychology developed slowly in China in 1930s and 1940s. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, psychology was once regarded as pseudoscience due to the influence of the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1950s and 1970s, criminal psychology was ignored, and the research in this field was almost blank. It was not until the late 1970s that criminal psychology, like other branches of psychology, began to recover and developed rapidly in a short time. Many psychologists, educators, lawyers and juvenile workers in China have done a lot of research on criminal psychology, translated and published dozens of textbooks and monographs on criminal psychology, as well as countless research reports and papers. Schools offering criminal psychology courses have grown from several political and legal colleges in 1979 to hundreds of colleges all over the country. Criminal psychology has become one of the fastest developing disciplines in psychology. [Edit this paragraph] The development of criminal psychology Since the beginning of this century, more and more scholars have studied criminal psychology, and many psychologists have also joined the research of criminal psychology. S Floyd, the founder of psychoanalysis, believes that the impulse of sexual instinct is the root cause of crime. He pointed out that human consciousness consists of three parts: ID and superego. Id stands for innate desire and impulse, and acts according to the "happy principle"; Superego represents social moral standards and acts according to the principle of "best"; Self and superego coordinate and act according to the "realistic principle". The occurrence of criminal behavior is due to the weakening of the self's obedience to the superego and the tendency to the id. He also believes that adults commit crimes because of degeneration, which revives children's primitive and immoral sexual impulses in their early years. American psychiatrist W Healy and his wife A F· Bronner have studied juvenile delinquency for many years, and put forward "Emotional Disorder Theory" in 1936. They believe that illegal and criminal acts are "expressions of unsatisfied wishes and desires". When young people's wishes and desires are not satisfied for a long time, profound emotional problems will arise. Long-term dissatisfaction will lead teenagers to seek compensatory satisfaction through crime. \x0d\ American criminologist E.H. Sutherland put forward the theory of different contact in his book Principles of Criminology. This theory holds that (1) criminal behavior is learned through learning. (2) Criminal behavior is learned in the process of interacting with others. (3) Criminal behavior is mainly learned in groups closely related to individuals. (4) The learning content of criminal behavior includes criminal methods, skills, motives, attitudes and reasons. (5) In the formation of criminal motive and internal driving force, we mainly get the wrong idea from interpersonal communication, that is, crime is better than no crime, so that illegal psychology can overcome law-abiding psychology. (6) The results of criminal learning vary with the frequency, duration, sequence and intensity of contact. In crime-prone areas, because there are many opportunities for contact with criminals, there are bound to be many criminal acts. \x0d\ German psychiatrist K. Schneider made a detailed analysis of the relationship between various abnormal personalities and criminal behavior in his book "Personality with Psychotic Nature" published in 1940. He found that there are mainly the following types of abnormal personality that can easily lead to crime: (1) weak-willed, lacking resistance to external temptations, and easily tempted by outsiders to commit crimes. (2) Emotion-deficient type, such people lack noble feelings such as shame, pity, sympathy, reputation and conscience, and have cold and shameless personality characteristics. (3) explosive, this kind of person is slightly stimulated by the outside world, and will break into a furious rage and attack others by violent means. (4) Excited, this kind of person is easily excited, careless, impatient and prone to disputes with others. (5) Self-display type, this kind of person has a strong vanity and wants to express himself everywhere, regardless of the occasion and way. (6) Paranoid, this kind of person stubbornly adheres to the wrong views and beliefs that violate social norms and puts them into action. (7) Mood is changeable. This kind of person is moody and unpredictable. (8) Weak type, this kind of person lacks the dignity of personality, can't stand the external pressure, and often gives in to others against his will and does what he knows he shouldn't do. (9) Inferiority type, this kind of person is extremely inferior, denies his own ability and knowledge and experience, and thinks that he can't live like a normal person and can only rely on others or take illegal means to make a living. (10) Melancholy type, this kind of person is unhappy and negative all day, and regards everything as something unfavorable to him, so as to dominate his actions. [Edit this paragraph] Research on Criminal Psychology 1. Research on the physiological basis of criminal psychology. Including the study of the relationship between body shape-personality and crime, chromosome variation-personality abnormality and crime, endocrine disorder-emotional disorder and crime, EEG disorder-consciousness disorder and crime, blood type-personality type and so on. The research in this field is carried out by using a large number of natural science methods and technologies. Titus, an American criminal psychologist, said: "Our research on criminal psychology can only be transformed with the joint efforts of biologists, psychiatrists, endocrinologists and electroencephalologists." Criminal psychologists also pointed out: "Society should admit that if we want to establish such an attitude towards criminal psychology, which is based on social science, using natural science methods and combining the latest achievements in physiology, medicine and psychology, then our criminal psychology can appear before the end of the 20th century with a brand-new attitude". \x0d\ 2。 Study on criminals' personality and personality changes. Many criminal psychologists devote themselves to studying the specific personality characteristics of criminals and the origin of this personality characteristic. They systematically compare all aspects of the personality of criminals and non-criminals, thus trying to determine the personality characteristics of criminals. They refer to a wide range of personality content. For example, Raymond thinks that "personality is everything about an individual, including wisdom, personality, instinctive driving force, emotional stability, attitude, interest, temperament, sociality and personal appearance, as well as his general social efficiency". It is a psychological system that regulates the environment. Criminal psychologists who study the personality of criminals generally believe that the development of criminal psychology to personality changes shows that this person's criminal psychology has been stereotyped. To correct this psychological stereotype, we need to do extremely fine, complicated and long-term work. Therefore, the study of personality changes of criminals is a very subtle and in-depth topic in criminal psychology. Chu Genchun, a Japanese criminal psychologist, also pointed out: "In the past, criminal psychology research was limited to discussing how people's criminal psychology came into being-that is, based on physiological reasons or social reasons. Therefore, in the past, we focused on the personal factors of criminal psychology-the exploration and lectures of social factors. After the establishment of criminal personality theory, criminal psychology has taken on a new look. In this way, the specific research approach of criminal psychology has been broadened in the discussion of criminal personality. " \x0d\ 3。 Research on social learning mechanism of criminal behavior. Some criminal psychologists put forward that criminal behavior, like all other social behaviors, is acquired through learning on the basis of the popular view of behavioral psychology in 1950s. They are committed to prompting or clarifying the social learning mechanism of individual criminal behavior, and put forward a variety of learning theories of criminal behavior, such as Eisenck's conditional avoidance response theory, Sutherland's different contact theory (also known as differentiated contact theory), Burgess's operational learning theory of criminal behavior, A. Bantula's social learning theory, Feldman's complete learning theory and so on. \x0d\ 4。 Research on social defects that produce criminal psychology. Some criminal psychologists believe that the main source of criminal psychology lies in the social defects of criminals. Social defects are not caused by individuals, but by the environment. They devoted themselves to studying the environmental factors that caused social defects and put forward various theories that formed criminal social defects. For example, the Healey couple in the United States put forward the theory of emotional disorder; Recklessly put forward containment theory; Meade and others put forward the theory of social calibration; Miller and others put forward subculture theory; Tucker and Queenie put forward the conflict theory; Cohen put forward the theory of confrontation; Cloward and Olin put forward the theory of different opportunities. \x0d\ The spread of criminal psychology in China is later than that in Europe and America. Although there has been a discussion on criminal thought in the history of our country, its history is much earlier than that of Europe, and its content is richer, but it has not been able to form a systematic independent discipline. Around 1930s, western criminal psychology began to be introduced into China. At that time, some domestic scholars translated and published a number of western criminal psychology works, and some scholars wrote and published their own criminal psychology works. Like other branches of psychology, criminal psychology developed slowly in China in 1930s and 1940s. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, psychology was once regarded as pseudoscience due to the influence of the former Soviet Union. In the mid-1950s and 1970s, criminal psychology was ignored, and the research in this field was almost blank. It was not until the late 1970s that criminal psychology, like other branches of psychology, began to recover and developed rapidly in a short time. Many psychologists, educators, lawyers and juvenile offenders in China have done a lot of research on criminal psychology, translated and published dozens of textbooks and monographs on criminal psychology, as well as countless research reports and papers. Schools offering criminal psychology courses have grown from several political and legal colleges in 1979 to hundreds of colleges all over the country. Criminal psychology has become one of the fastest developing disciplines in psychology.